This document provides an overview of key chemistry concepts covered in 8 chapters: 1. Matter - Describes the basic components and states of matter, as well as elements, compounds, mixtures, and changes of state. 2. Lab equipment - Lists and describes common lab equipment used for measuring, heating, mixing substances. 3. Measurement - Defines mass and weight, and how they are measured. 4. SI units - Explains the International System of Units for different quantities. 5. Energy - Covers types of energy and the SI unit. 6. Magnetism - Discusses properties and types of magnets. 7. Microscopes - Details parts and

1. Chapters
1. Matter
a) Atom
b) States of matter
c) Elements
d) Compounds
e) Mixtures
f) Separation of mixtures
g) Types of changes
2. Lab equipments
a) Equipments used in chemistry lab
b) Equipments used in separation methods
3. Measurement of mass and weight
a) Definition of mass
b) Definition of weight
c) How can mass and weight be measured?
4. S.I units
a) Full form of S.I units
b) S.I units of different quantities
c) Conversions
5. Energy
a) Types of energy
b) S.I unit of energy
6. Magnetism
a) Properties of magnets
b) Types of magnets
7. Microscope
a) Parts of a microscope and their functions
b) Types of microscopes
8. Classification of living organisms

2. a) Units of classification
b) Binomial nomenclature
c) Kingdoms
d) Classification of monerans
e) Classification of protists
f) Classification of fungi
g) Classification of plants
h) Classification of cryptograms
i) Classification of spermatophytes
j) Classification of angiosperms-Monocots and dicots
k) Classification of invertebrates
l) Classification of vertebrates
m) Dichotomous key
Matter:-Chapter 1
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
Mass is the amount of matter Contained in a body.Mass of a
body is constant.
Matter is made up of tiny building blocks that are indivisible
called atoms.This means that an atom is the simplest
substance which cannot be broken into anything simpler . All
scientists agreed to this. The scientists include Sir Isaac
Newton, John Dalton and so on. But other scientists like J.J.
Thomson suggested that atoms were made up of sub atomic
parcticles.The particles are-
Protons which are positively charged.
Nuetrons which are neutral .

3. Electrons which are negatively charged.
From the above figure it may be noted that the no. Of protons
equals the no. Of electrons.Hence an atom is electrically
neutral.
Understanding the definition of an atom
Take a mango .Now take a knife and cut the mango into
pieces, at one point you won’t be able to cut the mango into
smaller pieces .This piece of mango is called the atom of
mango.
Therefore the definition of an atom is-
The smallest indivisible parcticle of an element.
Building blocks of matter.
States of matter
Matter exists in 3 states
1. Solids:- Contain molecules(groups of atoms ) packed
together.This is because the inter-molecular force of
attraction is very strong.

4. 2. Gases:- gas are well separated with no regular
arrangement
3. Liquids:- gas vibrate and move freely at high speeds.
Comparative study of the states of matter
Some Characteristics of Gases, Liquids and Solids
and the Microscopic Explanation for the Behavior
gas liquid solid
assumes the assumes the retains a fixed
shape and shape of the part volume and
volume of its of the container shape
container which it occupies rigid - particles
particles can particles can locked into place
move past one move/slide past
another one another
compressible not easily not easily
lots of free space compressible compressible
between particles little free space little free space
between particles between particles
flows easily flows easily does not flow
particles can particles can easily
move past one move/slide past rigid - particles
another one another cannot
move/slide past
one another
No definite volume and shape definite volume but
indefinite shape Definite volume and shape
Change in state of matter-
1. Condensation:- Change in state of matter from gas to
liquid
2. Can you define-
3. Melting

