Cns Sah 5th Class.
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Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) typically presents with a sudden, severe thunderclap headache accompanied by vomiting. 85% of SAH cases are caused by saccular aneurysms bulging from cerebral artery bifurcations. The immediate mortality of aneurysmal SAH is about 30% and survivors have around a 40% risk of re-bleeding within the first 4 weeks without treatment. Endovascular coiling or surgical clipping of the aneurysm reduces the risks of early and late re-bleeding.
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This document provides information on subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), including relevant anatomy, etiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, grading scales, diagnostic workup and findings, and management. The key points are:
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- SAH is bleeding into the subarachnoid space, which occurs in 5% of strokes and is usually caused by a ruptured aneurysm.
- Presenting symptoms include a sudden, severe headache and signs of meningeal irritation. Investigations include CT, LP, CTA/MRA to identify the source of bleeding.
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Tom Bleck - Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: What Matters?
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Ebs sah 2012
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This document provides an overview of common CT findings in acute intracranial pathology, including trauma and stroke. Key points include:
- Extradural hematomas appear as biconvex lenses, while subdural hematomas are crescent shaped. Intraparenchymal hemorrhages can cause mass effect.
- Ischemic strokes appear as low density areas that obscure gray-white matter differentiation. Hemorrhagic strokes are centered in basal ganglia.
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage has a classic "five-pointed star" appearance around the circle of Willis. It can extend into ventricles and cause hydrocephalus.
- Vasogenic edema spares
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- Subarachnoid haemorrhage typically presents with a sudden, severe 'thunderclap' headache accompanied by vomiting that lasts for hours or days. It has an incidence of 6 per 100,000 people and only 1 in 8 with a sudden severe headache will have a SAH.
- 85% of SAHs are caused by saccular aneurysms bulging from cerebral artery bifurcations, particularly in the circle of Willis. 10% are non-aneurysmal haemorrhages and 5% are caused by other rarities like arteriovenous malformations.
- The immediate mortality of aneurysmal SAH is about 30%. Survivors have a 40% risk of re
Hemorragia cerebral.
Hemorrhagic stroke accounts for 10-15% of all strokes and is associated with higher mortality than ischemic stroke. Patients often present with headache, altered mental status, seizures, nausea/vomiting, or hypertension. The bleeding occurs directly into the brain from damaged arteries, and mortality is high, with 40-80% dying within 30 days. Risk factors include age, hypertension, amyloidosis, coagulopathies, anticoagulation, cocaine abuse, and genetic conditions. Treatment focuses on stabilizing vital signs, controlling blood pressure and seizures, and reducing intracranial pressure if elevated.
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This document discusses cerebrovascular disease and stroke. It defines stroke and transient ischemic attack, and describes the main types of stroke. It discusses risk factors, clinical syndromes, investigation, and management of stroke. The most common signs of stroke are sudden onset of facial drooping, weakness, speech difficulty, and vision loss. Imaging such as CT or MRI is important to determine if the stroke is ischemic or hemorrhagic.
Aortic dissection 2015
An aortic dissection is a tear within the layers of the aortic wall. It can cause severe chest or back pain and risks damage to organs if blood flow is blocked. Prompt diagnosis through imaging tests and treatment are critical to survival. While type A dissections involving the ascending aorta require emergency surgery, type B dissections of the descending aorta can often be treated through intensive blood pressure control and medication to prevent expansion of the tear. Risk factors include hypertension, genetics, trauma, and certain medical conditions.
Aortic dissection 2015
An aortic dissection is a tear in the layers of the aortic wall. It can cause severe chest or back pain and may lead to life-threatening complications if not promptly diagnosed and treated. The tear forms a false passageway for blood flow, separating the layers of the aortic wall. Aortic dissections are classified based on their location and extent. Imaging tests are used to diagnose dissections and determine appropriate emergency treatment.
SUB-Arachnoid Haemorrhage.pdf
A presentation that will help clinicians attain the basic diagnostic skills required to effectively manage patients.
intracranial hemorrhage- by KEMISA HASSEN ZAINABU IIHS_jinjaUGANDA (2).pptx
By the end of this we shall be able to know the following
definition.of intracranial hemorriage
Classification of intracranial hemorriage
Types of intracranial hemorriage.
Causes of intracranial hemorriage.
Signs and symptoms of intracranial hemorriage
Investigations specific management.
Complication.
Ongoing nursing care.
I LOVE NEUROSURGERY INITIATIVE: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
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Prevention and Treatment of stroke.ppt
This document discusses the prevention and treatment of stroke. It defines stroke and describes the main types. It then discusses risk factors such as hypertension, cardiac diseases, diabetes, and infections. It also covers transient ischemic attacks, the causes of ischemic stroke, recommendations for stroke prevention, and clinical manifestations of stroke. The high-level goal is to provide an overview of stroke including definition, classification, risk factors, prevention strategies, and signs/symptoms.
Atrial fibrillation &stroke feb 2015 ngh
This document discusses cardioembolic stroke caused by atrial fibrillation. It notes that up to 3 million strokes per year worldwide are caused by AFib. AFib is the most common sustained heart rhythm disorder and increases the risk of stroke 5-fold. The document outlines the prevalence and sources of cardioembolic stroke, how AFib can lead to clots and stroke, and clinical features that help identify potential cardioembolic strokes. It also discusses various cardiac conditions that can cause emboli and stroke like ventricular thrombi, valvular heart disease, congenital heart defects, and arrhythmias.
