This document discusses different types of cohesive devices that can be used to link ideas in writing. It explains that there are two main types of cohesion - grammatical cohesion, which is based on structural content, and lexical cohesion, which is based on lexical content and background knowledge. The document then provides examples of different methods of cohesion, such as anaphoric reference, cataphoric reference, exophoric reference, tense agreement, linkers, and substitution. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of practicing using cohesive devices in writing rather than just studying examples in isolation.

1. Examples of Cohesive Devices
1. Netflix has many movies and shows and it is only $9.
2. The Christmas tree is natural but it is expensive.
As we can see in the sentences above, and it is used to add
something to the previous statement,
In the second sentence, we can see how something positive and
negative is said about Christmas. We know that because the
word but is used to contrast ideas.
What are some Types of Cohesive
Devices?
There are many examples of cohesive devices, they can be
grouped according to their function.
If you want to show similarity, you can use cohesive devices such
as:
and Equally
also Identically
too Equally
Similarly
If you want to introduce an item in a series, you can use:
First Then
In the first place In addition
In the second place Finally

2. If you need to compare, you can use cohesive devices such as:
But However
Nevertheless By comparison
Meanwhile In contrast
For emphasizing, you can use cohesive devices such as:
In fact Certainly
Absolutely Obviously
Without any doubt Definitely
What are the Different Types of
Cohesion?
Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text
or sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning.
There are two main types of Cohesion, grammatical cohesion, and
lexical cohesion.
1. Grammatical cohesion is based on structural content.
2. lexical cohesion is based on lexical content and background
knowledge

3. Methods of Cohesion with
Examples
These are methods of cohesion, their definitions, and examples:
#1 Anaphoric Reference
Anaphoric Reference means that a word in a text refers back to
other ideas in the text for its meaning.
For example:
I went out with Jo on Sunday. She looked awful.’ ´She` clearly
refers to Jo, there is no need to repeat her name.
#2 Cataphoric References
Cataphoric reference means that a word in a text refers to another
later in the text and you need to look forward to understanding
For example:
When he arrived, John noticed that the door was open.
#3 Exophoric Reference
Exophoric reference refers to an idea outside the text. This is a
reference to world knowledge shared by the reader

4. For Example
” The Prime Minister responded quickly to the threat. Here we are
expected to know who the Prime Minister is”
#4 Tense Agreement
Tense agreement refers to the way that writers use tenses to make
a text hang together
Example
“She knew then that he… “had found her letter” is a logical ending
to the sentence. We are not surprised to see past perfect after
simple past in a narrative sentence.”
#5 Linkers
Linkers refer to words or phrases that describe the relationship
between ideas in the text
Example
“And, but, therefore, first of all”
#6 Substitution
Substitution or Ellipsis refers to replacing words, or leaving them
out– this is how writers reduce repetition in a text

5. Example
“Now we’re finishing our essays. I know you want to go out, but
before you can do that, please finish. ‘do that’ avoids the repetition
of ‘go out’. Instead of repeating ‘finish our essays’ ‘our essays’ is
dropped from the sentence”
How to Improve
You can’t simply study a long list of cohesive devices and then
hope you can use them correctly the next time you have to write an
essay.
Also, you can’t look at just one example sentence and hope to learn
everything you need to know about that word.
100 Linking Words Examples
Linking Words are words or phrases that show the relationship
between paragraphs or sections of a text or speech.
Linking words provide greater cohesion by making it more
explicit or signaling how ideas relate to one another.
These are some examples of linking words:

6.  I will lend you my car whenever you need it.
 Take an umbrella in case it rains.
 My thoughts will be with you wherever you go.
 The holiday is too expensive. Besides, I don’t really want to
go.
 Although it was cold, she went out in shorts.