The document discusses surface coatings and corrosion. It defines corrosion as the deterioration of metals due to reaction with the environment. It then describes several types of coatings used to protect metals from corrosion, including conversion coatings like anodizing which form protective metal oxide layers, thermal coatings like flame spraying, electrochemical coatings like galvanization, and vapor deposition methods like PVD and CVD. The document emphasizes that coatings provide barrier protection and extend the lifetime of metal substrates.
This presentation gives details on Heat Generation in Metal Cutting tool. There are three zones of heat generation where heat generation equation is also derived by analytical method.
The document discusses the theory of metal machining. It begins by introducing machining as a material removal process that involves shear deformation to form a chip. It then discusses the orthogonal cutting model used to analyze forces in machining. Key relationships discussed include the chip thickness ratio, shear plane angle, and shear strain equation. The document also covers the different types of chips that can form, the forces acting on the chip and tool, and the Merchant equation relating these forces.
This document summarizes various surface treatment techniques including mechanical processes like shot peening and deep rolling that modify the surface without changing chemistry, thermal processes like electron beam treatment and laser treatment, and thermo-chemical processes like carburizing, nitriding, and carbonitriding that diffuse elements like carbon or nitrogen into the surface. It provides details on the mechanisms, advantages, and applications of these different surface modification methods.
Chemical machining involves controlled chemical dissolution of a workpiece material using an acidic or alkaline etchant. The process includes preparing the workpiece, applying a maskant to protect areas, etching the exposed material using an etchant, removing the remaining mask, and finishing. It allows for producing pockets and contours and removing material from high strength parts. The main steps are preparing the workpiece through cleaning, applying a masking material, etching the exposed areas using an etchant, and removing the remaining mask. Chemical machining provides advantages like weight reduction and avoiding stresses but has disadvantages like difficulty achieving sharp corners and limited thickness machining.
The document discusses tool wear, tool life, and machinability. It defines tool life as the useful cutting time before tool failure or need for resharpening. Tool wear is measured by flank wear and crater wear, and causes include attrition, diffusion, abrasion, and plastic deformation. Machinability is assessed based on surface finish, tool life, cutting forces, and chip control difficulty. Factors like material properties, cutting conditions, tool geometry, and lubrication affect tool wear and machinability.
This presentation contain discription about Fine finishing process of complex shape material which cannot be finished by normal processess. three type of finishing process has been described they are Abrasive flow machining, MAgnetic Abrasive Finishing, Magneto Rheological abrasive finishing.
The document discusses surface coatings and corrosion. It defines corrosion as the deterioration of metals due to reaction with the environment. It then describes several types of coatings used to protect metals from corrosion, including conversion coatings like anodizing which form protective metal oxide layers, thermal coatings like flame spraying, electrochemical coatings like galvanization, and vapor deposition methods like PVD and CVD. The document emphasizes that coatings provide barrier protection and extend the lifetime of metal substrates.
This presentation gives details on Heat Generation in Metal Cutting tool. There are three zones of heat generation where heat generation equation is also derived by analytical method.
The document discusses the theory of metal machining. It begins by introducing machining as a material removal process that involves shear deformation to form a chip. It then discusses the orthogonal cutting model used to analyze forces in machining. Key relationships discussed include the chip thickness ratio, shear plane angle, and shear strain equation. The document also covers the different types of chips that can form, the forces acting on the chip and tool, and the Merchant equation relating these forces.
This document summarizes various surface treatment techniques including mechanical processes like shot peening and deep rolling that modify the surface without changing chemistry, thermal processes like electron beam treatment and laser treatment, and thermo-chemical processes like carburizing, nitriding, and carbonitriding that diffuse elements like carbon or nitrogen into the surface. It provides details on the mechanisms, advantages, and applications of these different surface modification methods.
Chemical machining involves controlled chemical dissolution of a workpiece material using an acidic or alkaline etchant. The process includes preparing the workpiece, applying a maskant to protect areas, etching the exposed material using an etchant, removing the remaining mask, and finishing. It allows for producing pockets and contours and removing material from high strength parts. The main steps are preparing the workpiece through cleaning, applying a masking material, etching the exposed areas using an etchant, and removing the remaining mask. Chemical machining provides advantages like weight reduction and avoiding stresses but has disadvantages like difficulty achieving sharp corners and limited thickness machining.
