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Using Signals That Indicate Coherence.pptx
- 1. Using Signals ThatIndicate Coherence
- 2. How will youconnect the two statements together? Write your answer on the lines. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ There are various forms of discrimination in society today. We need to address this issue at hand.
- 3. COHESIVE DEVICES act likebridges that connect one idea to another. They help readers establish clear relationships between ideas.
- 4. COHESION is the inclusionof connectors to unify sentences.The connectors may be coordinating or subordinating conjunctions.
- 5. EXAMPLES 1. Many peopleexperience discrimination every day, and people need to learn how to treat each other with kindness. 2.We should promote a culture of understanding in schools, for this is another way of raising awareness.
- 6. EXAMPLES 3.Appreciating differences isimportant because this is the way we get to solve misunderstanding and conflict. 4. If we learn more about diversity, we would build more connections.
- 7. Another form ofcohesive mechanism is merging the sentences to produce a well-written paragraph by… •repetition of important words •utilization of pronouns and its function of substituting nouns; •use of synonyms; and •application of words that link ideas, demonstrating their relationship.
- 8. 1. Repetition ofImportant Words Repetition involves using key terms or phrases multiple times throughout a paragraph to reinforce the main idea.This technique helps to: • Emphasize Key Concepts: By repeating important words, the writer draws attention to the central theme. • Create Cohesion: Repeating terms helps link sentences together, making the paragraph feel more connected and focused. Example: The environment is under threat. Environmental pollution affects wildlife and human health. Protecting the environment should be our priority. • In this example, environment is repeated to highlight the central concern and maintain focus throughout the paragraph.
- 9. 2. Utilization ofPronouns Pronouns are words that replace nouns, helping to avoid repetition and making sentences more fluid.Their functions include: • Substituting Nouns: Pronouns like "he," "she," "it," "they," and "this" can replace previously mentioned nouns, streamlining the text. • Maintaining Clarity: Using pronouns keeps the writing concise while ensuring that the reader can still identify what is being referred to. Example: The cat sat on the mat. It looked very comfortable. • Here, "it" substitutes for "the cat," preventing redundancy while keeping the sentence clear.
- 10. 3. Use ofSynonyms Synonyms are words that have similar meanings. Utilizing them helps: • EnhanceVariety: By using different words that mean the same thing, the writer can make the text more engaging and avoid monotony. • Clarify Meaning: Synonyms can provide nuance, allowing the writer to express similar ideas with slight differences in emphasis. Example: The car was fast.The vehicle accelerated quickly on the highway. • In this case, "car" and "vehicle" are synonyms, adding variety to the paragraph while maintaining the same idea.
- 11. • 4.Application ofLinking Words Linking words (or transition words) connect sentences and show the relationships between ideas.Their functions include: • Indicating Relationships: Words like "however," "therefore," "for example," and "meanwhile" help clarify how one idea relates to another (cause/effect, contrast, addition, etc.). • Improving Flow: These words create smooth transitions, guiding the reader through the text logically. Example: The weather was terrible; however, the event went on as planned. • "However" indicates a contrast between the poor weather and the continuation of the event, linking the two ideas effectively.
- 12. COHERENCE is the unityof the written work.Your supporting sentences are related to the main idea of each paragraph.
- 13. SIGNAL WORDS •are specificwords or phrases that guide readers through a text, indicating relationships between ideas and helping to clarify the structure of the writing. •They serve as cues to what type of information is coming next, making it easier for readers to follow the author's thought process.
- 14. Study the tablebelow. Here are the lists of words you can use to link ideas. Purpose examples 1.Addition also, moreover, furthermore, in addition, additionally, then, too, besides, again, equally, important, and 2. Causative as a result, consequently, thus, therefore, so, that is why, for this reason, accordingly, hence 3. Conditional /Concessional otherwise, in that case, however, though, even though, despite, unless, as soon as, when, once that, now that
- 15. 1.Addition generally refersto including or adding more information, ideas, or elements to a statement, sentence, or list. It’s often used to introduce new points or reinforce what has been said. Examples: All employees receive paid vacation and sick leave. In addition, we offer a range of benefits for new parents. The whole report is badly written. Moreover, it's inaccurate.
- 16. 2. Causative thatone person or thing causes another to do something or to experience a certain condition. In other words, instead of directly performing the action, the subject makes or influences someone else to do it. Examples: The defendant was depressed and therefore not fully responsible for her own actions. The storm caused widespread flooding; as a result, many roads were closed."
