Presentation: Spain in the 19th centuryrafakarmona
The document provides information about Spain during the 19th century. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The Industrial Revolution transformed Spain's economy and society in the 19th century as factories replaced workshops. There was social unrest during this time as the lower classes faced difficult working conditions. Culturally, Romanticism emerged in art and literature while new architectural styles like Modernism developed in a growing urban landscape.
1. In the late 19th century, Spain experienced political instability and unrest due to authoritarian governments that did not enact democratic reforms. This led to a revolution in 1868 and the establishment of a short-lived republic in 1873.
2. Political stability returned under King Alfonso XII in 1874, beginning the Restoration period. However, this was still not a true democracy, and elections were manipulated. Industrialization began in this time.
3. Unrest continued in the early 20th century under King Alfonso XIII, culminating in the establishment of Primo de Rivera's dictatorship in 1923 after national disasters. This ended in 1930 and led to the formation of the Second Republic in 1931 and democratic reforms
After the death of King Alfonso XII, Spain experienced political instability and conflict in the early 20th century. This led to a military dictatorship under Primo de Rivera from 1923-1930. The Second Republic then began in 1931, establishing democracy, secularism, and autonomy. However, these reforms divided Spain and led to civil war from 1936-1939, resulting in a nationalist victory under Francisco Franco, who ruled as a dictator until his death in 1975.
The document summarizes key events in 19th century Spain, beginning with the Napoleonic invasion in 1808. This led to a war of independence against French occupation from 1808-1814. During this time, liberals drafted Spain's first constitution in 1812 in Cadiz. After the war, King Ferdinand VII abolished the constitution and restored absolutism, leading to conflict between liberals and conservatives. Liberal revolts in 1820 and 1868 briefly restored the 1812 constitution. The document also discusses the independence movements in Spanish America from 1808-1826 and political instability in Spain between moderate and progressive factions during the reign of Isabella II from 1833-1868.
The document discusses the rise of totalitarianism in 1930s Europe in response to the Great Depression. It describes how both communist and fascist governments in Germany, Italy, Russia, and Spain exercised total control over peoples' lives, restricting freedoms. Specifically, it outlines how the Spanish Civil War became a proxy war, with Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin supporting opposing sides for military testing. The brutal 1937 bombing of Guernica by Hitler's forces inspired Picasso's famous anti-war painting.
Spain lost its last colonies in the late 19th century. In the early 20th century, Spain experienced both industrial growth in cities and a rural class system. Social unrest occurred. A dictatorship formed in 1923 led by Primo de Rivera. In 1931, the Second Republic began and reforms like land redistribution and women's suffrage passed. However, conflicts grew and in 1936 General Francisco Franco launched a civil war, leading to dictatorship until his death in 1975. The transition to democracy followed, and Spain is now a modern democracy and member of the European Union.
Presentation: Spain in the 19th centuryrafakarmona
The document provides information about Spain during the 19th century. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The Industrial Revolution transformed Spain's economy and society in the 19th century as factories replaced workshops. There was social unrest during this time as the lower classes faced difficult working conditions. Culturally, Romanticism emerged in art and literature while new architectural styles like Modernism developed in a growing urban landscape.
1. In the late 19th century, Spain experienced political instability and unrest due to authoritarian governments that did not enact democratic reforms. This led to a revolution in 1868 and the establishment of a short-lived republic in 1873.
2. Political stability returned under King Alfonso XII in 1874, beginning the Restoration period. However, this was still not a true democracy, and elections were manipulated. Industrialization began in this time.
3. Unrest continued in the early 20th century under King Alfonso XIII, culminating in the establishment of Primo de Rivera's dictatorship in 1923 after national disasters. This ended in 1930 and led to the formation of the Second Republic in 1931 and democratic reforms
After the death of King Alfonso XII, Spain experienced political instability and conflict in the early 20th century. This led to a military dictatorship under Primo de Rivera from 1923-1930. The Second Republic then began in 1931, establishing democracy, secularism, and autonomy. However, these reforms divided Spain and led to civil war from 1936-1939, resulting in a nationalist victory under Francisco Franco, who ruled as a dictator until his death in 1975.
The document summarizes key events in 19th century Spain, beginning with the Napoleonic invasion in 1808. This led to a war of independence against French occupation from 1808-1814. During this time, liberals drafted Spain's first constitution in 1812 in Cadiz. After the war, King Ferdinand VII abolished the constitution and restored absolutism, leading to conflict between liberals and conservatives. Liberal revolts in 1820 and 1868 briefly restored the 1812 constitution. The document also discusses the independence movements in Spanish America from 1808-1826 and political instability in Spain between moderate and progressive factions during the reign of Isabella II from 1833-1868.
The document discusses the rise of totalitarianism in 1930s Europe in response to the Great Depression. It describes how both communist and fascist governments in Germany, Italy, Russia, and Spain exercised total control over peoples' lives, restricting freedoms. Specifically, it outlines how the Spanish Civil War became a proxy war, with Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin supporting opposing sides for military testing. The brutal 1937 bombing of Guernica by Hitler's forces inspired Picasso's famous anti-war painting.
Spain lost its last colonies in the late 19th century. In the early 20th century, Spain experienced both industrial growth in cities and a rural class system. Social unrest occurred. A dictatorship formed in 1923 led by Primo de Rivera. In 1931, the Second Republic began and reforms like land redistribution and women's suffrage passed. However, conflicts grew and in 1936 General Francisco Franco launched a civil war, leading to dictatorship until his death in 1975. The transition to democracy followed, and Spain is now a modern democracy and member of the European Union.
