Climate change, biodiversity & Green technology- 2020-21-Prof. A.K.Mondal, Professor of Botany & Coordinator-UGC-DRS-SAP and DBT-BOOST-WB

@Prof.A.K.Mondal, Vidyasagar University-22-01-2020

National Seminar and 44th Annual Conference
of Orissa Botanical Society-2020
22.01.2020 & 23-01-2020
Organized by the
Post Graduate Department of Botany
North Orissa University
Sriram Chandra Vihar
Paripoda, Orissa, India

@Prof.A.K.Mondal, Vidyasagar University-
22-01-2020
1. Biodiversity
2. Levels of Biodiversity
3. Hotspots
4. Types of hotspots
5. Interplay
6. Environmental issues
7. Consequences
8. Our major concerns
9. Sustainable green technologies
10.Green growth
11.Green technology involves
12.Salient feature of green growth
13.Air pollution and climate change
14.Problem we are facing today
15.Results
16.Climate disruption!!!
17.What can we do????
18.Solutions:
19.Fuel from plants
20. Energy crops, include
21. What Is Ethanol Fuel?
22. Algae fuel or algal bio-fuel as
an alternative to liquid fossil
fuels
23. Advantage of algal fuels
24. Fuels from algae
25. Invasive species
26. Plastic pollution: a big
nuisance
27. Fuel from plastic waste
28. Soil degradation
29. Causes
30. COASTAL EROSION
Acknowledgement
Content

22-01-2020
It is the totality of gene
species in a particular
area.
Biodiversity

22-01-2020
Biodiversity is globally recognised as
a cornerstone of healthy
ecosystems.
Biodiversity conservation is
increasingly becoming one of the
important aims of environmental
management.

22-01-2020
Four Types of Biodiversity
Species Diversity
Genetic Diversity
Ecosystem Diversity
Functional Diversity
Diversity within species
Diversity within
genetical level
Diversity within a
ecosystem
Diversity on the functional
level of view

22-01-2020

“World most richest
diversity based on
threatened, endangered and
endemic species richness”
22-01-2020

0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Plant
Species, 10000
Endemic
species, 3160
Endemisms
%, 31.6
22-01-2020

0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Plant Species Endemic Species Endemism (%)
Plant
Species, 13500
7000
51.9

0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Plant Species Endemic Species Endemisms (%)
Plant
Species, 25000
Endemic
Species, 15000
Endemisms
(%), 60

0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Plant Species Endemic Species Endemisms (%)
Plant
Species, 5916
Endemic
Species, 3049
Endemisms
(%), 51.5

22-01-2020
The concept of ecosystem-based management covers
the ecological, economic, and social aspects of
environmental issues for sustainable development.
Interplay

22-01-2020
Global climate change
Biodiversity loss
The rapid depletion of natural resources
Degradation of global commons
Stratospheric ozone depletion restricting
the safe operating space and
Transgressing the planetary boundaries
are all endangering the existence of human
societies.
Environmental issues like:

22-01-2020
Deforestation
1
Loss of genetic diversity
2
Loss of ecosystem resilience
3
Loss of watersheds
4
Reduced water table
5
Soil erosion
6
Loss of many seed dispersal
mechanisms
Consequences involve a chain
Desertification
10
Spread of invasive alien
species and super weeds
9
Loss of soil fertility and
structure from continual
zero input farming
8
Loss of major pollinating
vectors7

22-01-2020
1. Habitat Loss and Fragmentation
2. Over-exploitation for Commercialization
3. Species extinction
4. Invasive Species
5. Pollution
6. Global Climate Change
7. Population Growth and Over-consumption
8. Illegal Wildlife Trade
Thus our major concerns now

22-01-2020
1
2
3 4
5
22-01-2020

22-01-2020
These global environmental
problems if not scientifically
managed may end up in the
civilization collapse.

22-01-2020
The global environmental challenges
can be managed by adopting
Sustainable green technologies
This contains the principles of
environmental sustainability with
social and ecological sustainability.

