Coal is a combustible sedimentary rock formed from the remains of plants that lived millions of years ago. It is composed primarily of carbon but also contains other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. There are several types of coal classified by the amount of carbon and heat content, including peat, lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite. Coal is extracted through surface mining and underground mining methods. In India, coal occurs primarily in Jammu and Kashmir and is an important fuel used to generate electricity and heat through combustion.

1. COAL

2. Coal definition
Coal is a combustible, sedimentary, organic rock,
formed from vegetation.
 In other words coal is fossil fuel created from the
remains of plants that lived millions of years ago.
 It is considered as a non renewable source of energy
because it takes too much time to form.

3. Coal definition..
 Coal is mainly consist of carbon.
 It also consist of some metal compound and some
other impurities.

4. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
 It chiefly contains,
 Carbon(60 -90 %)
 Oxygen(2-20 %)
 Hydrogen(1-12%)
 Nitrogen(1-3%)
 Traces of sulphur and phosporous
 Mineral matter which may be the residues of the mineral
constituent of the plants from which coals are derived
 Mineral matter- silica, alumina, iron, oxides, salts of
sodium, potassium, calcium, beryllium, nickel, cobalt,
traces of uranium, molybdenum, gallium and vanadium
may be also present.

10. Types of coal
 Peat
 Lignite
 Sub-bituminous coal
 Bituminous coal
 Antharacite
 Graphite

11. Peat…
 Peat is an organic fuel consisting of spongy material
formed by partial decomposition of organic matter
,primary plant material ,in wetlands such as
swamps, muskegs, bogs, fens, and moors.
 The development of peat is favoured by warm, moist
climatic conditions;
 It large deposits occur in Canada, China, Inthonesia,
Russia.

12. Lignite coal…
 Lignite is generally yellow to dark brown or rarely
black coal that formed from peat at shallow depths and
temperatures lower than 100 degree cel
• Lignite contains about 60 to 70% carbon and has
coalorific value near 17 megajoules /kg

17. Anthracite
 Highest rank of coal.
 It is harder glossy black coal primarily used for
residential and commercial heating.
 It is about 86 to 92% pure carbon and 3 to 8% volatile
matter.
 It mainly occur in India is Jammu & kashmir.

20. Mining of coal..
 There are two types of mine of coal
 Surface mining
 Underground mining

22. Surface Mining
 Surface mining: including strip mining ,open pit
mining and mountain top removal mining , is a broad
category of mining in which soil and rock over lying
the mineral deposit are removed.
 It is the opposite of underground mining, in which
,the overlying rock is left in place, and the minerals
removed from shafts or tunnels.

24. Underground Mining
 Underground mining (soft rock) refers to a group of
underground mining techniques used to extract coal ,
oil shale and other minerals or geological materials
from sedimentary rock (soft).
 because the layered and relatively less hard , the
mining methods used differ from those used to mining
deposits in igneous or metamorphic rocks

26. •
Coal as fuel
• Coking and use of coke
• Ethanol production
• Coal tar
General Applications of Coal

27. • Coal is used as a solid fuel to produce
electricity.
• Coal is used as a solid fuel to produce heat
through combustion

28. OCCURRENCE IN INDIA