The document discusses the importance of cohesive devices in writing, emphasizing how they connect statements and improve clarity, coherence, and flow. It elaborates on different cohesive techniques, such as repetition of key terms, use of pronouns, synonyms, and linking words to unify ideas within paragraphs. Additionally, it provides lists of words categorized by their purpose in linking ideas, enhancing the understanding and organization of written work.

1. Using Signals That Indicate
Coherence

2. How will you connect the two statements together? Write
your answer on the lines.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
There are various forms of discrimination in society
today.
We need to address this issue at hand.

3. COHESIVE DEVICES
act like bridges that connect one idea to another.
They help readers establish clear relationships between
ideas.

4. COHESION
is the inclusion of connectors to unify
sentences.The connectors may be coordinating
or subordinating conjunctions.

5. EXAMPLES
1. Many people experience discrimination
every day, and people need to learn how to
treat each other with kindness.
2.We should promote a culture of
understanding in schools, for this is another
way of raising awareness.

6. EXAMPLES
3.Appreciating differences is important
because this is the way we get to solve
misunderstanding and conflict.
4. If we learn more about diversity, we
would build more connections.

7. Another form of cohesive mechanism is merging the
sentences to produce a well-written paragraph by…
•repetition of important words
•utilization of pronouns and its function of substituting
nouns;
•use of synonyms; and
•application of words that link ideas, demonstrating
their relationship.

8. 1. Repetition of Important Words
Repetition involves using key terms or phrases multiple times throughout a paragraph
to reinforce the main idea.This technique helps to:
• Emphasize Key Concepts: By repeating important words, the writer draws attention to
the central theme.
• Create Cohesion: Repeating terms helps link sentences together, making the paragraph
feel more connected and focused.
Example:
The environment is under threat. Environmental pollution affects wildlife and human health.
Protecting the environment should be our priority.
• In this example, environment is repeated to highlight the central concern and maintain
focus throughout the paragraph.

9. 2. Utilization of Pronouns
Pronouns are words that replace nouns, helping to avoid repetition and making
sentences more fluid.Their functions include:
• Substituting Nouns: Pronouns like "he," "she," "it," "they," and "this" can replace
previously mentioned nouns, streamlining the text.
• Maintaining Clarity: Using pronouns keeps the writing concise while ensuring
that the reader can still identify what is being referred to.
Example:
The cat sat on the mat. It looked very comfortable.
• Here, "it" substitutes for "the cat," preventing redundancy while keeping the
sentence clear.

10. 3. Use of Synonyms
Synonyms are words that have similar meanings. Utilizing them helps:
• EnhanceVariety: By using different words that mean the same thing,
the writer can make the text more engaging and avoid monotony.
• Clarify Meaning: Synonyms can provide nuance, allowing the writer to
express similar ideas with slight differences in emphasis.
Example:
The car was fast.The vehicle accelerated quickly on the highway.
• In this case, "car" and "vehicle" are synonyms, adding variety to the
paragraph while maintaining the same idea.

11. • 4.Application of Linking Words
Linking words (or transition words) connect sentences and show the relationships
between ideas.Their functions include:
• Indicating Relationships: Words like "however," "therefore," "for example," and
"meanwhile" help clarify how one idea relates to another (cause/effect, contrast, addition,
etc.).
• Improving Flow: These words create smooth transitions, guiding the reader through the
text logically.
Example:
The weather was terrible; however, the event went on as planned.
• "However" indicates a contrast between the poor weather and the continuation of the
event, linking the two ideas effectively.

12. COHERENCE
is the unity of the written work.Your
supporting sentences are related to the main
idea of each paragraph.

13. SIGNAL WORDS
•are specific words or phrases that guide readers
through a text, indicating relationships between
ideas and helping to clarify the structure of the
writing.
•They serve as cues to what type of information is
coming next, making it easier for readers to follow
the author's thought process.

14. Study the table below. Here are the lists of words you can use to
link ideas.
Purpose examples
1.Addition also, moreover, furthermore, in addition,
additionally, then, too, besides, again, equally,
important, and
2. Causative as a result, consequently, thus, therefore, so, that is
why, for this reason, accordingly, hence
3. Conditional
/Concessional
otherwise, in that case, however, though,
even though, despite, unless, as soon as,
when, once that, now that

15. 1.Addition generally refers to including or adding more
information, ideas, or elements to a statement, sentence, or list. It’s
often used to introduce new points or reinforce what has been said.
Examples:
All employees receive paid vacation and sick leave. In
addition, we offer a range of benefits for new parents.
The whole report is badly written. Moreover, it's
inaccurate.

16. 2. Causative that one person or thing causes another to do
something or to experience a certain condition. In other words,
instead of directly performing the action, the subject makes or
influences someone else to do it.
Examples:
The defendant was depressed and therefore not fully
responsible for her own actions.
The storm caused widespread flooding; as a result, many
roads were closed."

17. 3. Conditional situations that depend on a particular
condition being met.
Concessional expresses contrast or something that is
true despite a specific situation.
Examples:
You need to submit your assignment on time;
otherwise, you will receive a lower grade.
He succeeded in his career despite many obstacles
along the way

18. Study the table below. Here are the lists of words you can use to
link ideas.
Purpose Examples
4.Clarify for instance, in fact, in addition, in other words, that is
5.Sequential to begin with, in conclusion, first, second, third,
subsequently, to begin, for a start, at this point, in short,
later, before, finally, after, since, as long as, upon, once,
by the time, then, when, whenever, during, next, while,
as soon as, until, after that
6.Summari
ze
in summary, in brief, in conclusion, despite, to
sum up, in spite of, there

19. 4. Clarify means making something easier to understand
by removing confusion, ambiguity, or complexity.
Example:
• Original Sentence: "The project’s timeline has been
extended due to unforeseen issues with supply chains.”
• With "In Other Words": "The project’s timeline has been
extended due to unforeseen issues with supply chains. In
other words, we need more time because supplies didn’t
arrive as expected."

20. 5. Sequential refers to something arranged in a specific
order or sequence.
Example:
To make a perfect cup of tea, first, boil the water;
second, add the tea leaves or tea bag; and third, let it steep
for a few minutes before pouring."

21. 8. Summarize means to give a brief statement of the
main points or essential information from a longer text,
speech, or event.
Example:
In conclusion, regular exercise, a balanced diet,
and sufficient sleep are essential for maintaining good
health.

22. Study the table below. Here are the lists of words you can use to
link ideas.
Purpose Examples
9. Contrast
or
Opposition
though, whereas, however, in contrast, even
though, despite, nevertheless, yet, while, in
spite of, on the other hand, but

23. 9. Contrast or Opposition refers to differences or
conflicts between two or more ideas, things, or people.
Example:
Despite the heavy rain, they continued with the
outdoor concert.