The document summarizes the history of the Spanish Second Republic from 1931 to 1936. Key events include the overthrow of the monarchy in 1931 and establishment of the democratic republic, the progressive constitution of 1931, a period of leftist reform from 1931-1933 followed by a conservative backlash from 1933-1936 under the Radical-CEDA government, and rising tensions that led to the Popular Front election victory in 1936 and military coup planned shortly thereafter that plunged Spain into civil war.
1) The Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed in 1931 after municipal elections gave victory to Republican candidates, ending the monarchy of Alfonso XIII.
2) The early years of the Republic saw hopes for reform but also social tensions as the Catholic Church and wealthy opposed changes. A new constitution in 1931 established democratic rights.
3) After right-wing electoral victories in 1933, conservative rule from 1933-1936 halted earlier reforms and clashed with Catalan nationalism, fueling leftist opposition.
4) A general strike in 1934 and right-wing support for the CEDA party led to a failed leftist revolt, crushed by a brutal military repression under Franco.
5) Elections in 1936 brought
- Isabel II ruled Spain from 1833 to 1868 but was unpopular. Her governments were dominated by military politicians until they died and the government became too weak. General Prim sent Isabel into exile and sought a new monarch.
- After two years, the Duke of Aosta, Amadeo I, accepted the throne but his reign was extremely unstable, dealing with conflicts between political parties, rebellions, and problems with the army. Unable to cope, he returned to Italy in 1873.
- Spain then became a republic for 11 months but experienced political and social instability along with three civil wars. General Martínez Campos restored the monarchy and Alfonso XII became the new King
The Spanish Civil War began in 1936 as a military rebellion led by Francisco Franco against the Spanish Republic. Franco and the Nationalists were supported by fascist governments in Germany and Italy and sought to restore traditional Spanish values and the powerful role of the Catholic Church. The war resulted in over 500,000 deaths as both sides received foreign support and weapons. After three years, Franco emerged victorious in 1939 and established a repressive dictatorship, banning opposition and severely restricting civil liberties. Franco ruled until his death in 1975, when King Juan Carlos began democratic reforms and transitioned Spain to a constitutional monarchy with autonomous regional governments.
During the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Ferdinand and Isabella unified Spain and expanded its territories through conquests. Their funding of Columbus's expedition led to the discovery of America, beginning the Spanish Empire. Charles I expanded the empire further, though faced problems from revolts. Philip II made the empire even larger but costly wars impoverished Spain. The Spanish Golden Age between 1560-1680 was a high period for arts and culture. By the 17th century, weak rulers and revolts diminished Spain's power, leading to a succession dispute and war in the early 18th century.
The Spanish Civil War was a conflict between 1936 and 1939 that resulted from a military uprising led by Francisco Franco against the Republican government. It involved violence between conservatives and liberals with religious and economic divisions. The war saw the Republican government supported by socialists, anarchists, and international brigades while Franco was backed by fascists in Germany and Italy who provided troops and supplies. After three years of fighting that killed hundreds of thousands, Franco captured Madrid in 1939, defeating the Republicans and establishing a long dictatorship. The war strengthened the fascist powers in Europe and weakened the influence of democratic nations by their non-intervention.
This document provides an overview of Spain's history from the early 20th century through the transition to democracy in the late 1970s. It discusses the reign of King Alfonso XIII and the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera in the 1920s. It then covers the Second Spanish Republic from 1931 to 1936, the Spanish Civil War from 1936 to 1939, and the dictatorship of Francisco Franco from 1939 to 1975. The transition to democracy after Franco's death is also summarized, including the writing of the 1978 constitution and Spain joining the European Union in 1986. Society and culture are briefly discussed as changing significantly after the end of Franco's dictatorship.
The Spanish Civil War began in 1936 as a result of a military coup launched by Nationalist forces led by Francisco Franco against the Republican government. The war divided Spain into two zones - the Nationalist region controlled by Franco and the Republicans. The conflict lasted almost three years and involved three phases - the campaign for Madrid, the northern front, and the end of the war. Life during the war was difficult, with hunger, repression, and refugees fleeing the violence and exiles leaving Spain.
During the early 20th century, Spain was unhappy with the monarchy due to losses of colonies and wars. This led to a coup in 1923 where Primo de Rivera became dictator and banned political parties. In 1931, the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed, establishing reforms like women's suffrage. However, a civil war broke out in 1936 between Republican and Nationalist groups, led by Francisco Franco. Franco emerged victorious in 1939 and established a dictatorship until his death in 1975, repressing opposition and restricting freedoms for several decades.
This document provides study materials for an exam on political revolutions, including definitions, comparisons, summaries and maps related to major revolutions like the American Revolution, French Revolution, and revolutions of the 19th century. It includes keys to define terms, activities to analyze documents related to independence of the USA and the French Revolution, and tasks involving Napoleon, the Restoration period, liberalism and bourgeois revolutions in Europe. Students are to define concepts, compare ideologies, analyze texts, complete tables and maps. The goal is for students to understand the causes and consequences of major political transformations during this era.
The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) was a complex conflict with many dimensions:
- It began as a military coup attempt that divided the Spanish army and country into two opposing sides.
- It also involved class warfare between traditional ruling groups wanting to maintain privileges and new groups wanting modernization.
- International powers like Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy supported the Nationalists, while the Soviet Union supported the Republicans, turning it into an international proxy war.