2. stroke
This document outlines a presentation on stroke. It begins with an introduction and classification of stroke, followed by sections on risk factors, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, differential diagnosis, and approach to patients. It discusses that stroke is caused by a lack of blood flow to the brain and defines different types of stroke, including ischemic and hemorrhagic. Risk factors highlighted include age, hypertension, cardiac issues, and genetic factors. Signs and symptoms vary depending on the location and type of stroke.
Radiological pathology of cerebral amyloid angiography
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) refers to the deposition of β-amyloid in the arteries of the cerebral cortex. It is commonly seen in Alzheimer's disease but can also occur in healthy elderly individuals. CAA can cause intracerebral hemorrhage, dementia, or transient neurological symptoms. The deposition damages blood vessels and increases the risk of hemorrhage. Imaging such as CT scans can detect hemorrhages characteristic of CAA, which are often lobar and cortical. Genetic factors like the ApoE genotype can influence the severity and presentation of CAA.
Anesthesia for cerebral aneurysm repair
The document discusses the anesthetic management of patients undergoing treatment for cerebral aneurysms, including definitions, epidemiology, presentation, diagnosis, management of vasospasm, intracranial pressure, pre-operative assessment and testing, and radiological procedures such as coiling of aneurysms. Precise management of hemodynamics, fluid balance, and respiratory status is important due to the risks of re-bleeding, cerebral ischemia, and impaired autoregulation in these patients.
CeAD.pptx
A 35-year-old man presented to the emergency department with neck pain, dizziness and confusion after yanking a fishing rod the previous day. Imaging revealed a left internal carotid artery dissection with an ischemic stroke in the left frontal region. He was started on dual antiplatelet therapy and speech therapy. A follow up after 3 months showed modified Rankin score of 0-1, indicating minimal or no symptoms. Cervico-cephalic artery dissections occur when there is a tear in the artery wall, allowing blood to dissect into the wall and cause a hematoma. They typically present with neck pain, headaches, strokes, or Horner's syndrome. Diagnosis is made using CTA, MRA
Intracranial anurysm
The document discusses intracranial aneurysms, which are abnormal dilations of arteries in the brain. It describes the anatomy of the circle of Willis where most aneurysms occur. Common types are saccular, fusiform, and dissecting aneurysms. Risk factors include hypertension, smoking, genetics and connective tissue disorders. Signs and symptoms depend on the location and whether the aneurysm has ruptured. Diagnostic tests include CT, MRI, cerebral angiography and lumbar puncture. Complications of rupture include rebleeding, vasospasm and hydrocephalus. Management involves treating risk factors medically for unruptured aneurysms and surgery or endovascular coiling for ruptured aneurysms to prevent re
Brain Aneurysms & AV Malformations
The document discusses brain aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). It defines aneurysms as dilations of arteries and describes the most common types. It lists risk factors and potential signs/symptoms. Treatment options for aneurysms include surgery to clip them or endovascular coiling. The document also defines AVMs as abnormal connections between arteries and veins, bypassing capillaries. It discusses their presentation, complications like hemorrhaging, and diagnostic tools. Treatment may involve surgery, radiosurgery, or embolization. The risks and management of complications like hydrocephalus and vasospasm are also outlined.
cerebral vascular malformation
Cavernous malformations were considered rare before modern imaging technology. The introduction of MRI in the 1980s revolutionized understanding of these lesions by allowing for accurate diagnosis based on MRI characteristics alone. The widespread availability of MRI has increased recognition of cavernous malformations in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Management requires understanding the epidemiology and natural history of these lesions, which are characterized by hemorrhage that can cause seizures, neurological deficits, and mass effect in the brain.
Medicine 5th year, 4th lecture (Dr. Mohammed Tahir)
Stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, depriving brain cells of oxygen and nutrients. There are two main types of stroke - ischemic, caused by blockage of a blood vessel, and hemorrhagic, caused by bleeding. Risk factors include hypertension, diabetes, smoking, heart disease, and age. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and imaging tests like CT scan or MRI. Treatment depends on the type and severity of stroke, with the goal of restoring blood flow and preventing further brain damage.
Managment of acute ischemic stroke
Stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, depriving brain cells of oxygen and nutrients. There are two main types of stroke - ischemic, caused by blockage of a blood vessel, and hemorrhagic, caused by bleeding. The loss of blood flow triggers a damaging cascade within brain cells. Some brain areas may survive on minimal blood flow in the ischemic penumbra region, but cells in the core die quickly. Risk factors include age, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, prior heart disease, and family history. Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States.
stroke
Stroke is caused by interrupted blood flow to the brain and can be either hemorrhagic or ischemic. Ischemic strokes are more common and can be caused by thrombosis, embolism, or hypoperfusion. The brain requires a lot of oxygen and glucose which can be cut off by these events, triggering a damaging cascade within brain cells. Imaging like CT and MRI are used to diagnose stroke and determine if damaged areas can still be salvaged. Risk factors include conditions like high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, and lifestyle factors. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow as quickly as possible if the patient presents within the approved time window.
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
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Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
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