5. 4. Boiling
5. Sublimation
Elements, Compounds
1. Elements :- Pure substances that contain only one kind of
atom.
Understanding the definition of an element.
Atoms combine with other atoms of the same kind
because they cannot exist independently. These group of
atoms are called molecules.
Example:- Oxygen molecule is an
element.Why??Because it contains of only two atoms of
oxygen.
Symbols of elements
1.One atom of an element is represented by a symbol
.The symbol of an element consists of any letter of the
English alphabet.Some elements have two-letter
symbols.Two-letter symbols occur in cases when two or
more elements’s name begin with the same letter.For
example the symbol of chlorine is Cl and that of
Chromium is Cr.
2.Symbols of some elements are derived from their latin
and English names.
Name of element Latin name symbol
Hydrogen - H
helium - He
iron ferrum Fe
uranium - U
chlorine - Cl
oxygen - O
carbon - C
Tin stannum Sn

6. 3.From the above table it may be observed that elements
having two letter symbols have their first letter written in
capital and the other written in lower case.
First four elements of the periodic table are
Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
Beryllium.
Symbols of elements
Name of Symbol Name of symbol
element element
Hydrogen H Fluorine F
Helium He Calcium Ca
Lithium Li Carbon C
Chlorine Cl Iron Fe
Sodium Na Sulphur S
Oxygen O Aluminium Al
Boron B Magnesium Mg
2. Compounds:- Pure substances that contain
atoms of different elements combined together
chemically in a fixed proportion.
Example: - Let us consider the properties of carbon and
oxygen
Carbon is a solid
Carbon dioxide has the following properties
a) It is acidic

7. b) It does not support combustion
c) It turns lime water milky
Oxygen is a gas.A gas that supports combustion.We take
in oxygen to perform the function of respiration .Although it
supports combustion it is an essential gas.We take in
oxygen and give out a compound called carbon –dioxide
Carbon-dioxide extinguishes fire while O2 does not.
Therefore we conclude that the properties of a compound
are different from those of it’s constituents.
Name of compound Formula
Carbon dioxide CO2
Aluminium OXIDE AL2O3
Water H2O
Sodium chloride NaCl
Potassium iodide KI
Sulphur dioxide SO2
HYDROGENCHLORIDE HCL
Phosphorous pent oxide P2O5
Compounds are homogeneous
A homogeneous substance is a substance that has the
uniform properties throughout it’s bulk. Compounds are
homogeneous.
Mixtures may be homogeneous.

8. Example:-Salt,Salt water etc.
Exercise
1. What is an element? How does it differ from a
compound?
2. Classify the following as elements and compounds
a) Water
b) Aluminium
c) Oxygen
d) Gold
e) Silver
f) Salt
g) Sugar
Fact:- Compound can be separated by chemical
means
3. What is matter
4. Define
a) Atom
b) Condensation
State the first 40 elements of the periodic table
5. Solids have
a) Definite volume and shape b) None of the above

9. Mixtures
Mixtures contain two or more elements or compounds
combined together physically in any proportion. It has the
properties of it’s constituents.
Mixtures may be homogeneous or heterogeneous:- We all
know what homogeneous substances are. They are
substances which have uniform properties throughout it’s
bulk.Salt water is a homogeneous mixture.
Perform a simple experiment:-
Mix a teaspoon of sugar to water to make a sugar solution.
- The sweet taste persists throughout it’s bulk.
- It can be separated from water, when you heat it the
water evaporates which leaves the sugar behind.
- Therefore sugar solution is a mixture.
- Solute is sugar.
- Solvent is the water.
- Solute is the minor part of the solution.
- Solvent is the major part of the solution.

10. - Water is the universal solvent.
Classification of a heterogeneous mixture. An Heterogeneous
mixture is completely opposite from an homogeneous mixture.
It has properties that are not uniform throughout it’s bulk.
Perform a simple experiment.
Mix salt with a number of magnetic SUBSTANCES. It doesn’t
have uniform properties throughout it’s bulk. A magnet can be
used to separate it.
Mixtures can be separated by physical means.
ALL THESE ARE
MIXTURES. Table to show what is
under matter.
Seperation of mixtures
Serial no. Name of method Principle
1. Magnetic Separates a solid
seperation from a liquid or a
solid from a solid if

