Definition
Morphology and ultra structure
Types of giant cell
Formation of giant cell
Inclusion bodies of giant cell
Giant cell in detail
It’s a mass formed by the union of several distinct cells (usually macrophage).
And usually arise in response to an infection.
Merriam – Webster - Dictionary
Giant cell as an unusually large cell, especially a large multinucleated often phagocytic cell.
A) Cell wall :
Mature giant cell wall is from five to ten times thicker than the cell wall of the surrounding cells
Cell wall has irregular surface with numerous projections jutting into the cytoplasm.
B) Cytoplasm :
Its dense and granular and contain protein
Contain RNA
Traces of carbohydrate and fat.
I have listed out the LE cells structure and Microscopical examinaton of LE CELLS, Difference between tart cells and le cells, clinical symptoms and diagnostic procedure.
Urine analysis is an integral part of a clinical laboratory. automation techniques in urine biochemistry, their priniciplas and microscopy along with their advantages and disadvantages are outlined.
Pathology lab instruments and equipments, for 2nd proff MBBS students revision for medical students pathology practicals.
by www.helpmedico.com
follow us on facebook @www.facebook.com/helpmedico
@youtube www.youtube.com/user/helpmedico
Here's important & condensed ppt slides about hemostasis and its orchestrated steps and cogulation cascade, roles of endothelium,platelets and Coagulation protiens....!
amyloidosis(including history,physical and chemical properties, classification, variants, staining characteristics, lab diagnosis,morphological patterns according to organ involved ,), basically for undergraduates and residents in pathology
Definition
Morphology and ultra structure
Types of giant cell
Formation of giant cell
Inclusion bodies of giant cell
Giant cell in detail
It’s a mass formed by the union of several distinct cells (usually macrophage).
And usually arise in response to an infection.
Merriam – Webster - Dictionary
Giant cell as an unusually large cell, especially a large multinucleated often phagocytic cell.
A) Cell wall :
Mature giant cell wall is from five to ten times thicker than the cell wall of the surrounding cells
Cell wall has irregular surface with numerous projections jutting into the cytoplasm.
B) Cytoplasm :
Its dense and granular and contain protein
Contain RNA
Traces of carbohydrate and fat.
I have listed out the LE cells structure and Microscopical examinaton of LE CELLS, Difference between tart cells and le cells, clinical symptoms and diagnostic procedure.
Urine analysis is an integral part of a clinical laboratory. automation techniques in urine biochemistry, their priniciplas and microscopy along with their advantages and disadvantages are outlined.
Pathology lab instruments and equipments, for 2nd proff MBBS students revision for medical students pathology practicals.
by www.helpmedico.com
follow us on facebook @www.facebook.com/helpmedico
@youtube www.youtube.com/user/helpmedico
Here's important & condensed ppt slides about hemostasis and its orchestrated steps and cogulation cascade, roles of endothelium,platelets and Coagulation protiens....!
amyloidosis(including history,physical and chemical properties, classification, variants, staining characteristics, lab diagnosis,morphological patterns according to organ involved ,), basically for undergraduates and residents in pathology
By: Ajaan Mahā Boowa Ñānasampanno
Translated by: Ajaan Paññāvaddho
A senior disciple of Ajaan Mun, Ajaan Khao Anālayo was one of the foremost meditation masters of our time. He always preferred to practice in remote, secluded locations and with such single-minded resolve that his diligence in that respect was unrivaled among his peers in the circle of Thai forest monks. In his frequent encounters with wild animals, Ajaan Khao exhibited a special affinity for elephants.
“The Gift of Dhamma Excels All Other Gifts”
—The Lord Buddha
Dhamma should not be sold like goods in the market place.
Permission to reproduce this publication in any way for free distribution,as a gift of Dhamma, is hereby granted and
no further permission need be obtained.
Reproduction in any way for commercial gain is strictly prohibited.
Anatomy of the breast for medical/dental students. This presentation also contains MCQs to test your knowledge as well as clinical scenario to apply your knowledge.
Also known as GP note, "Pol" note, PP note
Medical students/ pre-interns/ Family physicians use various notes to guide their general practice at the begining, specially drug doses, common treatments for common diseases etc. These "guides" have been used by many seniors but need to be careful revision before prescribing. Hope to update once I go through them completely.