The document discusses tool wear, tool life, and machinability. It defines tool life as the useful cutting time before tool failure or need for resharpening. Tool wear is measured by flank wear and crater wear, and causes include attrition, diffusion, abrasion, and plastic deformation. Machinability is assessed based on surface finish, tool life, cutting forces, and chip control difficulty. Factors like material properties, cutting conditions, tool geometry, and lubrication affect tool wear and machinability.
This presentation contain discription about Fine finishing process of complex shape material which cannot be finished by normal processess. three type of finishing process has been described they are Abrasive flow machining, MAgnetic Abrasive Finishing, Magneto Rheological abrasive finishing.
The document is a thesis submitted by Shekh Shahjada for the degree of Master of Technology in Mechanical Engineering at Surya School of Engineering & Technology in Punjab, India. It discusses surface engineering and coating processes under the guidance of Professor Pankaj Chhabra. The thesis includes chapters on types of surface engineering processes, applications of surface engineering, methods of testing surface engineering, and conclusions.
This document provides an overview of manufacturing technology and metal cutting processes. It discusses various metal cutting operations like turning, drilling, and milling. It describes the basic requirements for machining like workpiece setup, cutting tools, and machine tools. It defines key terms related to single-point cutting tools like rake angle, relief angle, nose radius, and cutting edge. It also discusses the classification and important properties of cutting tool materials.
This document discusses various types of wear mechanisms that can occur in machines. It defines 11 main types of wear: adhesive, abrasive, erosion, polishing, contact fatigue, corrosive, electro-corrosive, fretting, electrical discharge, cavitation, and false brinelling wear. For each type of wear, it describes the wear process and provides recommendations for both mechanical and lubricant-based prevention methods. Microscopic analysis of wear debris is also discussed as a way to determine the specific type of wear that occurred.
this is 2nd presentation of manufacturing processes in this presentation we discuss in detail about the theory of metal cutting, machiening processes,cutters etc
Transfer molding is a manufacturing process where a casting material is forced into an enclosed mold under pressure to form a casting. There are different types of transfer molding including resin transfer molding (RTM) and vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM). Thermoset polymers and fibers are common materials used. The transfer molding process involves placing the preheated molding compound in a transfer pot, closing the mold, and forcing the compound into the mold cavity under pressure where it cures. Applications include parts for the natural gas, electrical, and automotive industries. Advantages are uniform products and simpler production compared to other molding processes, while disadvantages include more material waste.
1. Ultrasonic machining is a non-traditional machining process that uses a vibrating tool to remove material from a workpiece submerged in an abrasive slurry.
2. The tool vibrates at high frequency (typically 20-40 kHz) and is gradually fed into the workpiece. The abrasive grains in the slurry are driven across a small gap by the vibrating tool and impact the workpiece, removing small particles.
3. Ultrasonic machining can machine both conductive and non-conductive materials like ceramics and is well-suited for hard, brittle materials. Key factors that influence the material removal rate include vibration frequency and amplitude,
The document describes abrasive flow machining (AFM) and summarizes two research papers on the topic. It defines AFM and discusses different types of AFM machines. The first research paper studies the effect of process variables in AFM and develops models to optimize the process. The second paper examines using AFM to finish difficult-to-machine titanium alloy and finds that boron carbide and silicon carbide abrasives most effectively remove surface imperfections within few cycles. Scanning electron microscopy images show the removal of heat-affected layers on the titanium.
A brief knowledge about surface treatment, which is a process applied to the surface of a material to make it better in some way, for example by making it more resistant to corrosion or wear. Shot peening is a surface treatment in which small hard pellets are shot against the surface of a metal to make it more resistant to fatigue.
This document discusses different types of cutting tool materials and their properties. It covers seven main types of toolbit materials including high-speed steel, cast alloys, cemented carbides, ceramics, cermets, cubic boron nitride and polycrystalline diamond. The key properties for cutting tools are hardness, wear resistance, shock resistance, shape/configuration. Cemented carbides are widely used and offer high hardness, wear resistance and can operate at high speeds without losing sharpness. Coatings like titanium carbide and nitride and aluminum oxide are used to improve wear resistance at different speeds. Tool geometry including side relief, side clearance, rake angles and nose radius are also covered.
Tool wear and failure can occur through three modes: fracture, temperature failure, or gradual wear. Gradual wear is preferred as it leads to the longest tool life. Wear occurs primarily at the rake face (crater wear) and flank face (flank wear) through mechanisms such as abrasion, adhesion, diffusion, chemical reactions, and plastic deformation. Tool life is defined as the cutting time until a certain wear criteria is reached, such as 0.5mm flank wear. The Taylor tool life equation describes the relationship between cutting speed, tool life, and material properties.
