This document discusses fracture classification and management. It defines a fracture and describes how fractures are classified based on factors like whether they are open or closed, the degree of displacement, location, and number of fragments. The major classifications are closed fractures, open fractures, and physeal fractures. Closed fractures do not break the skin, while open fractures do. Fractures are also classified as reducible or non-reducible based on the number of fragments. The document outlines different types of closed fractures and discusses fracture reduction and management strategies.

1. FRACTURE
,its types, classification and
management
Muhammad Azeem 13-arid-1090

3. Fracture
Fracture: A break in bone or cartilage. Although usually a result of
trauma, a fracture can be the result of an acquired disease ofbone,
such as osteoporosis, or of abnormal formation of bone in a congenital
disease of bone, such as osteogenesis imperfecta
('brittle bone disease').

4. CLASSIFICATION OF FRACTURES
• Fractures are classified to allow accurate communication with owners
and colleagues and to aid in planning the appropriate treatment
The classification of the fracture is based on different things
1-whether the fracture is open to the environment.
2-the degree of damage and displacement of the fragments
3- the type of fracture
4- whether the fracture fragments can be reconstructed to provide load
bearing (reducible or nondeductible).
5-ocation of the fracture. Fractures may be closed to the external
environment or open

5. Classification
Majorly fracture is divided into three categories
1-closed fracture
2-Open fracture
3-Physeal Fractures
(These classes are further divided into different types individually)

6. Closed fracture
• A closed fracture is a broken bone that does not penetrate the skin.
This is an important distinction because when a broken bone
penetrates the skin (an open fracture) there is a need for immediate
treatment, and an operation is often required to clean the area of
thefracture

7. Types of close
1. greenstick fracture
2. Avulsion fracture
3. transverse fracture
4. Oblique fracture
5. short oblique
6. long oblique
7. Comminuted fractures
8. butterfly fragment
Fractures are further classified as reducible (usually single fracture line
or fractures with no more than two large fragments) or non reducible
(fractures with multiple small fragments)

8. GREENSTICK FRACTURE
OCCUR IN
IMMATURE ANIMALS

9. Avulsion fractures
occur when the
insertion point of a
tendon or ligament
is fractured and
distracted from the
rest of the bone

10. A fracture line
perpendicular
to the long axis
of the bone is a
transverse
fracture

11. Oblique fracture lines run at an
angle to the perpendicular line to
the long axis of the bone; they are
described as short oblique
fractures if they are 45 degrees or
less or long oblique fractures if
they are greater than 45 degrees
to the perpendicular to the long
axis of the bone

13. Spiral fractures are
similar to long oblique
fractures but wrap
around the long axis
of the bone. Single
fractures have one
fracture line

14. Comminuted fractures
have multiple fracture lines.
Comminuted fractures
range from three-piece
fractures with a butterfly
fragment

15. Butterfly fracture
(fragment with two
oblique fracture lines
resembling a butterfly

16. Velocity of the forces causing the fracture dictates the number of
fragments and the damage to surrounding soft tissues. Low-velocity
forces result in single fractures with little energy dissipated into the soft
tissue. Conversely, high-velocity forces result in comminuted fractures
with the high energy dissipated through fracture propagation and
surrounding soft tissue injury

17. • Fractures are further classified as
Reducible:
usually single fracture line or fractures with no more than two
large fragments
Nonreducible:
fractures with multiple small fragments

18. OPEN FRACTURE
Open fractures are classified according to
1-the mechanism of puncture and
2- the severity of soft tissue injury

21. Physeal Fracture
• Physeal fractures are identified according to the Salter-Harris
classification scheme, which identifies the location of the fracture line

23. DECISION MAKING IN FRACTURE
MANAGEMENT
• Appropriate decision-making processes to choose implants and plan
the procedure should produce consistent and predictable results
We facilitate our decision by categorizing the state of patient by the
help of fracture assessment score
They are based on 2 types of factors
1- mechanical factors
2-biological factors

27. Fracture reduction
• Reduction is defined as the process of either reconstructing fractured
bone fragments to their normal anatomic configuration or restoring
normal limb alignment by reestablishing normal limb length and joint
alignment while maintaining spatial orientation of the limb
• Two type of strategies
1- open reduction
2- close reduction