- The war was characterized by cruelty on both sides and left Spain bitterly divided for decades after.
During the Restoration period in Spain from 1875-1923:
- King Alfonso XII ruled as a constitutional monarch from 1875-1885 and brought greater stability, though political parties disliked the system of electoral fraud.
- Antonio Cánovas del Castillo organized a new political system called the turno pacífico based on two dominant political parties, but it relied on pre-determining election results.
- Economic prosperity occurred but Basque and Catalan nationalism grew in opposition to the unfair political arrangements.
Conflict in Spain from 1898-1939 was a turbulent period. There was social unrest against political corruption and conservatives and liberals sought reforms. José Canalejas enacted some reforms but parties remained unstable. Protests in 1917 against poverty and the Rif War led to strikes. From 1918-1921, laborers clashed with police during strikes and occupied land. A military dictatorship under Primo de Rivera established censorship and repression from 1923-1931. The economic crisis of 1929 further impacted Spain. Primo de Rivera resigned in 1930 due to public hostility and General Berenguer established a milder dictatorship.
The three sentence summary is:
The document discusses the American and French Revolutions in the late 18th century as examples of bourgeois revolutions. It explains some of the key causes and events of these revolutions, including growing discontent with monarchical rule and demands for more political rights and representation that led to independence in America and the establishment of republics in the aftermath of the overthrow of the French monarchy. The revolutions had important political, economic, and social consequences across Europe.
The Spanish Empire controlled most of Central and South America as well as the Philippines in Asia at the start of the 19th century. However, between 1810 and 1825, inspired by the French Revolution, most of Spain's American colonies gained independence as Spain was weakened from fighting France. In 1898, Spain fought the Spanish-American War against the United States over its remaining colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico in America and the Philippines in Asia, which it ultimately lost, marking the end of the Spanish Empire.
Spain in the 20th century experienced the reign of King Alfonso XIII, the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera from 1923-1930, and the Second Republic from 1931-1939 which established rights for both genders and separation of church and state. A civil war from 1936-1939 resulted in victory for rebel forces led by Franco, beginning a dictatorship until 1975. Franco centralized power under a single authoritarian regime that prohibited opposition and favored Catholicism. In the 1970s, protests increased and upon Franco's death in 1975, Spain transitioned to a democratic constitutional monarchy through a process known as the Transition.
Spain experienced political instability in the late 19th century.
Isabel II was forced to abdicate in 1868, which began a period of instability. Her successor, King Amadeo I, also faced conflicts between political parties, rebellions, and problems with the army. Unable to govern effectively, he returned to Italy in 1873.
This led to the establishment of Spain's first republic, but it only lasted 11 months as the country faced three simultaneous civil wars. In 1874, General Manuel Pavia staged a coup which ended the republic and restored the monarchy under King Alfonso XII.
1. In the early 19th century, Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal, sparking the Spanish War of Independence. This war lasted from 1808 to 1814, ending with the French defeat and Ferdinand VII's return to the Spanish throne.
2. Ferdinand VII abolished the liberal Constitution of 1812 and established an absolute monarchy, causing political disorder. Most Spanish colonies gained independence during this time.
3. Isabella II became queen in 1833 but revolutions and unrest led to her exile in 1868, beginning a period of instability with multiple short-lived governments over the next decade.
1. In the early 19th century, Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal, sparking the Spanish War of Independence. This war lasted from 1808 to 1814, ending with the French defeat and Ferdinand VII's return to the Spanish throne.
2. Ferdinand VII abolished the liberal Constitution of 1812 and established an absolute monarchy, causing political disorder. Most Spanish colonies gained independence during this time.
3. Isabella II became queen in 1833 but revolutions and unrest led to her exile in 1868, beginning a period of instability over different forms of government.
The Industrial Revolution began in the late 18th century in Great Britain and spread to Europe, leading to faster production through inventions like the steam engine. This caused many people to move from rural areas to cities seeking work, resulting in overcrowding and poor working conditions. The French Revolution established France as a constitutional monarchy and had ripple effects felt throughout Europe including in Spain. In the 19th century Spain faced political instability, lost its colonies to independence movements, and its society changed with the emergence of social classes like the working proletariat that sought better wages and conditions.
The document summarizes important events in 19th century Spanish history. It describes how France invaded Spain under Napoleon and installed his brother José on the throne, sparking the War of Independence. It then discusses the liberal Constitution of 1812, the restoration of absolutism under Ferdinand VII, and the Carlist Wars over succession. Finally, it outlines the overthrow of Isabel II in 1868, the establishment of parliamentary monarchy and the First Republic, and the restoration of the monarchy under Alfonso XII in 1874.
The document summarizes the history of the Spanish Second Republic from 1931 to 1936. Key events include the overthrow of the monarchy in 1931 and establishment of the democratic republic, the progressive constitution of 1931, a period of leftist reform from 1931-1933 followed by a conservative backlash from 1933-1936 under the Radical-CEDA government, and rising tensions that led to the Popular Front election victory in 1936 and military coup planned shortly thereafter that plunged Spain into civil war.
1) The Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed in 1931 after municipal elections gave victory to Republican candidates, ending the monarchy of Alfonso XIII.
2) The early years of the Republic saw hopes for reform but also social tensions as the Catholic Church and wealthy opposed changes. A new constitution in 1931 established democratic rights.
3) After right-wing electoral victories in 1933, conservative rule from 1933-1936 halted earlier reforms and clashed with Catalan nationalism, fueling leftist opposition.