Stereolithography (SLA) is the oldest 3D Printing technology used to manufactureaesthetically beautiful and proof of concept prototypes with smooth surface finish. We use photopolymer resins to manufacture the parts in SLA technology. The parts find applications in Automotive interiors, Industrial goods, Medical Devices industries etc.
The presentation covers various aspects of coating and deposition process in detail. The topics that are mainly covered in this PPT are
1) Type of Coating
2) Advantages and limitation for various coating process
3) Figures of various coating process
Tribology is the science of interacting surfaces in relative motion. It describes everything that happens when things rub together, such as the effects of high and low friction. Tribology plays a role in mechanisms like gears and bearings. Lubrication is needed to reduce wear, remove heat and contamination, and lower friction to prevent wear. Recent tribology research includes improving journal bearing operation at heavy misalignment, tribological surface coatings, and lubrication and life of polymer rolling bearings. Research facilities like Argonne's Tribology Laboratory conduct advanced research on surface engineered materials, lubricants, fuels and additives using equipment like optical profilometers and multi-specimen testers.
Isostatic pressing is a powder metallurgy technique that applies equal pressure in all directions to compact powdered materials. There are three main types - cold isostatic pressing, hot isostatic pressing, and warm isostatic pressing. Isostatic pressing allows for high density and uniform compaction of materials without the need for lubricants. It can be used to compact difficult materials like superalloys. The global isostatic pressing market was valued at $5.72 billion in 2017 and is projected to reach $9.22 billion by 2023, growing at a CAGR of 8.08% due to increasing demand for high-density 3D printed parts and investment in aerospace and defense applications
Stereolithography (SLA) is an additive manufacturing process that involves building 3D objects layer-by-layer by curing liquid photopolymer resin with a UV laser beam. It traces the cross-section of each layer on the surface of the resin vat, solidifying the pattern. The elevator then lowers and the next layer is traced, adhering to the previous one. This process is repeated until the object is completed. SLA provides high accuracy and good surface finish but may require additional curing and removal of support structures.
Rapid tooling uses 3D printing or other rapid prototyping techniques to quickly create molds, dies, or other tools for manufacturing parts in plastic or metal. There are direct methods that 3D print the tool and indirect methods that use a 3D printed pattern to create a traditional mold. Rapid tooling can reduce manufacturing time from months to weeks and is useful for prototyping or low-volume production. However, rapid tooling methods typically have shorter tool lifespans and lower accuracy than traditional metal tooling.
Working of Laser beam machining process. Its one kind of non traditional or advanced manufacturing process.Production of laser beam and with the use of lasers how can material can be removed is to be explained over here...
This presentation discusses various types of wear measurement. It defines wear as progressive damage involving material loss that occurs on surfaces due to relative motion. The types of wear discussed include sliding wear, fretting wear, abrasive wear, erosive wear, fatigue wear, and cavitation wear. The Archard wear equation relating wear volume to load and material properties is presented. Methods for identifying wear mechanisms by examining wear debris and worn surfaces are described. A pin-on-disc apparatus for measuring wear rates and a case study using oil analysis to determine wear rates are also summarized.
Comparative Analysis of Coated and Non Coated HSS Tool with Zinc, Nickel, and...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Machining is the heart of any manufacturing
process so coating material have been used in the coating of
tool steels. The tool used is high speed steel and are coated
with Zinc, Nickel and Chromium separately. The various
reasons to coat cutting tools are to increase tool life and
improve the surface quality of the product, and to increase
the production rate. The advantage of Zi, Ni, Cr coating
include high hardness, good ductility, excellent lubricity,
high chemical stability and tough resistance to wear,
corrosion and temperature. In this paper, the principle,
advantage and limitation of various Zn, Ni, Cr coating
processes are summarized. This paper involves of machining
hardened steel using Zi, Ni, Cr, coated HSS cutting tool is
studied. This paper discussed about the wear and also
hardness factor after coating compared with conventional
cutting tool(high speed steel).
Performance evaluation of ti n coated carbide insert for optimum surface roug...eSAT Journals
Abstract In manufacturing industry, beside the dimensional and geometric tolerance of a component, surface quality is most commonly specified requirements. Surface roughness plays an important role in the performance of the component. This paper presents a study of the influence of the cutting parameters on the surface roughness during the turning of AISI1045 steel with TiN coated carbide tool. The design of experiments based on the Taguchi technique. The objective was to optimization of the machining parameters as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut for surface roughness. Main effect plots are generated and analyzed to find out the relationship between them. Afterwords a confirmation test were performed to make a comparison between the predicted results and the theoretical results. Keywords: TiN carbide insert, AISI 1045 alloy steel, Taguchi method, Surface roughness, ANOVA
The document is a thesis submitted by Shekh Shahjada for the degree of Master of Technology in Mechanical Engineering at Surya School of Engineering & Technology in Punjab, India. It discusses surface engineering and coating processes under the guidance of Professor Pankaj Chhabra. The thesis includes chapters on types of surface engineering processes, applications of surface engineering, methods of testing surface engineering, and conclusions.