Also known as GP note, "Pol" note, PP note
Medical students/ pre-interns/ Family physicians use various notes to guide their general practice at the begining, specially drug doses, common treatments for common diseases etc. These "guides" have been used by many seniors but need to be careful revision before prescribing. Hope to update once I go through them completely.
Also known as GP note, "Pol" note, PP note
Medical students/ pre-interns/ Family physicians use various notes to guide their general practice at the begining, specially drug doses, common treatments for common diseases etc. These "guides" have been used by many seniors but need to be careful revision before prescribing. Hope to update once I go through them completely.
Medical students/ pre-interns/ Family physicians use various notes to guide their general practice at the begining, specially drug doses, common treatments for common diseases etc. These "guides" have been used by many seniors but need to be careful revision before prescribing. Hope to update once I go through them completely.
The original teachings of Jesus Christ were an outcome of
Buddhism, says Holger Kersten, a German theology teacher.
Hence one of the titles of the chapters in his book, "The
Original Jesus" (sub-titled 'Buddhist sources of Christianity') is 'Jesus the Buddhist'!
Examination of lower limb in neurology-Short case approach for Final MBBSYapa
Examination of lower limb in neurology-medicine short case approach.
This document was prepared based on the teachings of Dr.Kahathuduwa.
Fonts in blue indicate sample way of presenting the case.
By: Ajaan Mahā Boowa Ñānasampanno
Translated by: Thānissaro Bhikkhu
This collection of talks was originally given for the benefit of a lay disciple who had come to Ajaan Maha Boowa’s monastery to receive his guidance as she faced her approaching death from bone marrow cancer. These talks offer important lessons about how to learn from pain, illness and death, by seeing through to their ultimate nature and detaching the mind from the suffering associated with them.
“The Gift of Dhamma Excels All Other Gifts”
—The Lord Buddha
Dhamma should not be sold like goods in the market place.
Permission to reproduce this publication in any way for free distribution,as a gift of Dhamma, is hereby granted and
no further permission need be obtained.
Reproduction in any way for commercial gain is strictly prohibited.
By: Ajaan Mahā Boowa Ñānasampanno
Translated by: Thānissaro Bhikkhu
This book is a guide for integrating Buddhist practice into daily life. The contents were drawn from talks which Ajaan Mahā Boowa gave over the years to various groups of lay people – students, civil servants, those new to the practice and those more experienced. In each case he has adapted his style and strategy to suit the needs of his listeners. Though most talks emphasize the more basic levels of practice, they in truth cover all levels.
“The Gift of Dhamma Excels All Other Gifts”
—The Lord Buddha
Dhamma should not be sold like goods in the market place.
Permission to reproduce this publication in any way for free distribution,as a gift of Dhamma, is hereby granted and
no further permission need be obtained.
Reproduction in any way for commercial gain is strictly prohibited.
Arahattamagga-arahattaphala: The Path to ArahantshipYapa
By: Ajaan Mahā Boowa Ñānasampanno
Translated by: Ajaan Dick Sīlaratano
Arahattamagga is a compilation of Ajaan Mahā Boowa’s Dhamma talks giving an in-depth analysis of his own path of practice. It describes the entire range of his meditation, from the beginning stages all the way to the final transcendence. We realize that such exalted attainments are not merely remnants of ancient history, dead and dry – but a living, luminous legacy of self-transcendence accessible to any individual who is willing and able to put forth the effort needed to achieve them.
“The Gift of Dhamma Excels All Other Gifts”
—The Lord Buddha
Dhamma should not be sold like goods in the market place.
Permission to reproduce this publication in any way for free distribution,as a gift of Dhamma, is hereby granted and
no further permission need be obtained.
Reproduction in any way for commercial gain is strictly prohibited.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
2. • Knowledge for everyone.
• Please note that this slides are not complete. I tried my best to give
an general idea of pathology spots in final MBBS.
• Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical
experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug
therapy are required. I have checked with sources believed to be
reliable to provide information that is complete and generally in
accord with the standards accepted at the time of preparation.
However, in view of the possibility of human error or changes in
medical sciences readers are encouraged to confirm the information
contained herein with other sources.
3. 1
1. Identify this.
2. What is the
measurement
taken?
3. State the ratio of
citrate used in the
investigation
4. 11. Westergen’s tube
2. ESR- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
3. Tri Sodium citrate : blood = 0.4 : 1.6
(ml)
• Tri Sodium Citrate is the anticoagulant for ESR; for
this 1 volume of citrate is mixed with 4 volumes of
blood.