4) A general strike in 1934 and right-wing support for the CEDA party led to a failed leftist revolt, crushed by a brutal military repression under Franco.
5) Elections in 1936 brought
- Isabel II ruled Spain from 1833 to 1868 but was unpopular. Her governments were dominated by military politicians until they died and the government became too weak. General Prim sent Isabel into exile and sought a new monarch.
- After two years, the Duke of Aosta, Amadeo I, accepted the throne but his reign was extremely unstable, dealing with conflicts between political parties, rebellions, and problems with the army. Unable to cope, he returned to Italy in 1873.
- Spain then became a republic for 11 months but experienced political and social instability along with three civil wars. General Martínez Campos restored the monarchy and Alfonso XII became the new King
The Spanish Civil War began in 1936 as a military rebellion led by Francisco Franco against the Spanish Republic. Franco and the Nationalists were supported by fascist governments in Germany and Italy and sought to restore traditional Spanish values and the powerful role of the Catholic Church. The war resulted in over 500,000 deaths as both sides received foreign support and weapons. After three years, Franco emerged victorious in 1939 and established a repressive dictatorship, banning opposition and severely restricting civil liberties. Franco ruled until his death in 1975, when King Juan Carlos began democratic reforms and transitioned Spain to a constitutional monarchy with autonomous regional governments.
During the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Ferdinand and Isabella unified Spain and expanded its territories through conquests. Their funding of Columbus's expedition led to the discovery of America, beginning the Spanish Empire. Charles I expanded the empire further, though faced problems from revolts. Philip II made the empire even larger but costly wars impoverished Spain. The Spanish Golden Age between 1560-1680 was a high period for arts and culture. By the 17th century, weak rulers and revolts diminished Spain's power, leading to a succession dispute and war in the early 18th century.
The Spanish Civil War was a conflict between 1936 and 1939 that resulted from a military uprising led by Francisco Franco against the Republican government. It involved violence between conservatives and liberals with religious and economic divisions. The war saw the Republican government supported by socialists, anarchists, and international brigades while Franco was backed by fascists in Germany and Italy who provided troops and supplies. After three years of fighting that killed hundreds of thousands, Franco captured Madrid in 1939, defeating the Republicans and establishing a long dictatorship. The war strengthened the fascist powers in Europe and weakened the influence of democratic nations by their non-intervention.
This document provides an overview of Spain's history from the early 20th century through the transition to democracy in the late 1970s. It discusses the reign of King Alfonso XIII and the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera in the 1920s. It then covers the Second Spanish Republic from 1931 to 1936, the Spanish Civil War from 1936 to 1939, and the dictatorship of Francisco Franco from 1939 to 1975. The transition to democracy after Franco's death is also summarized, including the writing of the 1978 constitution and Spain joining the European Union in 1986. Society and culture are briefly discussed as changing significantly after the end of Franco's dictatorship.
The Spanish Civil War began in 1936 as a result of a military coup launched by Nationalist forces led by Francisco Franco against the Republican government. The war divided Spain into two zones - the Nationalist region controlled by Franco and the Republicans. The conflict lasted almost three years and involved three phases - the campaign for Madrid, the northern front, and the end of the war. Life during the war was difficult, with hunger, repression, and refugees fleeing the violence and exiles leaving Spain.
During the early 20th century, Spain was unhappy with the monarchy due to losses of colonies and wars. This led to a coup in 1923 where Primo de Rivera became dictator and banned political parties. In 1931, the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed, establishing reforms like women's suffrage. However, a civil war broke out in 1936 between Republican and Nationalist groups, led by Francisco Franco. Franco emerged victorious in 1939 and established a dictatorship until his death in 1975, repressing opposition and restricting freedoms for several decades.
This document provides study materials for an exam on political revolutions, including definitions, comparisons, summaries and maps related to major revolutions like the American Revolution, French Revolution, and revolutions of the 19th century. It includes keys to define terms, activities to analyze documents related to independence of the USA and the French Revolution, and tasks involving Napoleon, the Restoration period, liberalism and bourgeois revolutions in Europe. Students are to define concepts, compare ideologies, analyze texts, complete tables and maps. The goal is for students to understand the causes and consequences of major political transformations during this era.
The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) was a complex conflict with many dimensions:
- It began as a military coup attempt that divided the Spanish army and country into two opposing sides.
- It also involved class warfare between traditional ruling groups wanting to maintain privileges and new groups wanting modernization.
- International powers like Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy supported the Nationalists, while the Soviet Union supported the Republicans, turning it into an international proxy war.
- The war was characterized by cruelty on both sides and left Spain bitterly divided for decades after.
During the Restoration period in Spain from 1875-1923:
- King Alfonso XII ruled as a constitutional monarch from 1875-1885 and brought greater stability, though political parties disliked the system of electoral fraud.
- Antonio Cánovas del Castillo organized a new political system called the turno pacífico based on two dominant political parties, but it relied on pre-determining election results.
- Economic prosperity occurred but Basque and Catalan nationalism grew in opposition to the unfair political arrangements.
Conflict in Spain from 1898-1939 was a turbulent period. There was social unrest against political corruption and conservatives and liberals sought reforms. José Canalejas enacted some reforms but parties remained unstable. Protests in 1917 against poverty and the Rif War led to strikes. From 1918-1921, laborers clashed with police during strikes and occupied land. A military dictatorship under Primo de Rivera established censorship and repression from 1923-1931. The economic crisis of 1929 further impacted Spain. Primo de Rivera resigned in 1930 due to public hostility and General Berenguer established a milder dictatorship.
