The document discusses the classification of fractures, defining them as losses of bone integrity due to mechanical injury or diminished bone strength. It categorizes fractures based on various criteria, including displacement, skin penetration, and fracture pattern, detailing types such as open, closed, complete, and incomplete fractures. Key risk factors for fractures are also highlighted, including age, alcohol consumption, and low bone mineral density.

1. .
Classification of fractures
Prepaired by:
1- Amin makhdoom

2. How can we define fracture?
• Fracture: loss of bone integrity resulting from
mechanical injury and /or diminished bone
strength
• It has so many classification according to:
displacement
Penetration
of skin
Completion
of fracture
Orientation
of break
Open fracture
Closed fracture
Displaced fracture
Non displaced fracture
Complete fracture
Incomplete fracture
Vertical fracture
Transverse fracture

3. Based on relationship with external environment:
1-open fracture:
Fracture with break in the overlaying skin in
which communicate with the external place.
*Risk of infection
*It can be divided into 1-internally open 2-
externally open
2- closed fracture:
is when the bone breaks but there is
no puncture or open wound in
the skin

4. Based on pattern:
• 1-transverse fracture:
• Fracture that is perpendicular to
the long axis of bone
• smaller than 30
• 2-Oblique fracture:
• When the force hit the bone in
oblique
• Greater than 30
# complete fracture :-

5. Cont.
• 3- segmented fracture:
• A fracture in which there are 3 different pieces
in one bone
• If there is more than3 pieces it is considered as
comminuted
4- spiral fracture:
Rotational fraction due to torsion force
Usually in more than 1 plane

6. Cont.
• 5-hair like fracture:
• Very small crack in the
affected bone
6- green stick fracture:
Incomplete fracture in which
the bone is bent
# incomplete fracture:-

7. Based on displacement:
• 1-non displaced fracture:
• In which the bone is broken
but not moved in place
2- displaced fracture:
Proximal and distal fractured bones are
displaced
It has 3 types
A-angulation B- shift C- rotation

8. Risk factors of fracture:
Alcohol
consumption
Old age
Family history
Weight loss
Low bone
mineral
density
Some drugs

9. Thank you for your attention
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