• Normal ranges
• 0–10mm/h for male 18–65 years.
• 1–20mm/h for female 18–65 years.
• Upper limits of normal increase by 5–10mm/h for
patients >65 years.
• Other factors e.g. Hct influence the ESR.
• Should be regarded as semiquantitative.
• Marked elevations are clinically significant.
• Modest elevations can be more problematic to
interpret
5. 2
• This patient presented with history of fever
& productive cough.
6. • What is this microscopy slide stain?
– Gram/ Lugol’s iodine
• What is the possible organism?
– Strep pneumonia
• What is the next investigation ?
– Culture & ABST
7. 3
• Patient awaiting liver biopsy. What are the
essential investigations?
– Clotting profile-
• BT/ CT
• PT/INR
– Full blood count
8. 4
• Liver enzyme report
• Total bilirubin
• Direct ↑
• What are the possibilities?
– Obstructive jaundice
9. 5
• Serum electrolyte report
• Na 135.
• K very high 7.
• Why?
– Hemolysed sample.
• Where is the problem?
– Sampling error
10. 6
• Collecting samples
• Urine culture: sterile bottle, midstream
urine following clean meatus
• TB sputum: early morning 3 samples of
sputum for Acid fast bacilli
11. 7
• UFR
– Appearance- mild turbid,
– Protein ++,
– RBC 10-15/hpf,
– Red cell cast +
• Which part of the tract?
– Upper urinary tract
• One disease which can cause this?
– Glomerular nephritis
12. 8
• What is the blood group?
– A negative
• What other investigations you would have
to do if this sample has been taken from a
pregnant mother in 2nd trimester?
– Unexpected antibody level
17. 11
• What is the anemia this patient is having
– HB ↓
– MCV ↓
– MCH ↓
– MCHC
– Hypochromic microcytic anemia
• What is the appropriate next investigation?
– Blood picture
• What are the conditions?
– Iron deficiency anemia
– Thalassemia trait
19. IDA Bthaltrait ACD SA
BP Pencil
shaped
poikilocytes
Irregularly
contracted
cells
Rouloux
formation
NL
Dimorphic
film
MCV Decreased Decreased Decreased Decreased
MCH Decreased Decreased Decreased Decreased
MCHC Decreased Normal
RCC low Increased
Anisocy. +++ No No dimorphic
S.ferritin low normal high Very high
Iron frag neg pos pos increased
Iron
N’blast
neg pos neg sideroblast
20. 12
• CSF report
– Red color gradually disappearing
• Interpret
– Traumatic tap
• What sample is sent for sugar, culture
• What other sample needed at the time of
lumbar puncture? RBS
21. • If the sample is blood stained due to traumatic tap
• Use the least blood stained specimen for full protein and
cell analysis.
• Use more blood stained samples for other analysis.
• If only one sample is available for analysis
• First do culture and ABST (to avoid contamination) and
smear
• Do protein and cells
• If no sample is collected into a S bottle inform the lab
and send the sample immediately to the lab so they will
process the specimen quickly for sugar analysis
22. • CSF microscopy of patient found
unconscious.
• Red cells are seen
• Diagnosis?
– SAH
24. 14
• Child with facial puffiness. Urine
sulphosalicylic test result is as follows
• Interpret
– Heavy proteinuria +4
• 2 conditions
– Nephrotic syndrome
– UTI
– Pre-eclampsia
– Diabetic nephropathy
25. 15
• Name the container for following
investigations
• FBC
• Liver enzymes
• Electrolytes
• APTT
26.
27. • What are the sample collection methods
for following tests
1. PT
2. APTT
3. Serum Ca
28. • PT – blood drained in one reaction
– Sodium citrate : Blood = 0.2ml :1.8ml
• APTT – plastic container ( glass – reduce APTT)
– Sodium citrate : Blood = 0.2ml :1.8ml
• Serum Ca – plane bottle immersed on HCl
overnight & dry, no tourniquet.
29. 16
• State the method of delivering the sample
1. Pap smear-
1. 95% alcohol
2. Muscle biopsy-
1. fresh sample covering with a gauze. NO
preservatives. Immediately to the path lab
3. Solitary thyroid nodule:
1. 23 G 10cc in 95% alcohol
30. 17
• Blood sample for sugar was collected to a
plain tube.
