Hanns Seidel Foundation (HSF) and Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business (MCRB), co-hosted the first ever multistakeholder workshop on responsible tourism in Ngapali from 11-13 May 2016. Read more: http://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/environment-top-concern-for-sustainable-tourism-in-ngapali.html

1. Beach and Coastal Tourism in
South East Asia
Dr Julia Jeyacheya, Centre for International Development,
University of Bradford.
Dr Mark Hampton, Kent Business School, University of
Kent.

3. Long Haul Mass Tourism
• Well-established.
• High capital costs – luxury
hotels & infrastructure.
• Foreign ownership, multi-
nationals & economic
losses.
• High employment / room.
• Expatriate managers.
Sofitel Nusa Dua Beach Resort, Bali.
415 rooms including 22 suites.

4. Regional and Domestic Tourism
• Lower priority with
governments.
• Less volatile than
international
markets.
• Common culture.
• Different demands to
international
markets.

5. Cruise Ships
• Growing Asian market (1.2
million passengers, 2012).
• Predicted rise to 3.7
million by 2017.
• High cost of
infrastructure. New
terminals planned.
• Minimal spend on-shore
(floating all-inclusive
resorts)
(Singapore Business Review, 2013)

6. Money from tourists that does not arrive
at a destination.
International airlines,
tour operators, hotels
Local businesses and
workers
Package, All-Inclusive
Tourists
80% 20%
Backpackers 20% 80%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%

7. Money that leaves the destination
Package & All Inclusive
Tourists:
• Tourists prefer to eat and
drink foreign products.
• 40 – 50% of tourist
spending is lost from
importing food and drink.
• EXTENDED SUPPLY CHAIN
Independents and
Backpackers:
• Tourists prefer to eat and
drink local products.
• Imported food and drink
is minimal.
• LOCAL SUPPLY CHAIN
THE AMOUNT OF MONEY LOST DEPENDS ON THE DIVERSITY OF
THE COUNTRY’S ECONOMY

8. Constraints for Tourism Growth –
South East Asia
• Human Resource
Development – skilled labour
shortage.
• Natural Resource
Management – water, waste
and energy capacity vs.
increasing demand.
• Economic Management –
keeping more tourist
expenditure at the
destination.
• Sustainable Management –
broader, integrated approach
to development.

9. THREATS TO COASTAL TOURISM

10. Mass Tourism Development
without a Master Plan.
http://www.kutamap.com
http://indosurflife.com/2014/01/governor-asks-
hotels-and-restaurants-in-kuta-to-take-care-of-
waste/

11. Coral bleaching • Fish bombing / blast
fishing
WWF
http://www.takepart.com/article/2015/12/03/bombs-cyanide-and-killer-scrapes-illegal-fishing-takes-devastating-
toll-coral

12. Lightbulbs or empty bottles are
filled with explosives. US$1 can
yield US$15 of fish.
Maximum destruction to coral
reef. High but indiscriminate
yields of fish.
Fisherfolk stay in boats. The
bomb is thrown into the water.
Explosion.
Danger from losing limbs or life
for fisherfolk handling the
bombs. Danger to divers in the
vicinity.
Rise in Destructive Blast Fishing.
Demand for fish (protein) with
increasing population.
Quick profits, high yields.
Reducing fish populations from
overfishing or illegal fishing.
Challenges
Policing
Enforcing regulation
Testing fish for cyanide
Opportunities
Educate
Support
Empower local users

13. • Cyanide fishing• Sand mining
https://seagrant.uaf.edu/nosb/papers/2011/m
at-su-sharks.php

14. Potassium Cyanide tablets
mixed with water. Rudimentary
application.
Inhalation & skin exposure
(divers) can cause breathing
difficulties. Limited research.
Divers squirt liquid into coral
reefs. Stuns the fish.
Algae released from coral
skeleton (bleaching).
More danger from the injury,
paralysis or death from the
bends.
Rise in Destructive Cyanide
Fishing.
Rising demand in live fish trade
Aquarium fish trade.
Demand for fish (protein) with
increasing population.
Quick profits, high yields.
Challenges
Policing
Enforcing regulation
Testing fish for cyanide
Opportunities
Educate
Support
Empower local users

15. Learning Lessons from the past.
1. Mass, unplanned tourism destination:
- Pattaya, Thailand.
- Bali, Indonesia

16. http://www.thaivisa.com/forum/topic/51511-images-of-pattaya/
Rural, coastline, 1968. Mass tourism destination, post-1990s.
Pattaya, Thailand.

17. ‘New Green Pattaya:’ Master Plan.
http://www.bangkokpost.com/learning/learning-from-news/281857/pattaya-from-
sin-city-to-green-paradise
2009 - Master Plan for
Pattaya to become a
Designated Area for
Sustainable Tourism
Administration. (DASTA).
2011 – Master Plan
approved by Cabinet.
Key Challenges:
-Administrative overhaul
(semi-autonomy &
integrated).
-Law enforcement &
criminality (local and
foreign).
-Image transformation.
-Environmental restoration.

18. Waste Management Solutions, Bali.
• Bali’s controversial
Suwung landfill (Mount
Rubbish).
• Sorting, recycling plants
on-site now.
• Modern landfill design
with lining is being
introduced at Bangli
regional landfill (pilot &
benchmarking project).
http://www.naue.asia/balis-first-modern-landfill-design/

19. Learning Lessons from the past.
1. Small-scale, unplanned dive destination:
Gili Trawangan, Indonesia.
Local NGOs, community and dive tourists.

20. Gili Trawangan,
Indonesia.
http://wikitravel.org/en/Gili_Islands
Unplanned,
organic tourism
growth.
Local community
owned and
managed.

21. Gili Trawangan South Coast
(1996, 1997, 2011)
Map produced by Perseverence Jeyacheya.

22. SATGAS
• Locally administered
management.
• Tourist tax to pay fisherfolk
for losses through zoning
the marine park.
• Policing park to deter fish
bombing.
Gili Ecotrust
• Coral reef restoration –
BioRock technology.
• BioRock International
Workshops.
• Partnering with
international NGOs (Coral
Guardian).
• Waste management: Beach
clean ups & Recycling
rubbish.
Local NGOs: islanders, backpackers and
dive tourists respond to coral reef loss.

23. • Coastal development without a Master Plan
and clear management strategy will harm
the environment, the reputation of the
destination and the opportunities for
sustainable and responsible tourism
development (Pattaya, Kuta).
• Destination Management Organisations
with local involvement are key to delivering
the plan.

24. Thank You
Q&A