The three sentence summary is:
The document discusses the American and French Revolutions in the late 18th century as examples of bourgeois revolutions. It explains some of the key causes and events of these revolutions, including growing discontent with monarchical rule and demands for more political rights and representation that led to independence in America and the establishment of republics in the aftermath of the overthrow of the French monarchy. The revolutions had important political, economic, and social consequences across Europe.
The Spanish Empire controlled most of Central and South America as well as the Philippines in Asia at the start of the 19th century. However, between 1810 and 1825, inspired by the French Revolution, most of Spain's American colonies gained independence as Spain was weakened from fighting France. In 1898, Spain fought the Spanish-American War against the United States over its remaining colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico in America and the Philippines in Asia, which it ultimately lost, marking the end of the Spanish Empire.
Spain in the 20th century experienced the reign of King Alfonso XIII, the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera from 1923-1930, and the Second Republic from 1931-1939 which established rights for both genders and separation of church and state. A civil war from 1936-1939 resulted in victory for rebel forces led by Franco, beginning a dictatorship until 1975. Franco centralized power under a single authoritarian regime that prohibited opposition and favored Catholicism. In the 1970s, protests increased and upon Franco's death in 1975, Spain transitioned to a democratic constitutional monarchy through a process known as the Transition.
Spain experienced political instability in the late 19th century.
Isabel II was forced to abdicate in 1868, which began a period of instability. Her successor, King Amadeo I, also faced conflicts between political parties, rebellions, and problems with the army. Unable to govern effectively, he returned to Italy in 1873.
This led to the establishment of Spain's first republic, but it only lasted 11 months as the country faced three simultaneous civil wars. In 1874, General Manuel Pavia staged a coup which ended the republic and restored the monarchy under King Alfonso XII.
1. In the early 19th century, Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal, sparking the Spanish War of Independence. This war lasted from 1808 to 1814, ending with the French defeat and Ferdinand VII's return to the Spanish throne.
2. Ferdinand VII abolished the liberal Constitution of 1812 and established an absolute monarchy, causing political disorder. Most Spanish colonies gained independence during this time.
3. Isabella II became queen in 1833 but revolutions and unrest led to her exile in 1868, beginning a period of instability with multiple short-lived governments over the next decade.
1. In the early 19th century, Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal, sparking the Spanish War of Independence. This war lasted from 1808 to 1814, ending with the French defeat and Ferdinand VII's return to the Spanish throne.
2. Ferdinand VII abolished the liberal Constitution of 1812 and established an absolute monarchy, causing political disorder. Most Spanish colonies gained independence during this time.
3. Isabella II became queen in 1833 but revolutions and unrest led to her exile in 1868, beginning a period of instability over different forms of government.
The Industrial Revolution began in the late 18th century in Great Britain and spread to Europe, leading to faster production through inventions like the steam engine. This caused many people to move from rural areas to cities seeking work, resulting in overcrowding and poor working conditions. The French Revolution established France as a constitutional monarchy and had ripple effects felt throughout Europe including in Spain. In the 19th century Spain faced political instability, lost its colonies to independence movements, and its society changed with the emergence of social classes like the working proletariat that sought better wages and conditions.
The document summarizes important events in 19th century Spanish history. It describes how France invaded Spain under Napoleon and installed his brother José on the throne, sparking the War of Independence. It then discusses the liberal Constitution of 1812, the restoration of absolutism under Ferdinand VII, and the Carlist Wars over succession. Finally, it outlines the overthrow of Isabel II in 1868, the establishment of parliamentary monarchy and the First Republic, and the restoration of the monarchy under Alfonso XII in 1874.
Presentation - Spain during the Modern Agerafakarmona
- The document discusses Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage where he discovered the Americas and the consequences of this discovery.
- It then summarizes the reigns of several Spanish kings from the 16th-18th centuries including Carlos I, Felipe II, Felipe III, Felipe IV, Carlos II, Felipe V, and Carlos III.
- Key events mentioned include Spain gaining territory in the Americas, Africa, and Asia; wars with France and the Turks; rebellions in Spain; and the loss of Spanish territories after several wars.
This document summarizes important events in late 18th and early 19th century Spain. It describes the reign of King Carlos III who modernized Spain's infrastructure. It then discusses the weak rule of Carlos IV and the influence of Prime Minister Godoy. Napoleon Bonaparte's invasion of Spain and installation of his brother Jose Bonaparte as king led to the Spanish War of Independence from 1808-1814. The Constitution of 1812 established Spain's first constitutional monarchy and granted rights to its citizens, though it initially excluded women and non-Catholics.
The economic situation in the Philippines did not greatly improve under Spanish rule. While some social and cultural changes were made, the economic benefits mainly went to Spanish colonizers rather than Filipinos. New systems like land ownership, tribute payments, and forced labor were introduced but oppressed Filipinos and slowed economic development. This exploitation of resources and people by Spain and the rich landowners contributed to the Philippine revolution for independence.
The document summarizes the history of Spain from prehistoric times to the early 19th century. It describes how France invaded Spain in 1808 under Napoleon Bonaparte, forcing King Carlos IV and his son Fernando VII to abdicate. José Bonaparte then ruled Spain as José I until 1813 when the War of Independence broke out. The war resulted in Spain losing its American territories but gaining independence. The reigns of Fernando VII and his daughter Isabel II were marked by instability and civil wars between supporters of absolutism and constitutional monarchy. The artist Francisco Goya painted portraits of the royal family as well as scenes depicting the horrors of war.