This document provides an overview of manufacturing technology and metal cutting processes. It discusses various metal cutting operations like turning, drilling, and milling. It describes the basic requirements for machining like workpiece setup, cutting tools, and machine tools. It defines key terms related to single-point cutting tools like rake angle, relief angle, nose radius, and cutting edge. It also discusses the classification and important properties of cutting tool materials.
This document discusses various types of wear mechanisms that can occur in machines. It defines 11 main types of wear: adhesive, abrasive, erosion, polishing, contact fatigue, corrosive, electro-corrosive, fretting, electrical discharge, cavitation, and false brinelling wear. For each type of wear, it describes the wear process and provides recommendations for both mechanical and lubricant-based prevention methods. Microscopic analysis of wear debris is also discussed as a way to determine the specific type of wear that occurred.
this is 2nd presentation of manufacturing processes in this presentation we discuss in detail about the theory of metal cutting, machiening processes,cutters etc
Transfer molding is a manufacturing process where a casting material is forced into an enclosed mold under pressure to form a casting. There are different types of transfer molding including resin transfer molding (RTM) and vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM). Thermoset polymers and fibers are common materials used. The transfer molding process involves placing the preheated molding compound in a transfer pot, closing the mold, and forcing the compound into the mold cavity under pressure where it cures. Applications include parts for the natural gas, electrical, and automotive industries. Advantages are uniform products and simpler production compared to other molding processes, while disadvantages include more material waste.
1. Ultrasonic machining is a non-traditional machining process that uses a vibrating tool to remove material from a workpiece submerged in an abrasive slurry.
2. The tool vibrates at high frequency (typically 20-40 kHz) and is gradually fed into the workpiece. The abrasive grains in the slurry are driven across a small gap by the vibrating tool and impact the workpiece, removing small particles.
3. Ultrasonic machining can machine both conductive and non-conductive materials like ceramics and is well-suited for hard, brittle materials. Key factors that influence the material removal rate include vibration frequency and amplitude,
The document describes abrasive flow machining (AFM) and summarizes two research papers on the topic. It defines AFM and discusses different types of AFM machines. The first research paper studies the effect of process variables in AFM and develops models to optimize the process. The second paper examines using AFM to finish difficult-to-machine titanium alloy and finds that boron carbide and silicon carbide abrasives most effectively remove surface imperfections within few cycles. Scanning electron microscopy images show the removal of heat-affected layers on the titanium.
A brief knowledge about surface treatment, which is a process applied to the surface of a material to make it better in some way, for example by making it more resistant to corrosion or wear. Shot peening is a surface treatment in which small hard pellets are shot against the surface of a metal to make it more resistant to fatigue.
This document discusses different types of cutting tool materials and their properties. It covers seven main types of toolbit materials including high-speed steel, cast alloys, cemented carbides, ceramics, cermets, cubic boron nitride and polycrystalline diamond. The key properties for cutting tools are hardness, wear resistance, shock resistance, shape/configuration. Cemented carbides are widely used and offer high hardness, wear resistance and can operate at high speeds without losing sharpness. Coatings like titanium carbide and nitride and aluminum oxide are used to improve wear resistance at different speeds. Tool geometry including side relief, side clearance, rake angles and nose radius are also covered.
Tool wear and failure can occur through three modes: fracture, temperature failure, or gradual wear. Gradual wear is preferred as it leads to the longest tool life. Wear occurs primarily at the rake face (crater wear) and flank face (flank wear) through mechanisms such as abrasion, adhesion, diffusion, chemical reactions, and plastic deformation. Tool life is defined as the cutting time until a certain wear criteria is reached, such as 0.5mm flank wear. The Taylor tool life equation describes the relationship between cutting speed, tool life, and material properties.
Stereolithography (SLA) is the oldest 3D Printing technology used to manufactureaesthetically beautiful and proof of concept prototypes with smooth surface finish. We use photopolymer resins to manufacture the parts in SLA technology. The parts find applications in Automotive interiors, Industrial goods, Medical Devices industries etc.
