This document discusses different aspects of a triage system used in a hospital emergency department. It begins by defining triage and explaining the objectives of triage in an emergency setting. It then describes different levels of triage conducted, including primary and secondary triage, field triage, and hospital triage. Details are provided on how patients are categorized into different triage categories based on the urgency of their condition. The document also discusses triage tools used in field settings like START and JumpSTART triage. Overall, the document provides an overview of an emergency department's triage process and categorization of patients based on clinical need.

1. TRIAGE SYSTEM
Nurul Husna Binti Ismail
Siti Nurjannah Binti Fadzid
SUPERVISOR : Dr Zakaria

2. OUTLINE
Introduction
Primary and Secondary triage
Field triage

3. TRIAGE SERVICE SYSTEM
•Triage is derived from the French word “trier” which refers to the
categorization, classification, and prioritization of patients and
injured people, based on their urgent need for treatment
•The triaging services counter is the first point of contact for all
patients accessing the Emergency and Trauma Department (ETD)
•All patients presenting to the ETD shall be triaged on arrival by a
trained and experienced triageur(s)

4. TRIAGE OBJECTIVES
•Identify patient who need immediate care and
treatment
•Perform a brief assessment of all incoming patients
•Assign an appropriate acuity level

5. Primary triage Secondary triage
• Acquiring main chief
complaint
• Rapid identification of pt with
evidence/potential life
threatening condition,
limb/organ injuries, high risk
medical profile
• All above must be triaged
according to triage category
• Conducted in a room or
cubicle by MA/SN
• For all non-critical cases
• For vital signs examination
• First aid and ECG

6. FIELD TRIAGE
TRIAGE
HOSPITAL TRIAGE

7. HOSPITAL TRIAGE
• Sorting out patients according to the severity of injury and the priority of treatment.
• Performed according to the hospital’s operation policy and depends upon these factors:
a) Manpower & staffing
b) Availability of facilities
c) Zoning - critical, semi-critical and non-critical
• Aims to ensure that patients are treated in the order of their clinical urgency and that their
treatment is appropriately timely
• Allocation of the patient to the most appropriate assessment and treatment area.

8. EMTS POLICY : MALAYSIAN TRIAGE CATEGORY

10. Triage
category Category Sub category Clinical description
RED Critical
Seen
immediately
Requires immediate life
saving intervention
• Cardiac arrest
• Chest pain (anginal type), pale, diaphoretic
• Stridor/ respiratory arrest/ RR> 30 or < 10
Severe respiratory distress/ agonal or gasping type respiration,
SPO2 < 90%
• Severe bradycardia (HR< 60) or tachycardia (HR > 150) with signs of
hypoperfusion
• Hypotension (SBP< 90) with signs of hypoperfusion
• Elevated BP systolic >220 mmHg or diastolic > 120 mmHg with
systemic symptoms or neurological deficit
• Anaphylactic reaction
• Unresponsive trauma patient
• Trauma patient who require immediate fluid resuscitation
• Severe crush injuries to limbs
• Extensive burns (> 25% BSA) or involve facial region
• Flaccid baby (unresponsive)
• Hypoglycemia with change in mental status
• Hyperglycemia with neurological o systemic impairment
• Near drowning firearm wounds to head, neck, trunk or abdomen or
trajectory undetermined

11. Triage
category Category Sub category Clinical description
YELLOW High risk
Seen within
30 min
High risk situation
Confused/lethargy/
Disorientataed
Severe pain/distress
Unable to walk but airway
is secure,
hemodynamically stable
on trolley
• Altered conscious but not comatose
• Head injured : GCS >13, GCS full but pupils unequal
• Fractures of long bones of lower limb/ pelvis
• Open fractures of upper limb
• Spine injuries
• Dislocation of major joints
• Limb amputations; total or near total
• Vascular injuries
• Uncontrollable major bleeding
• Eye injuries with loss or impaired vision
• Chemical exposure involving eyes
• Active chest pain, suspicious of coronary but does not require an
immediate life-saving intervention, stable
• Chest pain – visceral and not associated with other symptoms
Immuno-compromised (on chemotherapy, SLE ) with fever
• Burns 15-25% of BSA regardless of depth and /or 10-20% 3rd degree
with no compromise to airway and circulation
• Poisoning or drug overdose with impairment of conscious level
• Patients with acute abdomen
• Suicidal or homicidal patient
• Severe pain : pain score 7-10/10

12. Triage
category Category Sub category Clinical description
YELLOW High risk
Seen within 30
min
High risk situation
Confused/lethargy/
Disorientataed
Severe pain/distress
Unable to walk but
airway is secure,
hemodynamically stable
on trolley
• Post-ictal states with neurological deficit
• Mild or moderate dyspnoea with saturation > 95%and/or rate <
40/min
• Elevated BP systolic < 220 mmHg or diastolic < 120 mmHg with
minimal systemic symptoms but no neurological deficit
• Other medical urgencies requiring intravenous intervention and
intermittent monitoring only:
- dehydration
- diarrhea with vomiting
- adult pyrexia > 40’C
- child age 1-3 month with T > 38’C
- signs of infection
- dialysis problem
- acute psychotic episode
- chemotherapy or immunocompromise
- < 3month : HR > 180 or RR > 50
- 2 month – 3 years : HR > 160 or RR > 40
- 3 – 8 years : HR > 140, RR > 30
- > 8 years : HR > 100, RR > 20
- SPO2 < 92 ESI