The Spanish War of Independence began in 1808 when Napoleon decided to conquer Spain and the French army occupied the country. This sparked a revolt in Madrid and led to a war that ended in 1814, though it was also a civil war about who should be the monarch. The war split Spanish government between the French-backed government under Joseph I and the Spanish government under Fernando VII. In 1812, the Spanish government approved the liberal Constitution of Cádiz while in exile in Cádiz. Upon returning to power in 1814, Fernando VII abolished the constitution and restored absolutism. This set the stage for future conflicts known as the Carlist Wars over the line of succession.
1. Charles V was elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1519. When he departed for Germany in 1520, he left Cardinal Adrian of Utrecht to rule Castile. This led to a revolt called the Revolt of the Comuneros by citizens in Castile against Charles V's rule.
2. Philip II inherited a vast empire from his father Charles I. He faced many problems during his reign including wars with France and confrontations with the Turks and English.
3. Spain began to lose its supremacy in the 17th century due to economic crisis, population decline, and an impoverished society. France rose to supremacy under the absolute rule of Louis XIV.
Fernando VII ruled Spain from 1814 to 1833, which can be divided into three periods. In the first absolutist period from 1814 to 1820, Fernando VII had unlimited power and suppressed liberals and the constitution. Growing discontent led to a liberal uprising in 1820, beginning the second liberal period until 1823 when French forces restored absolutism. The third period from 1823 to 1833 was one of decadence as Spain lost its colonies and was weakened by internal conflicts over succession.
The French army occupied Spain after Napoleon decided to conquer the country in 1808, sparking the Spanish War of Independence. The war ended in 1814 with Spain defeating France with British help. During the war, Spain had two governments - one led by Joseph I (Napoleon's brother) that controlled most of Spain, and another led by Fernando VII that was based in Cádiz. In 1812, the Cádiz government approved Spain's first liberal constitution called the Constitution of Cádiz, influenced by French Revolutionary ideals. When Fernando VII returned to power in 1814, he abolished the constitution and restored the absolute monarchy.
Presentation - Spain in the 20th and 21st centuriesrafakarmona
The document provides an overview of Spain's political history from the 19th century to the mid-20th century. It notes that in the 19th century, Spain lost most of its American colonies and experienced a constitutional monarchy, republics, and periods of absolute monarchy. In the early 20th century, Spain experienced military dictatorships, republics, and a civil war. The civil war began in 1936 following a military coup and resulted in General Francisco Franco's nationalist forces defeating the republican loyalists by 1939, after which Franco established a long-lasting dictatorship that lasted until his death in 1975.
HISTORY: SPAIN IN THE 17th AND 18th CENTURIES (SUMMARY)rafakarmona
In the 16th-18th centuries, Spain lost power and territories across Europe due to costly wars and bad harvests. Several kings ruled weakly or through favorites, until the Bourbon dynasty came to power in the early 18th century after the War of Succession. The new kings centralized power and modernized Spain through reforms, establishing Spanish as the sole official language and excluding women from the throne. Cultural achievements flourished like Golden Age art, literature, and the Enlightenment brought by French philosophers, while Goya emerged as one of history's great painters.
1. Fernando and Isabel united their kingdoms through marriage, creating a powerful Spain. They established the Spanish Inquisition and expelled Jews in 1492.
2. Explorers like Columbus and Magellan expanded Spain's empire, leading to the conquest of the Aztecs and Incas. This introduced new goods, diseases, and slavery to the Americas.
3. The Hapsburg and Bourbon dynasties ruled Spain over subsequent centuries. The Bourbons centralized power and modernized Spain under the influence of the Enlightenment.
The document summarizes key events in the 19th century that led to the rise of nationalism and independence movements in Europe, Asia, and Latin America. It describes how Russia emancipated serfs in 1861, the American Civil War was fought over slavery, and Maximilian was executed as Emperor of Mexico in 1867. It also discusses the unification of Italy and Germany, the expansion of European colonial empires in Asia and Africa, and the loss of Spain's colonies in Latin America.
1) The 19th century was a period of transformation for Spain as the political, economic, and social structures of the Old Regime disappeared and were replaced by a liberal system.
2) This change brought instability like civil wars and military coups. The economy began to modernize but more slowly than other countries, and Spain remained largely agrarian.
3) The process to achieve democracy in Spain was long and turbulent, including periods of absolutism under King Ferdinand VII and the establishment of the first Spanish constitution in 1812 known as "La Pepa" during the War of Independence against Napoleon's occupation.
Isabel II's weak reign led to her exile in 1868. After several interim rulers, Amadeo I of Italy became king in 1870 but was unpopular due to Spain's political and economic turmoil. He abdicated in 1873, leading to the establishment of Spain's short-lived First Republic which lasted just 11 months with four presidents. General Martínez Campos then restored the monarchy under King Alfonso XII in 1874.
This document provides an overview of influential historical events that shaped the 19th century, including:
- The Bourbon Reforms in Spain and their effects in the Philippines like promoting agriculture and administrative reforms.
- The American and French Revolutions gave rise to nationalism and the idea that loyalty is to one's nation rather than the king.
- The Industrial Revolution began in England and spread, transforming manufacturing through machines.
- Western imperialism spread ideas and knowledge but also relied on force to conquer other nations.