The presentation covers various aspects of coating and deposition process in detail. The topics that are mainly covered in this PPT are
1) Type of Coating
2) Advantages and limitation for various coating process
3) Figures of various coating process
Tribology is the science of interacting surfaces in relative motion. It describes everything that happens when things rub together, such as the effects of high and low friction. Tribology plays a role in mechanisms like gears and bearings. Lubrication is needed to reduce wear, remove heat and contamination, and lower friction to prevent wear. Recent tribology research includes improving journal bearing operation at heavy misalignment, tribological surface coatings, and lubrication and life of polymer rolling bearings. Research facilities like Argonne's Tribology Laboratory conduct advanced research on surface engineered materials, lubricants, fuels and additives using equipment like optical profilometers and multi-specimen testers.
Isostatic pressing is a powder metallurgy technique that applies equal pressure in all directions to compact powdered materials. There are three main types - cold isostatic pressing, hot isostatic pressing, and warm isostatic pressing. Isostatic pressing allows for high density and uniform compaction of materials without the need for lubricants. It can be used to compact difficult materials like superalloys. The global isostatic pressing market was valued at $5.72 billion in 2017 and is projected to reach $9.22 billion by 2023, growing at a CAGR of 8.08% due to increasing demand for high-density 3D printed parts and investment in aerospace and defense applications
Stereolithography (SLA) is an additive manufacturing process that involves building 3D objects layer-by-layer by curing liquid photopolymer resin with a UV laser beam. It traces the cross-section of each layer on the surface of the resin vat, solidifying the pattern. The elevator then lowers and the next layer is traced, adhering to the previous one. This process is repeated until the object is completed. SLA provides high accuracy and good surface finish but may require additional curing and removal of support structures.
Rapid tooling uses 3D printing or other rapid prototyping techniques to quickly create molds, dies, or other tools for manufacturing parts in plastic or metal. There are direct methods that 3D print the tool and indirect methods that use a 3D printed pattern to create a traditional mold. Rapid tooling can reduce manufacturing time from months to weeks and is useful for prototyping or low-volume production. However, rapid tooling methods typically have shorter tool lifespans and lower accuracy than traditional metal tooling.
Working of Laser beam machining process. Its one kind of non traditional or advanced manufacturing process.Production of laser beam and with the use of lasers how can material can be removed is to be explained over here...
This presentation discusses various types of wear measurement. It defines wear as progressive damage involving material loss that occurs on surfaces due to relative motion. The types of wear discussed include sliding wear, fretting wear, abrasive wear, erosive wear, fatigue wear, and cavitation wear. The Archard wear equation relating wear volume to load and material properties is presented. Methods for identifying wear mechanisms by examining wear debris and worn surfaces are described. A pin-on-disc apparatus for measuring wear rates and a case study using oil analysis to determine wear rates are also summarized.
Comparative Analysis of Coated and Non Coated HSS Tool with Zinc, Nickel, and...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Machining is the heart of any manufacturing
process so coating material have been used in the coating of
tool steels. The tool used is high speed steel and are coated
with Zinc, Nickel and Chromium separately. The various
reasons to coat cutting tools are to increase tool life and
improve the surface quality of the product, and to increase
the production rate. The advantage of Zi, Ni, Cr coating
include high hardness, good ductility, excellent lubricity,
high chemical stability and tough resistance to wear,
corrosion and temperature. In this paper, the principle,
advantage and limitation of various Zn, Ni, Cr coating
processes are summarized. This paper involves of machining
hardened steel using Zi, Ni, Cr, coated HSS cutting tool is
studied. This paper discussed about the wear and also
hardness factor after coating compared with conventional
cutting tool(high speed steel).