• Identify the abnormality
• What is the cause?
35. CML
• 27 year old male presented
with WB Anaemia, weight loss,
night sweats &
Splenomegaly.Blood picture
shown. His WBC/DC was very
high.
• What is the
diagnosis?
36. Peripheral blood film in CML: note large numbers of
granulocytic cells at all stages
of differentiation.
39. 37
38
39
40
41
temperature°c
1 2 3 4 5
Following temperature chart belongs to a patient who has the blood
picture shown.
What is the diagnosis?
40.
41. in pus
in culture media
A & B are two smears taken
from pus & culture media from
same organism.
1. Identify the stain?
2. Identify the possible organism?
A
B
42. Following ova in microscope given.
1. Identify?
2. What is the stain
used?
46. • This is a blood picture of a 8 yrs old male child
treated with nitrofurantoin for UTI who developed
haematuria after the treatment.
1. What is the diagnosis?
2. What are the tests available for confirm the
diagnosis?
50. • Blood film of a 17
year old female
patient.
• What is the
diagnosis?
– Iron deficiency
anaemia:
• Give reasons
– Pale red cells with
pencil cell (top left).
53. • Temperature chart of
a surgical patient is
given with regular
spikes.
• List two causes.
54. • A –ve
• Investigate cord blood for,
1. Hb%
2. Retic count
3. Bilirubin
4. Grouping & DT
5. Coomb’s test - Direct
55.
56. Acid base balance
• Normal
blood gas
values
PH 7.34-7.44
PCo2
4.4-5.8kpa
35-45 mmHg
Po2
10-13.3kpa
80-100mmHg
HCo3 20-30mmol/l
SBC 20-30mmol/l
ABE/SBE -2.5-2.5mmol/
Sat 95-98%
TCo2 22-32mmol/l
Hb 12.5-17.5g/100ml
57. Simple scheme for interpretation
• Look at pH-acidosis or alkalosis
• Look at PCo2 – determine the respiratory
component
• Look at standard bicarbonate /BE –
determine the metabolic component
• Look at Hb
• Look at Po2 and Fio2
63. • Urine microscopy. Identify
– Granular cast
• What other investigation would you
request?
– U culture + ABST
64.
65.
66. • What is this investigation?
– Rothera’s test
• What does it indicate?
– Urine ketone body positive
• What are the conditions that gives above
result?
– DKA/ ketotic hypoglycemia
– Hyperemesis
– Starvation
67.
68. • What is this investigation?
– Benedict’s test
• How do you perform?
– 2.5ml of Benedicts reagent + 4 drops of urine
• What does it indicate?
– Urine reducing substances positive
• What are the conditions that gives above
result?
– Glucose
– Aspirin
– Nalidixic acid
– Cephalosporins
69.
70. • How do you collect urine for specific
gravity?
– Early morning, mid stream
• Name 2 instances urinary specific gravity
increase?
71. • Urine bottles. What are the uses?
– Can with acetic acid: 24 hour collection-
• Protein excretion
• Wilson’s disease- 24 hour urinary excretion of
copper
– Early morning sample- specific gravity
(orthostatic proteinuria, TB
– Culture- mid stream
72. • Urine sample of a 45
year old man was tested
are following substances
were observed.
1. Identify the substances?
2. Give a diagnosis?
Fouchet’s Earlich’s
73. • Urine sample of a 25
year old man was tested
are following substances
were observed.
1. Identify the substances?
2. Fouchet’s- bilirubin + if
greenish blue (normal-
colorless)
3. Ehrlich- urobilinogen + if
distinct red color
(normal- pink)
4. Give a diagnosis?
Fouchet’s Earlich’s
74. • Urine electrophoresis results were given.
1. Identify A & B diseases
2. List two other investigations for each disease
+ +
A B
75.
76.
77. • Electrophoresis film of a patient who came with chronic
back pain. What is the diagnosis?
– Multiple myeloma
• What type of paper is used?
– Cellulose acetate
• What other 2 investigations would you request?
– Skeletal survey ( skull+ mandible, CXR, pelvis, long
bones)
– Urine Bence Jones Protein
78. • Path form filling. What are the must?
• For blood picture- pallor, LNE,
hepatosplenomegaly
79. • Advices for
• SFA
• Stool for occult blood testing?
– No meat diet for 3 days