Computers can be classified in several ways: 1. According to function, they are digital, analog, or hybrid. Digital computers manipulate data as discrete numbers while analog computers measure continuous data. Hybrid computers have both analog and digital capabilities. 2. According to purpose, computers are general purpose, meant to solve various problems, or special purpose, designed for specific applications like process control. 3. According to capabilities, computers range from microcomputers using a microprocessor, to minicomputers that support 10-20 users, to mainframe computers for hundreds of users, to supercomputers used for intensive calculations.

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2. Classification of computerClassification of computer
Computers can be classified as follows.Computers can be classified as follows.
1.1. According to functionAccording to function
2.2. According to purposeAccording to purpose
3.3. According to capabilitiesAccording to capabilities

3. According to functionAccording to function
According to function computers can beAccording to function computers can be
classified into four types. Theseclassified into four types. These
classification of computer based onclassification of computer based on
principle of operation and hardwareprinciple of operation and hardware
structure.structure.
 Digital ComputerDigital Computer
 Analog ComputerAnalog Computer
 Hybrid ComputerHybrid Computer

4. Digital ComputerDigital Computer
A Digital computer works with data in term ofA Digital computer works with data in term of
discrete number or digit. These number arediscrete number or digit. These number are
used to perform, arithmetic calculations andused to perform, arithmetic calculations and
also make logical decision to reach aalso make logical decision to reach a
conclusion depending on the data theyconclusion depending on the data they
receive from the user. All the expressionsreceive from the user. All the expressions
are coded into binary digits (0 and 1) insideare coded into binary digits (0 and 1) inside
the computer and it manipulates them atthe computer and it manipulates them at
very fast speed.very fast speed.

5. A digital computer manipulates data according to theA digital computer manipulates data according to the
instructions or programme given to it in a certaininstructions or programme given to it in a certain
computer language.computer language.
The instructions and data are fed to the computer inThe instructions and data are fed to the computer in
the form of discrete electrical signals. Digitalthe form of discrete electrical signals. Digital
Computers are easy to program and are in generalComputers are easy to program and are in general
purpose use. Almost all personal computers (PCs)purpose use. Almost all personal computers (PCs)
belong to this category.belong to this category.

6. Analog ComputerAnalog Computer
Analog computers actually is a measuring device. AnAnalog computers actually is a measuring device. An
analog computer measures continues type of dataanalog computer measures continues type of data
and use a physical quantity, such as electric current,and use a physical quantity, such as electric current,
speed, weight etc. Analog Computers are the firstspeed, weight etc. Analog Computers are the first
Computers being developed & provide the base forComputers being developed & provide the base for
the development of modern digital computers. Thesethe development of modern digital computers. These
computers are mainly made of electrical devices likecomputers are mainly made of electrical devices like
resisters, amplifiers & transistors.resisters, amplifiers & transistors.

7. This machine has a very limited memory & canThis machine has a very limited memory & can
perform only certain type of calculations, whichperform only certain type of calculations, which
make it specialized machine, suitable formake it specialized machine, suitable for
engineering & scientific calculations. An analogengineering & scientific calculations. An analog
computer is basically a device for solvingcomputer is basically a device for solving
ordinary differential equations and can be usedordinary differential equations and can be used
in solution in solution of those problems whichin solution in solution of those problems which
can be converted to ordinary differentialcan be converted to ordinary differential
equations. In general, Analog computer areequations. In general, Analog computer are
very fast in processing because all thevery fast in processing because all the

8. operations performed in this machine areoperations performed in this machine are
parallel but accuracy of these machines isparallel but accuracy of these machines is
quite low. Speedometer and millimeterquite low. Speedometer and millimeter
(used in vehicles), Electric meter & Gas(used in vehicles), Electric meter & Gas
meter (fixed on the supply line of themeter (fixed on the supply line of the
house) pressure gauges & thermometershouse) pressure gauges & thermometers
are the general example of the analogare the general example of the analog
devices.devices.