Performance evaluation of ti n coated carbide insert for optimum surface roug...eSAT Journals
Abstract In manufacturing industry, beside the dimensional and geometric tolerance of a component, surface quality is most commonly specified requirements. Surface roughness plays an important role in the performance of the component. This paper presents a study of the influence of the cutting parameters on the surface roughness during the turning of AISI1045 steel with TiN coated carbide tool. The design of experiments based on the Taguchi technique. The objective was to optimization of the machining parameters as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut for surface roughness. Main effect plots are generated and analyzed to find out the relationship between them. Afterwords a confirmation test were performed to make a comparison between the predicted results and the theoretical results. Keywords: TiN carbide insert, AISI 1045 alloy steel, Taguchi method, Surface roughness, ANOVA
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses various manufacturing processes and techniques. It begins by outlining metal cutting theory and traditional machining processes like turning, drilling, and milling. It then covers non-traditional processes such as ultrasonic machining and electrochemical machining. Further sections discuss welding and casting techniques, tolerances and fits, and metal forming processes like rolling, forging, drawing, and hydroforming. The document provides examples, equations, and multiple choice questions related to these manufacturing topics.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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The document describes an experimental investigation of polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) cutting tool inserts when hard turning hardened 42CrMo4 steel. Individual cutting parameters were evaluated to quantitatively assess their influence on general tool wear patterns. The results indicated that PCBN tool inserts demonstrated good wear resistance regardless of the hardness of the 42CrMo4 steel at 62HRC. Tool life decreased with increasing cutting speed and feed rate based on a permissible flank wear criterion of 0.3mm. Surface roughness also generally increased with greater tool wear.
Studies on Tool Life and Cutting Forces for Drilling Operation using Uncoated...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that compares the tool life and cutting forces of uncoated and coated high-speed steel (HSS) drill bits during dry drilling of EN8 steel. Specifically, it examines uncoated HSS drill bits, as well as HSS drill bits coated with titanium nitride (TiN) and titanium aluminium nitride (TiAlN). Experimental results showed that the TiAlN coated HSS drill bit had the greatest tool life. When measuring cutting forces, the TiAlN coated drill bit produced the highest thrust force, while torque was similar across all drill bits. In conclusion, coatings like TiN and TiAlN can improve the performance of HSS drill bits during machining operations
This document summarizes research investigating the effects of cryogenic treatment, hardening, and multiple tempering on the wear behavior of D6 tool steel. The study subjected D6 tool steel samples to various heat treatment combinations, including hardening at 1020°C, tempering at 210°C, and cryogenic treatment at -185°C. Pin-on-disk testing was used to evaluate the wear resistance and hardness of the treated samples. The results showed that cryogenic treatment improved wear resistance and hardness by reducing retained austenite and producing a more homogeneous carbide distribution. Additional tempering, whether before or after cryogenic treatment, further increased wear resistance and hardness by transforming more retained austenite to mart
This document discusses different types of cutting tool materials used in metalworking, including their properties and applications. It begins by introducing high carbon steel and high speed steel as older tool materials. It then focuses on cemented tungsten carbide as a modern cutting tool material. The manufacturing process for tungsten carbide tools is described, including blending tungsten and carbon powders, compacting the blended powder in a die under pressure, and sintering the compact to achieve the final hardness and properties. Other tool materials mentioned include cast alloys, ceramics, and coatings. The document emphasizes selecting the right material for each application based on its hardness, toughness, wear resistance and ability to maintain properties at high
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The document discusses different types of cutting tool materials used in machining. It describes:
1. Carbon and medium alloy steels, which are the oldest tool materials but have low hardness and wear resistance.
2. High speed steel developed in 1900, which adds alloying elements to improve hardness and heat resistance.
3. Cemented carbides or sintered carbides developed in 1926-1930, which are produced using powder metallurgy and provide high hardness up to 1000°C, allowing high speed machining.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The document discusses cutting tool technology, including tool materials, geometry, and failure modes. It describes how tool life is influenced by cutting speed and material properties. Common tool materials include high-speed steel, cemented carbides, ceramics, and coatings. Tool geometry depends on the operation, with single-point and multiple-point tools discussed. Twist drills are a type of multiple-point tool used for hole making.
The document discusses metal cutting, metal forming, and metrology. It is divided into three sections. Section I covers the theory of metal cutting, including basics of metal cutting, forces and power in metal cutting, and tool life, wear, economics, and machinability. Section II discusses metal forming processes such as cold working, rolling, forging, extrusion, drawing, and sheet metal operations. Section III covers metrology topics including limits, tolerances, fits, and measurement of lines and surfaces. The document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in each section and directs the reader to the relevant page numbers for each chapter.
1. The document discusses different types of cutting tool materials, including their properties and applications. It covers solid tools, brazed inserts, mechanically clamped inserts, and various geometries for turning tools.
2. Key tool materials discussed are high-speed steels, cast cobalt alloys, tungsten carbide, ceramic tools, cubic boron nitride, and diamond. Coated tools using titanium nitride, aluminum oxide and other coatings are also covered.