11. the solid has the
property of
attraction.
2. Sublimation Separates solid
from liquid or a solid
from a solid if the
solid has the
property of
sublimation.
3. Handpicking Used to separate a
solid from solid in
occasion where it is
suitable to separate
by hand.EX. When
you separate chips
from pieces of
fruit.They can be
easily distinguished
from each other and
will be easy to be
removed by hand.
4. Evaporation This separating
method has two
principles.
a) It seperates a
liquid from a
solid by
evaporating it
from an
evaporating
dish.But the
liquid won’t be
obtained.
b) It seperates
one liquid from
the other if
both of them

12. have different
boiling points.
5. Distillation It also has two
principles just like
evaporation but the
liquid or distillate is
obtained.
a) It seperates a
liquid from a
solid by
evaporating it
from an
evaporating
dish.The
distillate is
obtained.
b) It seperates
one liquid from
the other if
both of them
have different
boiling
points.The
distillate is
obtained.
c) Fact:-
Distillation is
the combined
process of
evaporatin and
condensation.
6. Filtiration

13. Exercise 2
1. How would you separate a mixture of sulphur and iron
filings?
2. What is a mixture?
3. Classify the the following as elements,compounds or
mixtures.
a) Gold alloy
b) Gold
c) Bronze
d) Silver
e) Platinum
f) Diamond
g) Graphite
h) Carbon
i) Rice with lentils
j) Pizza
Fact:- Gold in it’s pure form is to soft.But then how do
people wear their goldnecklace ?.This is because
they add copper and other elements to make it
hard.Therefore gold necklaces are mixtures.
Types of changes
1. Physical
2. Chemical
Serial No. Physical change Chemical change

14. 1. The change does The change does
not involve any involve a chemical
chemical method. method.
2. It does not result It results into the
into the formation of formation of a new
a new substance. chemical
substance.
3. The properties of The properties of
the substance the substance does
represents it’s not represents it’s
constituent’s constituent’s
properties. properties.
4. The change is The change is
reversible. irreversible.
5. Example:- Ice Example:-Burning
melting into water is sodium in chlorine
a physical change is an example of a
because the chemical
change is change.(Can you
reversible. It does explain why)
not result into the
formation of a new
substance as the
properties are the
same. They are not
ductile. The change
involves physical
means. The
temperature is
simply changed.
Exercise 3
1. Differentiate between the following
a) Elements and compounds

15. b) Compounds and mixtures
c) Solids and gases
d) Atoms and molecules
e) Protons and neutrons
f) Chemical and physical changes
2. Fill in the blanks
a) ____________ is a compound.
b) ____________ is the universal solvent.
c) ____________ are building blocks of matter.
d) _______________ is the apparatus used during
evaporation
e) _____________ is the formula for salt.
How are the names of compounds named?
If the compound has the element oxygen it has the
word oxide.
The formulae for phosphorous pentoxide is P2O5
because the word pent means 5 and oxygen and
phosphorous are present in the compound.
Mono means 1
Di means 2
Tri means 3
Tetra means 4
Pent means 5

16. Chapter 2:- Lab equipments
Some pictures of lab equipments and their uses:-
Lab Equipment List
Name of Sketch of Description of use:
equipment equipment
or location
in room
1. Conical Conical flasks are used to mix
flask chemicals .You swirl the flask
gently to mix the contents.

17. 2. Graduated cylinders are used
graduated to measure precise volumes of
cylinder liquids.
3. pipette A pipette measures precise
volumes of liquid, usually less
than 25 mL.
4. test tube A test tube is an elongated
piece of glass in which
someone performs a reaction.
They are also used to hold
liquids until later use.
5. test tube A test tube rack holds test
rack tubes.
6. beaker A beaker holds liquids . We
can stir with a glass rod to mix
the contents .
7.funnel A funnel makes it easier to put
solids or liquids into another
container, especially if the
container has a narrow neck.
8. We evaporate liquids from
evaporating solids in an evaporating dish.
dish

18. 11. wire A wire gauze can be put on
gauze top of a ring stand so that a
beaker can be supported. A
Bunsen burner would be
located below the wire gauze.
The wire gauze helps spread
out the heat.
12. Bunsen A Bunsen burner is used to
burner heat objects.
13. spatula A spatula is used to take out
the chemicals from the
bottles.
14. eye An eye dropper/ medicine
dropper/ dropper lets us administer
medicine liquids drop by drop.
dropper
15. utility A utility clamp can hold many
clamp cylindrical objects like
thermometers, burettes, or
test tubes.
16. crucible A crucible is used to heat up
hydrates or solids. Crucibles
can crack if they get wet and
are heated.