Ferdinand VII's reign from 1814-1833 was divided into three phases: restoration of absolutism from 1814-1820 which caused instability and liberal revolts; a liberal triennium from 1820-1823 which ended when Ferdinand called on French troops to restore absolutism; and a period of repression of liberals from 1823-1833. After Ferdinand's death in 1833, Isabella II took the throne, but Spain experienced political instability and alternating liberal and conservative governments during her reign from 1830-1868, which ended when she was deposed.
Early 19th century Spain was influenced by the French Revolution and invaded by Napoleon Bonaparte's forces in 1807. This led to the Spanish Independence War against the French from 1808 to 1814. During this time two governments formed - the French government under King Joseph Bonaparte in Madrid and the Spanish government ruling from Cadiz under the Constitution of 1812. The Constitution established separation of powers but was later abolished by King Ferdinand VII when he returned to absolute monarchy in 1814.
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Class explanation: Contemporary history - Spain in the 19th century
1. Our Lady of the Loneliness School, Cantillana (Seville) Year 6
2.
3.
4. Look, read and discuss about facts that you remember from
Year 5.
No
children
Expulsion
of the
Moriscos
1598 1621
30 Years’
War
Portugal
became
independent
1665
War of
Succession
-
Bourbon
dynasty
had the
victory
17th CENTURY
Modernized
the
country
Spanish
language
18th CENTURY
1700
Salic Law
1746
Continued
the
reforms
Built
roads and
canals
1759
libraries
and the
Prado
Museum
Menorca
became
Spanish
1788
Unpopular
king
5. In 1807, when Charles IV was the king of Spain, something
happened. Napoleon Bonaparte, the Emperor of France, made a
decision: to occupy Portugal.
Charles IV allowed him to go across Spain to go to Portugal.
However, the French troops invaded some Spanish cities when
they were travelling to Portugal.
1. What was Napoleon Bonaparte’s real intention? Why?
2. Do you think French troops conquered all our country?
Read about the War of Independence and answer.
1
Charles IV
Napoleon Bonaparte
6. This caused a popular revolt (Motín de Aranjuez) which forced
Charles IV to abdicate. His son, Ferdinand VII, became king.
Read and guess. Do you think Ferdinand VII stopped
French invasion?
1
I don’t want to be the
king anymore. My son
will be the king now.
Charles IV Ferdinand VII
7. Soon after Charles IV’s abdication, Napoleon forced Ferdinand
VII to abdicate so he could proclaim his brother, Joseph
Bonaparte, the new king of Spain.
However, the population of Madrid did not accept him and
rebelled against the French. This started the War of
Independence. This war lasted from 1808 to 1817.
1. How long did the War of
Independence last?
2. What do you think that
Ferdinand VII did?
3. Do you think that Joseph
Bonaparte could have been
a good king for Spain?
Read and answer.
1
Joseph Bonaparte
8. Soon after Charles IV’s abdication, Napoleon forced Ferdinand
VII to abdicate so he could proclaim his brother, Joseph
Bonaparte, the new king of Spain.
However, the population of Madrid did not accept him and
rebelled against the French. This started the War of
Independence. This war lasted from 1808 to 1817.
1. How long did the War of
Independence last?
2. What do you think that
Ferdinand VII did?
3. Do you think that Joseph
Bonaparte could have been
a good king for Spain?
Read and answer.
1
Joseph Bonaparte
Act out. In
groups, pretend to
travel in time and
calm down the
citizens of 1808.
They were in panic!
9. When the French were defeated in 1814, Ferdinand VII
returned as the king of Spain.
During the war, the Spanish Parliament moved to Cádiz. In
1812, its members wrote the 1st constitution of Spain, the
Constitution of Cádiz. It limited the king’s power and established
rights for citizens, including the right to vote for men twenty-five
years old or older.
- Do you think that Ferdinand VII
liked the Constitution of Cádiz?
- Do you know another name for
the Constitution of Cádiz?
Read and discuss.
1
10. Viva la Pepa!
After a long and dangerous journey, I arrive in Cádiz to go to a secret meeting.
It is not my first time here; two years ago, in 1812, I was part of a big celebration
for the approval of the Constitution of Cádiz, the first Spanish constitution.
We call it La Pepa because it was approved on 19th March, Saint Joseph’s Day.
We believed the Constitution would help modernize Spain. The Constitution
recognized Ferdinand VII as king, but it also included new ideas, such as making
all men equal and protecting freedom of the press.
The Constitution only lasted two years, and now they arrest everybody that
supported it.
A man walks next to me in the street and whispers: ‘Viva la Pepa!’ It is our motto.
I promise myself to never stop defending ideas like equality, liberty and justice.
1. Where does this short story happen? In what year?
2. Why was the first Spanish Constitution called ‘La Pepa’?
3. What ideas did it include?
4. Why is the character in the story going to a secret meeting?
5. How was the expression ‘Viva la Pepa!’ used?
Read, understand and answer.
1
11. In 1814, when the war finished, Ferdinand VII returned as king
of Spain. He abolished the Constitution of Cádiz and re-
established an absolute monarchy. This caused political disorder
and, as a result, most of the American colonies became
independent. Also, the liberals* were persecuted.
*liberals: people who
supported the Constitution.
Read in pairs and write a list of two positive aspects about
the absolute monarchy and about La Pepa. Discuss.
1
12. In Spain, according to the law of succession, only men could
reign. However, Ferdinand VII changed this law, so his daughter
could ascend to the throne. Isabella II became queen when
Ferdinand VII died in 1833.
- What law did Ferdinand VII change?
- Why did he change it?