22-01-2020
Green growth is a new
development paradigm.
It ensures both
Economic Environmental
growth sustainability

22-01-2020
GREEN TECHNOLOLOGY INVOLVES: 5 steps
Green
Technologies

22-01-2020
A wide variety of species will cope
better with threats than a limited
number of them in large populations.
Even if certain species are affected
by pollution, climate change or
human activities, the ecosystem as a
whole may adapt and survive.
Salient feature of green growth is:

Problem we are facing today:
Overloading of the atmosphere and of
ocean waters with carbon.
Atmospheric CO2 absorbs and Re-emits
infrared-wavelength radiation, leading to
warmer air, soils, and ocean surface waters.
 Burning of fossil fuels
Industrial activities
Air pollution and climate change

22-01-2020
Bhitarkanika: Havali Coti area
Indicator Species

22-01-2020Bhitarkanika: Havali Coti area
Indicator Species

22-01-2020
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations
have been pushed up from 280
parts per million (ppm) 200 years
ago, to about 400 ppm today.

22-01-2020
The result????
Climate disruption!!!
The World Health Organization
(WHO) recently estimated that one
in nine deaths in 2016 were
attributable to diseases caused by
carcinogens and other poisons in
polluted air.

22-01-2020
What can we do????

22-01-2020
Solutions:
Replace fossil fuels with
renewable energy.
Reforestation.
Reduce emissions from
agriculture.
Change industrial processes.

22-01-2020
The good news is that
clean energy is
abundant - it just
needs to be
harvested.

A 100 percent renewable-energy future
is feasible with existing technology now.
But the bad news is that even though renewable energy
infrastructure –
1. Solar panels,
2. Wind turbines,
3. Energy storage and
4. Distribution systems
are already widespread, and getting cheaper and more
efficient all the time, experts say we're not applying them
quickly enough to prevent catastrophic climate
disruption.
Barriers in policy and finance remain to be overcome.

22-01-2020
A method of producing fuel
from plants or other sources
could potentially allow us to
decrease our dependence on
fossil fuels.
Fuel from plants

22-01-2020
Energy crops, include
Wheat Corn
Soybean Sugarcane

22-01-2020
Ethanol is simply alcohol fermented
and distilled from the sugars in plants.
Cellulosic ethanol production uses the
non-edible parts of plants.
It could be more cost effective in the
future with new technical
breakthroughs.
Ethanol has less energy density than
gasoline.
What Is Ethanol Fuel?

22-01-2020
Algae fuel or algal
bio-fuel as an
alternative
to liquid fossil fuels

22-01-2020
1. They can be grown with minimal impact
on fresh water resources
2. Can be produced using saline and
wastewater
3. Are biodegradable and relatively
harmless to the environment if spilled
4. Algae cost more per unit mass than
other second-generation biofuel crops
due to high capital and operating
costs, but are claimed to yield between
10 and 100 times more fuel per unit area.
Advantage of algal fuels

22-01-2020
According to The United States
Department of Energy estimates
that if algae fuel replaced all the
petroleum fuel in the United
States, it would require 15,000
square miles, which is only
0.42% of the U.S. map

1. Algae can be converted into various types of fuels,
depending on the technique and the part of the cells
used.
2.
3. The lipid, or oily part of the algae biomass can be
extracted and converted into biodiesel. Some species of
algae can produce 60% or more of their dry weight in the
form of oil.
4. The carbohydrate content of algae can be fermented
into bioethanol or butanol fuel using a solar powered
biorefinery. This fuel has an energy density 10% less
than gasoline, and greater than that of either ethanol or
methanol.
5. Macro-algae (seaweeds) can be fermented by bacteria of
genus Clostridia to butanol and other solvents.
Fuels from Algae

22-01-2020
The following species are being investigated as suitable
species from which to produce ethanol and/or butanol:
Alaria esculenta Laminaria saccharina
Palmaria palmata

22-01-2020
1. Bio-gasoline is gasoline produced from biomass. It can
be used in internal-combustion engines.
2. Methane: the main constituent of natural gas can be
produced from algae by gasification, pyrolysis and
anaerobic digestion.
3. Green diesel: Algae can be used to produce 'green
diesel' through a hydro-treating refinery process. It has
the same chemical properties as petroleum-based diesel.
4. Jet fuel: Trials of using algae as bio-fuel are being
carried out by Lufthansa, and Virgin Airlines as early as
2008. However as of 2017, there was little progress in
producing jet fuel from algae.

