Classification of bacteria
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It is worldwide distribution.
It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries where sanitary conditions are poor.
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Entamoeba histolytica cysts are round or oval and contain one to four nuclei and chromatoid bodies. E. histolytica trophozoites are actively motile and feed by ingesting red blood cells in their endoplasm.
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This document discusses intestinal protozoa including ameba species. It causes by fecal-oral transmission due to poor hygiene and sanitation. Control involves improving hygiene, treating carriers, and protecting water supply by boiling, iodine or not chlorine. Amoebiasis is caused by Entamoeba histolytica transmitted via cysts in contaminated food/water or direct contact. It causes asymptomatic infection or invasive disease with diarrhea, dysentery, liver abscesses. Diagnosis involves stool exam detecting trophozoites while treatment is metronidazole. Prevention requires improved hygiene and water treatment.
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The document discusses the pathogenesis of infections, including the typical routes of entry for pathogens, how they spread within the body, and how the body eliminates them. It explains that pathogens usually enter through mucous membranes or breaks in the skin, then spread locally or through the blood and lymphatic system to target organs. The document also outlines the major routes and mechanisms by which pathogens are eventually eliminated from the body.
Bacillus
Bacillus is a genus of gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria that are ubiquitous in the environment. Some Bacillus species are pathogenic to humans and animals, including B. anthracis, which causes anthrax, and B. cereus, which can cause food poisoning. B. anthracis forms durable spores that allow the bacteria to survive for decades in the environment. It causes anthrax, which presents as one of three forms: cutaneous, inhalation, or gastrointestinal. The inhalation form is often fatal if untreated. B. cereus can cause two types of food poisoning - an emetic type or diarrhea type - through the production of enterotoxins. While most Bacillus
(3) classification of microorganisms
The document discusses the taxonomic classification of bacteria according to Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. It divides bacteria into four main phyla based on cell wall characteristics, and further subdivides them according to properties such as Gram stain reaction, cell shape, oxygen requirements, motility, and metabolism. Many medically important bacterial genera are described within these classifications, including Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and others known to cause diseases in humans and animals.
2. B Bakteria
The document discusses the taxonomic classification of bacteria according to Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. It divides bacteria into four main phyla based on cell wall characteristics, and further subdivides them according to properties such as Gram stain reaction, cell shape, oxygen requirements, motility, and metabolism. Many medically important bacterial genera are described within these classifications, including Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Escherichia, and others known to cause diseases in humans and animals.
form 5 bab 1 science
This document discusses types of microorganisms like bacteria, protozoa, algae, viruses, and fungi. It describes how bacteria can be classified by shape and lists examples of diseases caused by different microorganisms. Factors that can affect microorganism growth are described like nutrients, humidity, light, and temperature. The aim of a microorganism experiment is stated as well as hypotheses about bacterial growth conditions. Diseases and their symptoms are listed along with how they are transmitted. Methods to control microorganisms include covering food, cleaning areas, and proper waste disposal. Useful microorganisms are also noted for digestion, decomposition, medicine, industry, and food.
Helminthiasis
Helminthiasis is a disease caused by parasitic worms infecting the body. It is transmitted through fecal-oral contact or skin penetration. Common types include ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm caused by roundworms or tapeworms. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves finding worm eggs in stool samples. Prevention focuses on sanitary disposal of human waste, health education around food and water safety, and mass deworming treatments.
Medical microbiology mcq
The document contains a 20 question microbiology quiz about various human pathogens and the typical areas of the body they can colonize or infect. Some key points covered include:
- Black bags are used in hospitals to dispose of human anatomical waste.
- Escherichia coli is a common cause of urinary tract infections.
- Hands are the most likely source of a Staphylococcus aureus outbreak in a newborn nursery.