3. Manufacturing processes for inserts including powder metallurgy, sintering, grinding, and chemical or physical vapor deposition coating are summarized. Characteristics such as hardness, toughness, wear resistance and their variation with temperature are compared
This document discusses different types of cutting tool materials. It begins by introducing the importance of selecting the right material for the application. High carbon steel and high-speed steel were early materials but have limitations. Modern materials include cemented tungsten carbide, ceramics, and coatings. Each material has different properties like hardness, toughness, wear resistance, and temperature performance that make it suitable for specific cutting applications. Selecting the optimal material involves balancing quality, cost and tool life.
The document discusses cutting tool technology, including tool life, materials, geometry, and failure modes. It describes how tool life is influenced by cutting speed and material. The preferred failure mode is gradual wear. Common tool materials include high-speed steel, cemented carbides, cermets, ceramics, and coatings. Tool geometry includes rake angle, clearance angle, and different insert shapes. Twist drills are discussed as a common multi-edged tool.
Wear performance of ceramic cutting tool materials when cutting steelLepuufu
The document summarizes the results of a study that tested the wear performance of various ceramic cutting tool materials when cutting steel. It found that alumina-based materials like alumina-zirconia (F) and alumina in submicron grain toughened by zirconia (G), as well as mixed-based alumina (Z), exhibited the best wear resistance when cutting steel at high speeds up to 11 m/s. These materials demonstrated tool lives between 180-300 seconds at the highest speed tested. In contrast, silicon nitride (S), sintered carbide (C), cubic boron nitride (B), and alumina reinforced with silicon carbide whiskers (W) showed
Experimental Investigation of Effect of Tool Length on Surface Roughness duri...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into the effect of tool length on surface roughness during turning operations. The study examined how changes in tool overhang affected both the surface quality of workpieces and tool wear during external turning processes. Experiments were conducted using AISI 1050 steel workpieces with diameters of 20, 30, and 40mm. Different depths of cut and tool overhangs were used at constant cutting speed and feed rates. The results showed that depth of cut had a negligible effect on surface roughness, while tool overhang was more important, as increased overhang led to greater tool deflection and worse surface finish. Analytical methods were compared to determine tool deflection and experimental measurements found good agreement with one of the
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
2. Thumbnail
■
Foreword
■
Coating Processes
■
Physical Vapour Deposition(PVD)
■
Chemical Vapour Deposition(CVD)
■
Chemical and Electrochemical Techniques
■
Spraying
■
Experimental Techniques
■
Experimental Data
■
Tool Life
■
Surface Roughness
■
Denouement
3. Foreword
■ Tool wear is one of the most important aspects in metal cutting, especially
when machining hardened steels.
■ The effect of cutting speed and feed rate on tool wear (tool life) and surface
roughness of the TiN coated carbide inserts was experimented.
■ The tool life is influenced principally by the depth of cut and on the other
hand, both feed rate and workpiece hardness have statistical significance on
surface roughness.
4. Coating Processes
A coating is a integument that is applied to the surface of an object,
usually referred to as substrate. The purpose of administer the coating
may be decorative, functional or both.
Categorizing of Coating Processes:
1. Vapour Deposition
a. Physical Vapour Deposition(PVD)
b. Chemical Vapour Deposition(CVD)
2. Chemical and Electro-Chemical Techniques
3. Spraying
5. Physical Vapour Deposition(PVD)
■
The PVD coating processes are evaporation and sputtering. All of these
processes occur in vacuum pressure and generally involve bombardment of
the substrate to be coated with energetic positively charged ions during the
coating process to promote high density
■
PVD process is the range of suitable materials for coating, relatively low-
operating temperatures, around 450° C, allowing for coating of sharp cutting
edges.
■
The Coefficient of Friction of our coatings is significantly lower than un-coated
tool substrates.
6. Chemical Vapour Deposition(CVD)
■ CVD is an atmosphere controlled process conducted at elevated
temperatures (~1925° F) in a CVD reactor.
■ During this process, thin-film coatings are formed as the result of reactions
between various gaseous phases and the heated surface of substrates within
the CVD reactor.
TiN is formed as a result TiCl4 + N2 + H2 1000° C → TiN + 4 HCl + H2.
■
In high stress metal-forming applications, where the tool's tolerances and
substrate permit, high temperature CVD coating processes will perform better
than "cold" processes like PVD.
7. Chemical and Electrochemical Depositions
■ Electrochemical deposition is a versatile technique by which a thin desired
metallic coating can be obtained on to the surface of another metal by
simple electrolysis of an aqueous solution containing the desired metal ion.
■ In the electrochemical method, reduction takes place by supplying current
externally and the sites for the anodic and cathodic reactions are separate.