9. Hybrid ComputerHybrid Computer
A Hybrid computer is, which combines the analog &A Hybrid computer is, which combines the analog &
digital capabilities in the same computer system.digital capabilities in the same computer system.
Hybrid computers help the user to exploit theHybrid computers help the user to exploit the
machine's ability to process both continuous andmachine's ability to process both continuous and
discrete data. These machines are generally used fordiscrete data. These machines are generally used for
scientific applications & it is also used as a controllingscientific applications & it is also used as a controlling
device in an industrial process.device in an industrial process.

10. The results can be obtained either asThe results can be obtained either as
analog signal or discrete signal e.g.,analog signal or discrete signal e.g.,
either as continuous output in the form ofeither as continuous output in the form of
graph discreet digits. This result can begraph discreet digits. This result can be
obtained by an electronic deviceobtained by an electronic device ‘‘MODEMMODEM’’..
A modem is a device which can transformA modem is a device which can transform
analog signals to digital signals and viceanalog signals to digital signals and vice
versa.versa.

11. According to purpose.According to purpose.
Computer can be classified according toComputer can be classified according to
purpose in two ways.purpose in two ways.
 General PurposeGeneral Purpose
 Special PurposeSpecial Purpose
1.1. General Purpose: These computer areGeneral Purpose: These computer are
designed to solve wide variety of problemsdesigned to solve wide variety of problems
from different fields. The hardware and thefrom different fields. The hardware and the
software of such system are adaptable totallysoftware of such system are adaptable totally
different environments. These Computer aredifferent environments. These Computer are
used for different purpose like inventoryused for different purpose like inventory
Control, Record keeping , Accounting, payrollControl, Record keeping , Accounting, payroll
etc.etc.

12. 2. Special Purpose:2. Special Purpose: As the name suggestsAs the name suggests
these computers system are used only forthese computers system are used only for
specific purposes or application. Thesespecific purposes or application. These
special purpose computer system may bespecial purpose computer system may be
defined as a stored programme computer,defined as a stored programme computer,
whose architecture is oriented towards onewhose architecture is oriented towards one
or more specific applications. Theseor more specific applications. These
computers handle a very narrow categoriescomputers handle a very narrow categories
of data processing activities. Some exampleof data processing activities. Some example
of special purpose computer with their areaof special purpose computer with their area
of application are as fallows.of application are as fallows.

13. 1.1. Computer used for Process Control in anComputer used for Process Control in an
industry.industry.
2.2. Bio-medical X-ray instrument used only forBio-medical X-ray instrument used only for
X-ray.X-ray.
3.3. ECG machine which is used for ECG testECG machine which is used for ECG test
4.4. CCG machine which is used for CCG testCCG machine which is used for CCG test
5.5. Electronic digital blood pressure instrumentElectronic digital blood pressure instrument
6.6. Computer system used for desktopComputer system used for desktop
publishingpublishing
7.7. Computer used for air-traffic control.Computer used for air-traffic control.
8.8. Computer system which is used in Robots.Computer system which is used in Robots.

14. According CapabilitiesAccording Capabilities
According to capabilities computers couldAccording to capabilities computers could
easily be classified into minis, microseasily be classified into minis, micros
mainframes and super by considering theirmainframes and super by considering their
size, performance and cost. However, todaysize, performance and cost. However, today
these definitions are not so cut and dried,these definitions are not so cut and dried,
due to the ever increasing pace of commondue to the ever increasing pace of common
usage altogether. The manufactures are notusage altogether. The manufactures are not
helping by bringing out many terms such ashelping by bringing out many terms such as
mini super minis and micro mainframes etc.mini super minis and micro mainframes etc.

15. These are obviously terms used toThese are obviously terms used to
describe the approximate position in thedescribe the approximate position in the
hierarchy to which their products belong.hierarchy to which their products belong.
To understand this mass of jargon, it is stillTo understand this mass of jargon, it is still
necessary to understand the oldernecessary to understand the older
definitions of the terms minis , micros,definitions of the terms minis , micros,
mainframes and super, now we will discusmainframes and super, now we will discus
these computers in detail the following.these computers in detail the following.