- Stool culture is primarily recommended for bloody diarrhea.
genitourinary.pptx
The document discusses the genitourinary system and genitourinary tract infections. It describes that the genitourinary system encompasses the urinary and reproductive organs. Genitourinary tract infections include urinary tract infections (UTI) like cystitis and pyelonephritis, as well as genital tract infections. Common bacteria that can cause UTIs include E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella. Fungi such as Candida and viruses like BK can also cause UTIs. Symptoms of UTIs include dysuria, urgency, frequency, and suprapubic pain. Specific infections like urethritis, prostatitis, cystitis, and py
Infections
The document defines various terms related to infections, including infection, host, carrier, incubation period, and more. It then describes different types of infections such as bacterial, viral, parasitic and fungal infections. Specific examples of bacterial infections involving different parts of the body are provided, such as skin and soft tissue infections, gastrointestinal infections, respiratory tract infections, and others. Common respiratory infections like pneumonia and their classification are also defined.
AOS Review of Otorrhea Microbiology vfinal
Corynebacterium species are commonly found on human skin and are known biofilm producers. While often considered normal flora, they have been linked to various infections. This study analyzed 140 cultures from ear drainage of 77 patients. Corynebacterium species were the second most frequently isolated pathogen after Staphylococcus. They were found alone in 6 patients and co-isolated with other pathogens in 24 additional patients. Infections with Corynebacterium were associated with chronic granular myringitis and hearing aid use. Most isolates showed resistance to topical fluoroquinolones. The results suggest Corynebacterium can be pathogenic in ear infections and contribute to treatment failure due to antibiotic
Enteritis
This document summarizes different types of enteritis:
1. Acute enteritis is an acute inflammation of the small intestine most commonly caused by food or drink contaminated with pathogens. Symptoms include abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea and fever.
2. Chronic enteritis is the chronic inflammation of the small intestine which may be hemorrhagic, necrotic, or granulomatous. Hemorrhagic enteritis in turkeys is caused by a Type II Adenovirus and causes sudden death and blood in the vent. Necrotic enteritis in poultry is caused by Clostridium perfringens and results in intestinal thickening and dark diarrhea.
3
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Bacteria have a simple cellular structure that allows them to grow and metabolize at a rapid rate. They are typically 0.5-1.0 um in diameter and have a high surface area to volume ratio that facilitates nutrient absorption. Bacterial cells exist in various shapes including spherical, rod-shaped, and helically curved. They also arrange in characteristic patterns depending on the species. The rigid cell wall gives bacteria their shape and allows them to withstand changes in osmotic pressure. Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria have different cell wall structures, with Gram negatives possessing an additional outer membrane. Internal structures include the cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material. Some bacteria form resistant endospores or cysts during
Scope of Pharmaceutical microbiology -2021
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms and their interactions. It includes bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and viruses. The document discusses several key applications of microbiology in the pharmaceutical field and related industries. Specifically, it notes that microbiology is crucial for (1) developing antimicrobial drugs and ensuring drug therapies target pathogens without harming hosts, (2) producing antibiotics, vaccines, and other pharmaceutical products, and (3) quality control throughout the pharmaceutical manufacturing process to prevent microbial contamination. Microbiology also plays important roles in medical devices, cosmetics, biopharmaceutical testing, cell banks, and environmental monitoring and remediation.
Nomenclature and classification of microorganisms - 2021
This document summarizes the classification and nomenclature of microorganisms. It discusses how microorganisms are classified into taxonomic groups like species, genus, family, order, class, division and kingdom based on their characteristics and genetic relatedness. The three main methods used for bacterial classification are the intuitive method, numerical taxonomy, and genetic relatedness based on DNA comparisons. It also explains the standards for scientific naming of microorganisms, with each species having a single internationally accepted name for clear communication. A key reference for bacterial taxonomy is Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.
Allergy and Hypersensitivity
Allergy and Anaphylaxis/Hypersensitivity document discusses:
1. Allergies are immune system disorders caused by hypersensitivity to allergens like foods, pollens, or dusts. Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction affecting multiple body systems.
2. The four types of hypersensitivity reactions are: Type I involves IgE antibodies and causes immediate allergic reactions. Type II involves IgG/IgM antibodies attacking cell surfaces. Type III involves immune complex formation and complement activation causing tissue damage. Type IV is cell-mediated and involves T lymphocytes responding to antigens days later.