13. Triage
category
Response Description of category Clinical description
GREEN Non – critical
Seen within 90
min
G1
- requires many resources
• Children less than 2 years
• Senior citizen more than 65 years
• Chest pain – no risk factors and not associated with other
symptoms, normal ECG
• Abdominal pain
• Abuse/ neglect/ assault
• Hyperglycemia without any major symptoms
• Mild asthma
• Acute urinary retention
• Closed fracture of upper limbs or ankle with major angulation
• Dislocation of small joints
• Diarrhea and/or vomiting with dehydration
G2
- require minimal
resources
• Non aggressive psychiatric patient
• Foreign body
• Minor allergic reaction
• Minor trauma
• Diarrhea and/or vomiting with no dehydration
• Lumps and bumps
• Abdominal pain: chronic
• General medical conditions or minor illnesses not require
monitoring
• Ear ache
• Nail prick
• Acute infective eye conditions
• Fever > 38’C for adult age

14. Triage
category
Response Description of category Clinical description
GREEN Non – critical
Seen within 90
min
G3
- non-emergency
• Sore throat – no respiratory symptoms
• Simple skin disease – chronic
• Single upper respiratory tract infection in adults
• Chronic or trauma injuries > 6 months
• Missed appointments
• Medications exhausted
• Second opinion seeking
• Wound dressing and opening stitches (STO)
• Medical certificate
• Routine change of urinary catheter and naso-gastric tube

15. • If a patient's condition changes while they are
waiting for treatment, or if additional relevant
information becomes available that impacts on the
patient's urgency, the patient should be re-triaged.
• Both the initial triage and any subsequent
categorisations should be recorded, and the reason
for the re-triage documented.
RE-TRIAGE

16. CRITICAL SEMI-CRITICAL NON-CRITICAL
 All patients with life
threatening injuries
e.g. airway
obstruction
 Hemodynamically
unstable patients.
 Acute respiratory
distress.
 Severe crush injury.
 Burns >20% BSA or
involving face &
chest.
 Comatose patients.
Hemodynamically
stable pts.
 Closed # of lower
limbs.
 Open fractures.
 Medical conditions
requiring intravenous
intervention.

17. Mr L 70 years old Chinese man with no known medical illness
alleged motorbike skidded and presented with abrasion wound
over his right forearm and right thigh. He ambulated without
support. The pain was tolerable. On post-MVA, he had no LOC,
retrograde amnesia or head injury. No abdominal pain or chest
pain.
Vital sign was normal.
What is colour coding for this patient?

18. Puan M 35 years old Malay lady with NKMI alleged MVA
presented with right thigh pain and abdominal pain. She was
unable to ambulate and brought by public. GCS was 14/15. She
looked anxious. Otherwise, no shortness of breath, (+) back pain
upon palpation, (+) LOC, no vomiting. Ps 8/10
Vital signs are normal.
What is colour coding for this patient?

19. En. R , 77 yo malay male with u/l HPT and Hypercholestrolemia
p/w acute chest pain x 1/7 radiating to left arm . Ps 9/10, not
resolving upon taking s/l GTN x2. Patient had similar episode last
month and pain resolved spontaneously and did not seek medical
treatment. ECG done and noted ST Elevation over lead II, III, AvF.
BP: 170/110, PR 112.
What is the colour coding for this patient?

20. Performed outside the hospital usually at the incident site.
Two factors play an important role :-
a) The number of patients.
b) The severity of injuries to the patients.
If (a) & (b) do not exceed the capability of the facility & staff, patients
with life threatening problems are treated first.
If (a) & (b) exceeds the capability of the facility & staff, patients with the
greater chance of survival are managed first.
FIELD TRIAGE

21. TYPES OF FIELD TRIAGE
1. START (Simple Triage And Rapid
Treatment)
2. Jump START – for paediatrics

22. START
Done in <15 seconds
Triage categories:
Green (ambulatory)
Yellow (delayed)
Red (immediate)
Black (deceased / non salvageable)

23. Components of assessment : ARPM
Ambulation
Respiration
Perfusion
Mental status

25. JUMPSTART
For paediatric age group
Done < 15s
To avoid over or under triaging.

27. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN START
AND JUMPSTART
START JumpSTART
Breathing If positioning airway
does not restart
spontaneous breathing,
patient is tag as
deceased
If positioning airway
does not restart
spontaneous breathing,
peripheral pulse is
assess. No pulses – tag
as deceased, present of
pulse – 5 rescue breaths
are given.
Circulation Capillary perfusion rate is
used to assess perfusion.
Peripheral pulses are
used to assess perfusion
Mental status Ability to follow
command is used
AVPU is used

28. REFERENCES
• Emergency Medicine & Trauma Services Policy (EMTS)
• Hospital Triage

29. THANK YOU!