- 17. 3. Conditional situationsthat depend on a particular condition being met. Concessional expresses contrast or something that is true despite a specific situation. Examples: You need to submit your assignment on time; otherwise, you will receive a lower grade. He succeeded in his career despite many obstacles along the way
- 18. Study the tablebelow. Here are the lists of words you can use to link ideas. Purpose Examples 4.Clarify for instance, in fact, in addition, in other words, that is 5.Sequential to begin with, in conclusion, first, second, third, subsequently, to begin, for a start, at this point, in short, later, before, finally, after, since, as long as, upon, once, by the time, then, when, whenever, during, next, while, as soon as, until, after that 6.Summari ze in summary, in brief, in conclusion, despite, to sum up, in spite of, there
- 19. 4. Clarify meansmaking something easier to understand by removing confusion, ambiguity, or complexity. Example: • Original Sentence: "The project’s timeline has been extended due to unforeseen issues with supply chains.” • With "In Other Words": "The project’s timeline has been extended due to unforeseen issues with supply chains. In other words, we need more time because supplies didn’t arrive as expected."
- 20. 5. Sequential refersto something arranged in a specific order or sequence. Example: To make a perfect cup of tea, first, boil the water; second, add the tea leaves or tea bag; and third, let it steep for a few minutes before pouring."
- 21. 8. Summarize meansto give a brief statement of the main points or essential information from a longer text, speech, or event. Example: In conclusion, regular exercise, a balanced diet, and sufficient sleep are essential for maintaining good health.
- 22. Study the tablebelow. Here are the lists of words you can use to link ideas. Purpose Examples 9. Contrast or Opposition though, whereas, however, in contrast, even though, despite, nevertheless, yet, while, in spite of, on the other hand, but
- 23. 9. Contrast orOpposition refers to differences or conflicts between two or more ideas, things, or people. Example: Despite the heavy rain, they continued with the outdoor concert.
Editor's Notes
- #3 Signal words and cohesive devices are related concepts in writing, but they are not exactly the same.Signal WordsSignal words are specific words or phrases that indicate relationships between ideas, helping to guide readers through the text. They often highlight transitions between different types of information, such as cause and effect, comparison, contrast, sequence, or addition. Examples of signal words include "however," "therefore," "first," and "for example."Cohesive DevicesCohesive devices, on the other hand, are broader linguistic tools that create connections within a text, ensuring that it flows logically and smoothly. Cohesive devices include not only signal words but also pronouns, conjunctions, and other phrases that link sentences and ideas together. They help maintain coherence by making it clear how different parts of the text relate to one another.Key DifferencesScope: Signal words are a subset of cohesive devices; all signal words are cohesive devices, but not all cohesive devices are signal words.Function: While signal words specifically indicate relationships between ideas, cohesive devices work more generally to connect and unify different parts of a text.ExampleSignal Word Usage: "She was late to the meeting; however, she still managed to contribute valuable ideas." (Here, "however" is a signal word indicating contrast.)Cohesive Device Usage: "Despite her lateness, she contributed valuable ideas, which were appreciated by the team." (In this case, "which" is a cohesive device linking the idea of her contribution back to the previous clause.)In summary, while they overlap, signal words focus on specific transitions between ideas, while cohesive devices encompass a wider range of tools that enhance the overall flow and coherence of a text.
- #4 Coordinating conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, or clauses that are of equal grammatical importance. They help to create compound sentences or link similar elements within a sentence. The main coordinating conjunctions in English are: For – indicates reason or cause And – adds information or links similar ideas Nor – presents an alternative negative idea But – shows contrast or exception Or – presents an alternative or choice Yet – introduces a contrast that is surprising or unexpected So – indicates a result or consequence Examples of Coordinating Conjunctions in Sentences: For: I decided to stay home, for I was feeling unwell. And: She likes to read novels, and she also enjoys poetry. Nor: He doesn’t like coffee, nor does he enjoy tea. But: I wanted to go for a walk, but it started to rain. Or: Would you prefer tea or coffee? Yet: It was a difficult test, yet I managed to pass. So: It was raining heavily, so we stayed indoors. Remember: Coordinating conjunctions can connect two independent clauses to form a compound sentence. They can also link items in a list or series. Using coordinating conjunctions effectively can enhance the clarity and flow of your writing by connecting related ideas. Subordinating conjunctions are words that connect an independent clause (a complete sentence) to a dependent clause (a part of a sentence that cannot stand alone). They help to establish a relationship between the two clauses, indicating aspects such as time, cause, condition, contrast, and manner. Common Subordinating Conjunctions: Time: after before when while as soon as until Example: I will call you when I arrive. Cause or Reason: because since as Example: She stayed home because it was raining. Condition: if unless provided that Example: You can go out if you finish your homework. Contrast: although though even though whereas Example: Although it was cold, we went for a hike. Manner: as like Example: She danced as if no one was watching. How to Use Subordinating Conjunctions: When a subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause, it can appear at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence: Beginning: Although she was tired, she finished her work. Middle: She finished her work although she was tired. In summary, subordinating conjunctions are essential for creating complex sentences that convey more nuanced relationships between ideas. They allow writers to add depth and detail to their writing. 4o mini