16. MicrocomputerMicrocomputer
This is quite simply, a computer which uses a microprocessorThis is quite simply, a computer which uses a microprocessor
is the name given to the very-complex chip which containsis the name given to the very-complex chip which contains
most of the basic systems need to set up a computer systemmost of the basic systems need to set up a computer system
using this single chip as the central processing unit. In theusing this single chip as the central processing unit. In the
late 1970s the first Microcomputers were 8-bit machines.late 1970s the first Microcomputers were 8-bit machines.
(although some less-useful 4-bit microprocessors were(although some less-useful 4-bit microprocessors were
available earlier. This meant that their fundamental unit ofavailable earlier. This meant that their fundamental unit of
data was eight binary digitsdata was eight binary digits
..

17. MinicomputerMinicomputer
Thin is a medium-sized computer and can vary inThin is a medium-sized computer and can vary in
power from a very large and powerful micro to a smallpower from a very large and powerful micro to a small
mainframes. Indeed, because of the increasing powermainframes. Indeed, because of the increasing power
of minis, mainframes market has shrunk considerablyof minis, mainframes market has shrunk considerably
over the last few years. A minicomputer is often aover the last few years. A minicomputer is often a
floor-standing model, although some modem onesfloor-standing model, although some modem ones
now fit onto the top of your desk- but there is notnow fit onto the top of your desk- but there is not
much space left for the coffee pot !much space left for the coffee pot !

18. A small minicomputer might be able toA small minicomputer might be able to
support b/w ten & twenty users. It is ,support b/w ten & twenty users. It is ,
therefore, ideal for use-within a singletherefore, ideal for use-within a single
department within a college or university,department within a college or university,
or far use in a medium size business.or far use in a medium size business.
They are really mini versions of theThey are really mini versions of the
mainframe computer, and this is where themainframe computer, and this is where the
term mini was originally coined. The miniterm mini was originally coined. The mini
has been designed with multi-user accesshas been designed with multi-user access
in mind & is therefore usually easy toin mind & is therefore usually easy to
expand up to maximum possibleexpand up to maximum possible
numbers of a users.numbers of a users.

19. Mainframe computersMainframe computers
These are the largest of computer systems (notThese are the largest of computer systems (not
necessarily the fastest or most powerful)- theynecessarily the fastest or most powerful)- they
certainly will not fit on the top of your desk ! It iscertainly will not fit on the top of your desk ! It is
common to have hundreds of simultaneous users oncommon to have hundreds of simultaneous users on
such a system. There is usually a vast amount of RAM,such a system. There is usually a vast amount of RAM,
and any extra peripherals such as tape & diskand any extra peripherals such as tape & disk
machines.machines.

20. Super computersSuper computers
There are the fastest & most expensive modernThere are the fastest & most expensive modern
computer systems. They are usually not used forcomputer systems. They are usually not used for
normal data processing, but for intense mathematicalnormal data processing, but for intense mathematical
calculations such as forecasting the weather, orcalculations such as forecasting the weather, or
super high resolution graphics such as ray-tracedsuper high resolution graphics such as ray-traced
images. Nevertheless, for very large systems such asimages. Nevertheless, for very large systems such as
the customs-clearance system in the port of athe customs-clearance system in the port of a
development country, all the government departmentsdevelopment country, all the government departments
are linked to a super-computer which is then able toare linked to a super-computer which is then able to

21. produce all the necessary documentationproduce all the necessary documentation
for clearance in just a few minutes,for clearance in just a few minutes,
compared to several days under the oldercompared to several days under the older
manual systems.manual systems.
There are also many complex scientific &There are also many complex scientific &
engineering applications which requireengineering applications which require
enormous processing speed & power.enormous processing speed & power.

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