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Autoimmunity and Tolerance
The document discusses immunological tolerance and its breakdown which can lead to autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases. It explains the mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance that normally prevent immune responses against self-antigens. Failure of these tolerance mechanisms can occur through various causes like a breakdown of T cell anergy or loss of regulatory T cells, resulting in an immune response against self-tissues and the development of autoimmune conditions.
Biosafety Levels
This document outlines the four biosafety levels (BSL 1-4) according to the risk posed by pathogens. BSL1 is for low risk agents and requires basic precautions like gloves and disinfection. BSL2 is for agents that cause human disease but effective treatment exists; it requires biosafety cabinets, restricted access, and medical evaluation for accidents. BSL3 is for indigenous or exotic agents that may cause serious disease; it has enhanced containment like vertical laminar hoods, strict access control, and decontamination of wastes. BSL4 is the highest level, for dangerous exotic agents with no treatment, and requires a completely sealed cabinet, positive pressure personnel suits, showers, and specialized waste
Introduction of Biosafety
This document discusses biosafety and biosecurity in laboratories. It defines biosafety as the combination of practices and procedures used to prevent exposure to pathogens and their accidental release. This includes containment principles and technologies. Biosecurity refers to security measures to prevent theft or misuse of pathogens. The document outlines the history of biosafety guidelines and regulations. It emphasizes the importance of training, awareness, and proper equipment and practices for managing biohazard risks to laboratory personnel, the public, and environment.
Antibodies and Types
The document discusses the components of the immune system and the different classes of antibodies. It states that the immune system consists of cellular components like phagocytes and lymphocytes, as well as molecular components like antibodies. It then goes on to describe the five major classes of antibodies - IgM, IgG, IgE, IgD and IgA - and their different functions in the immune response.
Introduction and types of immunity I Pharmaceutical Microbiology
The document discusses immunology, which is the study of the immune system and its functions. It describes the innate and adaptive immune systems. The innate system is non-specific and provides immediate protection through physical and cellular barriers. The adaptive system builds immunity through antibodies and memory cells to mount pathogen-specific responses. Key components include antigens, antibodies, white blood cells, and proteins that signal and complement immune responses.
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This document provides information on four common bacterial identification tests:
1. The catalase test differentiates whether a bacteria produces the enzyme catalase by observing if gas bubbles are produced when bacteria is added to hydrogen peroxide. Staphylococcus is catalase positive and Streptococcus is negative.
2. The coagulase test identifies Staphylococcus aureus by observing if plasma clots due to coagulase production. S. aureus produces free and bound coagulase.
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4. The indole test identifies if bacteria
Fungi/Yeast/Molds
Fungi differ from bacteria in that they have a cell wall composed of chitin rather than peptidoglycan, and a cell membrane containing ergosterol rather than cholesterol. There are two main types of fungi: yeasts, which grow as single cells, and molds, which grow as filaments called hyphae. Many medically important fungi can exist as either molds or yeasts depending on temperature. Fungi reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually through budding or formation of conidia. Host defenses against fungi include intact skin and mucous membranes, as well as cell-mediated immunity and antibodies, though fungi do not produce endotoxins or exotox
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The document discusses the normal flora of various body sites. It defines normal flora as the bacteria and fungi permanently residing on the skin, in the oral cavity, gut, and vagina. While viruses and parasites are usually not considered normal flora, they can be present without causing symptoms. The three major roles of normal flora are: (1) causing disease in immunocompromised individuals, (2) providing colonization resistance against pathogens, and (3) producing vitamins for the host. Specific normal flora are then described for the skin, gut, ears, and nose.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Culture media
Culture medium is a substance used to grow microorganisms outside the body. It provides nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, minerals and growth factors. Culture media can be solid, semi-solid or liquid. They are classified as simple, complex, synthetic or special based on ingredients. Special media include enriched media which adds substances like blood or serum, and selective media which uses antibiotics to inhibit certain bacteria. Differential and transport media are also used to identify bacteria or safely transport clinical samples for identification.