22-01-2020
Algae for the mass-production
of oil focuses mainly on
microalgae as opposed to
macro-algae, such as seaweed.
The preference for microalgae
is largely due to their
•less complex structure,
•fast growth rates, and
•high oil-content (for some species).

Botryococcus braunii Chlorella
Gracilaria Sargassum

22-01-2020
Conserving natural resources is a
basic requirement for sustainable
development and improving the quality
of human life.
To reverse the trend towards resource
degradation, we need to give greater
priority to ecological principles.

Invasive or introduced species are considered
a greater threat to native biodiversity than
pollution, harvest, and disease combined.
Invasive species threaten biodiversity by
(1) causing disease,
(2) acting as predators or parasites,
(3) acting as competitors,
(4) altering habitat, or
(5) hybridizing with local species.
Invasive species
22-01-2020

@Prof.A.K.Mondal, Vidyasagar University-22-01-
2020
Plastic pollution:
A big nuisance

Plastic pollution is currently one of
the biggest environmental concerns.
Plastic has toxic pollutants that
damage the environment and cause
land, water, and air pollution.

22-01-2020
If we can’t recycle it, why not turn
our waste plastic into fuel?

22-01-2020
Gasification involves heating the waste
plastic with air or steam, to produce a
valuable industrial gas mixtures called
“synthesis gas”, or syngas.
This can then be used to produce diesel
and petrol, or burned directly in boilers to
generate electricity
Fuel from plastic waste

22-01-2020
Causes
Overgrazing
Monoculture planting
Erosion
Soil compaction
Overexposure to pollutants
Soil degradation

Given that food security depends on keeping
soils in good condition, we're likely master
this challenge in the long run.
Solutions:
No till agriculture
Crop rotation
Water retention through
terrace building.

COASTAL
EROSION

22-01-2020
Coastal erosion is the long-
term removal of sediment
and rocks along the coastline
due to the action of
waves, currents, tides, wind-
driven water, waterborne
ice, or other impacts of
storms.

22-01-2020
Hard-erosion control methods like Seawalls
and groynes provide a semi-permanent
infrastructure.
These structures are not immune from
normal wear-and-tear and will have to be
rebuilt.
Seawalls can also deprive public access to the
beach and drastically alter the natural state of
the beach.
They can be expensive, difficult to
maintain, and can sometimes cause further
damage to the beach if built improperly.

22-01-2020
Natural forms of hard-
erosion control include
planting or maintaining
native vegetation, such as
mangrove forests and sand-
binding plants.

22-01-2020
A case study

LAND USE AND LAND COVER
Land use and land cover map (2015)Land use and land cover (1990)

CHANGE DETECTION ANALYSIS @Prof.A.K.Mondal, Vidyasagar University-22-01-2020

SHOWING GEO LOCATION OF SELECTED PLANTS HABITAT

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE IN THE STUDY AREA

@Prof.A.K.Mondal,VidyasagarUniversity-22-01-2020

Effects of Bul-Bul

22-01-2020
Our Research Team return from Bhitarkanika-2K

SAVE OUR BIODIVERSITY
Green and clean environment
22-01-2020

Thanks to
•Honourable Vice Chancellor
•Prof. U.B. Mahapatra, HOD,
Post Graduate Department of Botany,
•Organizing Secretary-
•Prof. A.K.Biswal, Prof. of Botany
•All the other faculty members from Post Graduate
Department of Botany, North Orissa University

Climate change, biodiversity & Green technology- 2020-21-Prof. A.K.Mondal, Professor of Botany & Coordinator-UGC-DRS-SAP and DBT-BOOST-WB

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