■ For the chemical deposition method, electrons required for the reduction
are supplied by a reducing agent and the anodic/cathodic reactions are on
the inseparable workpiece.
8. Thermal Spray Deposition
■ The processes in which metallic and some materials in the form of powder,
wire, or rod are fed to a torch or gun with which they are heated to near or
somewhat above their melting point.
■ Molten droplets of material are accelerated in a gas stream and projected
against the surface to be coated (i.e., the substrate).
■ The droplets flow into thin lamellar particles adhering to the surface,
overlapping and interlocking as they solidify.
9. Experimental Details
Workpiece:
The workpiece used in this study was
thoroughly hardened AISI 4140 steel, which
typically has a chemical composition of;
- 0.4% Carbon,
- 1.85% Nickel,
10. Experimental Details(Cont.)
Cutting Inserts
The inserts used were 432, 55o
Diamond With chip breaker coated
carbide inserts and 431 uncoated
inserts. The inserts were rigidly
mounted on a tool holder with an ISO
designation.
11. Experimental Details(Cont.)
Experimental Techniques
■
Cutting tests were carried out on a CNC flexturn or flexmill under dry
conditions. The turning experiments were carried out at different cutting
speeds.
■
The coated and uncoated carbide tools performance were on both tool life
and surface finish
12. Experimental Data
The coated carbide tool and the uncoated carbide tool will be tested at following;
Cutting speed (v) : 120, 160 m/min
Spindle speed : 1200, 1600 RPM
Feed (f) : 0.01, 0.05 & 0.1 mm/rev
Depth of cuts (d) : 0.5, 1 & 1.5 mm
13. Tool life
Tool life generally indicates, the amount of satisfactory performance
or service rendered by a fresh tool or a cutting point till it is declared
failed.
Taylor’s tool life equation
Tool life of any tool for any work
material is governed mainly by
the level of the machining
Parameters I.e., cutting velocity, (VC),
feed, (SO) and depth of cut (t).
cutting velocity affects maximum
and depth of cut minimum.
14. Tool life(Cont.)
Taylor derived the simple equation as VTn=C
where, n is called, Taylor’s tool life exponent. The values of both ‘n’ and ‘c’
depend mainly upon the tool-work materials and the cutting environment
Modified Taylor’s Tool Life equation
practically, the variation in feed (so) and depth of cut (t) also play role on tool life
to some extent.
TL = tool life in min
CT = a constant depending mainly upon the tool – work materials
x, y and z exponents so called tool life exponents depending upon the tool –⎯
work materials and the machining environment.
15. Surface Roughness
■ Surface roughness plays an important role as it influences the fatigue
strength, wear rate, coefficient of friction, and corrosion resistance of the
machined components.
■ Surface roughness increases with increasing the feed rate but decreased
with increasing the cutting speed and the depth of cut, respectively.
■ There are various simple surface roughness amplitude parameters used in
industries, such as roughness average (Ra), root-mean-square (rms)
roughness (Rq), and maximum peak-to-valley roughness (Ry or Rmax), etc.
16. Surface Roughness(Cont.)
The parameter Ra was used in this study. The average roughness (Ra) is the
area between the roughness profile and its mean line, or the integral of the
absolute value of the roughness profile height over the evaluation length
Therefore, the Ra is specified by the following equation;
where Ra is the arithmetic average
deviation from the mean line, L is
the sampling length and Y the
ordinate of the profile curve.
17. Denouement
■ Coated carbide tools perform better than uncoated carbide tools as far as
tool life is concerned. Tool life obtained with coated carbide tool was higher
than those obtained with uncoated carbide tools under experimental
conditions.
■ The forces over coated inserts are less than the uncoated inserts which
results in less amount of stress over coated inserts than uncoated inserts.
■ The feed rate has highest influence on surface roughness, cutting speed
and followed by depth of cut. The surface finish was improved as cutting
speed was increased and deteriorated with feed rate.
18. Advertence
1. Comparative performance of coated and uncoated inserts during
intermittent cut milling of AISI 4340 steel - Journal of Engineering Science
and Technology Vol. 10, No. 5 (2015) 606 - 616 School of Engineering,
Taylor’s University
2. Evalution of Surface Finish on Machining Of Mild Steel Using High Speed
Steel Tool in Lathe with Normal Coolant (Or) Nano Material Added Coolant -
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-
1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 11, Issue 3 Ver. V (May- Jun. 2014), PP
01-09
3. Performance evaluation of tin coated carbide insert for optimum surface
roughness in turning of AISI 1045 steel - International Journal of Research in
Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 pISSN: 2321-7308