19. 17. crucible Crucible tongs hold crucibles
tongs so we do not burn ourselves.
18. test tube A test tube holder holds a test
holder tube that we may have in a
flame or warming in a hot
water bath.
19. mortar Mortar and pestles are used to
and pestle grind up materials. One
should never bang a pestle in
the mortar because it can
crack the mortar.
20. scale/ A scale/balance is used to
balance weigh things.
21. A volumetric flask is used to
volumetric measure precise liquids .
Flask
22. burette A burette is used to add
precise amounts of liquid in a
controllable manner.
23. eye An eye wash is used to wash
wash out your eyes if something
gets in them. We should
never need to use the eye

20. wash because you will always
be wearing your goggles.
24.forceps Forceps and tweezers are
or tweezers used to hold small objects that
our fingers should not touch.
25. A thermometer is used to
Thermomet measure the temperature of
er solids, liquids, or gases. You
read a thermometer and
guess the next digit based on
the scale. Our thermometers
will be using Celsius degrees
26. watch A watch glass is used to cover
glass an evaporating dish so that
the liquid does not spatter all
over the counter. Small
volumes of liquid can be
evaporated in a watch glass.
27. Florence Used for heating substances
Flask more evenly than a beaker.
28. Clay Clay triangles are used to hold
Triangles crucibles or evaporating
dishes when heating.

21. Lab equipments used during separation methods:-
Name of method. Apparatus required
Magnetic separation Magnet
sublimation Lighted matches or Bunsen
burner with wire gauze and
tripod stand with the
sublimeable substance in a
beaker
Handpicking Hand required, no lab
equipment
Evaporation Evaporating dish, Tripod
stand, Bunsen burner, Wire
gauze.
Distillation Flat-bottom
Flask,condenser,test tube,
conical flask or a Florence
flask, Wire gauze, Bunsen
burner, stand (tripod or ring)
Filtration Filter and beaker(2)
Exercise 1
1) Identify the following and state their uses
a) b) c)
d) ring stand
2) State the method shown in the pictures and
identify it.

22. a) b) cexplain th e
method of filtaration reffering to the diagrams
Answer:-
Tripod stand:- The liquid obtained after
filtration is known as filtirate.

23. Chapter-3-Measurement
Introduction
Measurement is very important in a person’s life .It is useful in
many ways.During the old days like in the 1690’s or 1700’s
people would go to a shop and ask for 1 hand of rice.But there
was a problem.A child’s hand would be smaller than an
adult’s hand .So if a child and an adult come to buy rice
,the child would get less rice while the adult will get more
rice even though they pay the same amount of
money.Therefore the people decided to set up a system of
standard international units or S.I units so that people will pay
for their rice as each will get equal quantities.
Along with this people also went to shops to buy vegetables.But
they did not know how heavy it was.Therefore the physical
quantities mass and weight were introduced.
Physical quantities are quantities which describe the physical
appearance of a body.

24. For example:- Weight of a body describes how much fat or
heavy a body is.
Height of a body describes how tall it is.
Length of describes how long a body is.
Mass
Mass is the amount or quantity of matter contained in a body.
The S.I unit of mass is kilogram,kg.It is a scalar quantity and a
fundamental physical quantity.
Mass is the amount or quantity of matter contained in a body.
The S.I unit of mass is kilogram,kg.It is a scalar quantity and a
fundamental physical quantity.Mass of a body is constant and
can never be zero.