Bacterial Culture
This document discusses different culture techniques used to isolate and grow bacteria, including streak culture, lawn culture, stroke culture, stab culture, and pour plate method. Streak culture is used to isolate single colonies on a plate by streaking inoculum in parallel lines. Lawn culture provides uniform surface growth by flooding the plate. Stroke and stab cultures grow bacteria in agar slopes or slants for diagnostic tests or maintaining stock cultures. Pour plate method mixes inoculum into molten agar before pouring to quantify bacterial counts.
An Overview of Immunity to Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi and Ptozoans
This document provides an overview of immunity to various pathogens. It discusses the characteristics of pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. It explains that pathogens have developed mechanisms to interact with and exploit hosts, while hosts have innate and adaptive immune responses. It describes the complex life cycles of some pathogens like fungi and protozoa that allow them to evade drug treatments by switching forms. It also explains how viruses are highly dependent on host cell machinery to replicate and produce new virus particles to infect other cells.
An Overview of the Immune System
The document summarizes the three lines of defense of the human immune system:
1) Physical and chemical barriers that protect from pathogens.
2) Nonspecific resistance involving phagocytic cells that ingest and destroy microbes.
3) Specific resistance where antigens activate T cells and B cells to produce antibodies against specific pathogens, utilizing both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity. Memory cells provide lasting protection against future attacks.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of genes that code for cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to recognize foreign molecules in vertebrates. Peptides from intracellular pathogens are carried to the cell surface by MHC class I and MHC class II and presented to CD4 T cells. Antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells present MHC class II antigens to CD4 T cells, while all nucleated cells present MHC class I antigens.
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The document discusses several factors that affect the growth of bacteria, including nutrition concentration, temperature, pH, ions and salt concentration, gaseous concentration, and available water. It notes that bacterial growth rate increases with increasing nutrient and temperature levels up to an optimal point, but then decreases at very high temperatures. Most bacteria grow best at a neutral pH between 6.5-7.5. Different bacteria have varying requirements for metal ions, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water availability. Temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and water availability all impact bacterial metabolic and physiological processes.
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The document discusses the different classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins) that make up the humoral immune response. It describes the five main classes: IgM, which is the first antibody produced in response to new antigens; IgG, which represents the majority of antibodies in circulation and provides protection at mucosal surfaces; IgE, which binds allergens and triggers histamine release involved in allergic responses; IgD, which functions mainly as an antigen receptor on B cells; and IgA, which is found mainly at mucosal surfaces and provides protection against pathogens.
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"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
Many 0 to 1 startup founders often overlook market research, but this critical step can make or break a venture, especially in health tech.
But Why do they skip it?
Limited resources—time, money, and manpower—are common culprits.
"In fact, a survey by CB Insights found that 42% of startups fail due to no market need, which is like building a spaceship to Mars only to realise you forgot the fuel."
Sudharsan Srinivasan
Operational Partner Pitchworks VC Studio
Overconfidence in their product’s success leads founders to assume it will naturally find its market, especially in health tech where patient needs, entire system issues and regulatory requirements are as complex as trying to perform brain surgery with a butter knife. Additionally, the pressure to launch quickly and the belief in their own intuition further contribute to this oversight. Yet, thorough market research in health tech could be the key to transforming a startup's vision into a life-saving reality, instead of a medical mishap waiting to happen.
Example of Market Research working
Innovaccer, founded by Abhinav Shashank in 2014, focuses on improving healthcare delivery through data-driven insights and interoperability solutions. Before launching their platform, Innovaccer conducted extensive market research to understand the challenges faced by healthcare organizations and the potential for innovation in healthcare IT.
Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
Competitive Analysis: Analyzed competitors offering similar solutions in healthcare analytics and interoperability. Identified gaps in comprehensive data aggregation, real-time analytics, and actionable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
Customer Validation: Conducted pilot programs with several healthcare organizations to validate the platform's effectiveness in improving care outcomes and operational efficiency. Gathered feedback to refine features and user interface.
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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