25. Mass is a scalar
1. Scalar quantities are physical quantities which have
magnitude but no direction .Mass does not have a
direction but only magnitude.Magnitude is the numeric
value of a physical quantity.
Understanding mass
Mass is the amount of matter in a body.In the illustration we
can se that molecules are packed close together.Therefore the
body has more mass.
Mass is a fundamental physical quantity:-
These physical quantities cannot be expressed in terms of any
other physical quantity ,and can be determined directly with any
calculation.
Measurement of mass
Mass of a body can be measured by an instrument called the
beam balance.It has two pans in which standard weights are
kept in one pan and the object in the other.
However there are steps which you should take care of:-
a) Make sure the mass of the pans are the same.
b) Make sure the length of the strings used to suspend the
pans are equal and their masses are equal.

26. Mass can also be measured by a physical
balance.Physical balances are mainly used in labs to measure
small substances.
Exercise 1
1. What is mass?
2. Why is measurement useful?
3. How is the mass of an object measured?
4. Define scalar quantities
5. Define magnitude.
6. Define Physical quantities
7. Observe and answer
a) Identify the instrument.
b) What is it used to measure?
c) What is the temperature shown?
8. Observe and answer

27. a) Identify.
b) Name the parts labelled
c) What is it used for?
d) What do you need to acquire a state of _________
balance?
e) How does it differ from a physical balance
Weight of a body is the force with which the earth attracts it
towards it’s centre.It differs from place to place.The S.I. unit of
weight and force is newton.It is represented by N.It is a vector
quantity as well as a derived physical quantity.
Weight of a body is the force with which the earth attracts
it towards it’s centre.It differs from place to place.The S.I.

28. unit of weight and force is newton.It is represented by N.It
is a vector quantity as well as a derived physical quantity.
Weight = mass x gravity
Gravity in earth is about 9.8 ms-2 in the southern
hemisphere and 9.7 in the northern hemisphere.Therefore
a body’s weight will be more in the southern hemisphere
and less in the northern hemisphere.
The gravitational forces in many planets are different from
those on earth.
Weight is a vector
1. Physical quantities that posses both direction and
magnitude are called vector quantities.Weight has both
magnitude and direction
Weight is a derived physical quantity.
1. Derived physical quantities are quantities which are
derived from other fundamental physical quantities are
other derived physical quantities.
2. Weight is a derived physical quantity since it is derived
from the fundamental physical quantity mass and the
derived physical quantity gravity.
Surface Gravity
Rank Name (meter pr. square
second)
1 Sun 274
2 Jupiter 24.92
3 Neptune 11.15
4 Saturn 10.44
5 Earth 9.798
6 Uranus 8.87
7 Venus 8.87
8 Mars 3.71
9 Mercury 3.7
10 Moon 1.62
11 Pluto 0.58
If the mass of a body is 10 kg what will be it’s weight in all
the planets including the sun.

29. Sun=10kg x274=2740N
Jupiter=10 x 24.92=249.2N
Neptune=10 x 11.15=111.5N
Saturn=10x10.44=104.4N
Earth=10x9.8=98N
Uranus and venus =10x8.887=88.87N
Mars=?
Pluto=?
Measurement of weight
Weight of a body can be measured by a spring balance.
You just need to put the object on the hook.Then you will
observe where the pointer goes.
Weight can be measured in kilogram force or gram force.
Though the S.I unit of weight is newton we say the weight
of a body in kg’s .Why?Perhaps since weight is measured
in kgf it is written in kg’s.
Difference between mass and weight.
Mass Weight
1. Amount of matter 1. Force by which a body is
contained in a body. attracted to the surface of
the earth.
2. S.I unit is kg 2.S.I. unit is newton.

30. 3. Measured by physical 3.Measured by spring
and beam balance. balance.
4. Is constant 4.Changes from place to
place.
5. Can never be zero 5.Can be zero.
6. Is a scalar 6.Is a vector
7. Is a fundamental physical 8. Is a derived physical
quantity quantity.
Exercise 2
1. Diffrentiate between mass and weight and physical
balance and spring balance.
2. What is a vector?
3. Fill in the blanks
a) Weight is a __________.
b) Mass is a ___________.
c) Gravity of earth is ____________.
d) S.I. unit of weight is ____.
e) ______________ can be zero.