- Ferdinand VII’s brother, Carlos
María Isidro, didn’t like the new
law of succession. Why do you
think he didn’t like it?
Read and answer.
1
13. Isabella II was 3 years old when she became queen of Spain.
However, she didn’t reign until she was 13 years old. During that
period, her mother, María Cristina de Borbón, assumed her regency
first and, later, general Baldomero Espartero did.
During her reign, there was a constitutional monarchy that limited
her power. However, numerous military conflicts and changes of
government led to a revolution, and in 1868, Isabella II went into exile.
1
14. Isabella II was 3 years old when she became queen of Spain.
However, she didn’t reign until she was 13 years old. During that
period, her mother, María Cristina de Borbón, assumed her regency
first and, later, general Baldomero Espartero did.
During her reign, there was a constitutional monarchy that limited
her power. However, numerous military conflicts and changes of
government led to a revolution, and in 1868, Isabella II went into exile.
Read and answer these questions orally.
1
- How do you think a 3-year-old girl would govern Spain?
- Explain to your partner why a regency is important.
15. After Isabella II’s exile, a new constitution was created. It established a
monarchy in Spain, but there was a problem: there was no king!
In 1871, Amadeo de Saboya of Italy became king. However, since he was a
foreign king, he did not have much support, and he abdicated two years
later.
In 1873, members of Parliament proclaimed a republic, a form of govern
with no king. It was the 1st time that the Spanish Head of State was not a king,
but a president chosen by citizens. However, it didn’t have much support and
failed after about one year.
Read this information.
1
16. Use 7 linkers and 150 words at least.
Write about the War of Independence, Ferdinand VII, Isabella II,
Amadeo de Saboya and the first republic. Use your own words.
PARAGRAPH 1: INTRODUCTION
PARAGRAPH 2: 1st BODY
PARAGRAPH 3: 2nd BODY
PARAGRAPH 4: CONCLUSION
1
17. In 1874, the son of Isabella II, Alfonso XII, was crowned king of Spain, and a
new historical period known as the Restoration, began.
Alfonso XII died in 1885 and his son, Alfonso XIII, became king of Spain. His
mother, María Cristina governed for him until he was 16 years old.
At the end of the 19th century, during María Cristina’s regency, Spain lost its
last colonies in Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines.
Read this information.
1
Alfonso XII
Alfonso XIII
María Cristina
18. In 1874, the son of Isabella II, Alfonso XII, was crowned king of Spain, and a
new historical period known as the Restoration, began.
Alfonso XII died in 1885 and his son, Alfonso XIII, became king of Spain. His
mother, María Cristina governed for him until he was 16 years old.
At the end of the 19th century, during María Cristina’s regency, Spain lost its
last colonies in Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines.
Read this information.
1
Alfonso XII
Alfonso XIII
María Cristina
In groups,
make a timeline of Spanish
monarchs in the 19th century.
Include the years they ruled
and important events.
19. 1885
Constitutional
monarchy
Not much
support
abdicated 1st
Constitution
Charles IV
allowed
Napoleon
to go
across
Spain to go
to Portugal.
1807 1808 1812
abolished
the 1st
Constitution
1814
absolute
monarchy
1833
Exile
1871 1873
1st
republic
War of
Independence
19th CENTURY
1874
Not much
support
Most of the
American
colonies
became
independent
19th CENTURY
Restoration
20. The Industrial Revolution originated in the United Kingdom at the end of
the 18th century, and then it extended to other countries. In Spain, the
Industrial Revolution took in the 19th century. Factories were built mainly in
Catalonia and the Basque Country (País Vasco).
Small craftsmen’s workshops were replaced by factories with machines
operated by workers. The steam engine was invented and a new energy
source, coal, was used.
Thanks to the steam engine, trains and steamboats were developed, and
the new machines allowed the textile and metal industries to advance very
quickly.
Read this information.
2
21. - Is the factory in the city or in the countryside?
- How do you know this is a factory?
- What type of industry is shown?
- What means of transport can you see?
- Where was your shirt made?
- Where was this table made?
- Who made clothes 300 years ago?
- And tables?
- How have factories changed our lives?
Look, listen and answer.
2
22. - Is the factory in the city or in the countryside?
- How do you know this is a factory?
- What type of industry is shown?
- What means of transport can you see?
- Where was your shirt made?
- Where was this table made?
- Who made clothes 300
years ago?
- And tables?
- How have factories
changed our lives?
Look, listen and answer.
2
23. - A society that was based on agriculture transformed into a
society based on industrial activities.
- The most important industry of Andalusia during the
Industrial Revolution was the Iron Industry.
Dictation. Write and discuss.
2
24. Society in the 19th century was divided into three social classes, based on
wealth.
- The upper class consisted of the wealthiest people:
• the aristocrats. They were nobles who had large areas of land.
• the bourgeois. They were people who had factories, prosperous
merchants and bankers.
- The middle class consisted of small merchants and entrepreneurs, small
landowners, and professionals such as doctors, lawyers and engineers.
- The lower class consisted of poorer people:
• peasants. They worked on the land of large landowners.
• factory workers. They worked in factories and they got a salary. Their
living conditions were very hard. They worked more than 12 hours a
day for very low salaries. They lived in areas of the city with no
electricity or running water. In addition, many children worked in
factories for salaries even lower than those paid to adults. These
workers wanted to protect their interests, so they formed groups
known as labour unions.
Read, look and join the STORY CONTEST.
2
25. Read, look and join the STORY CONTEST.
2
upper
class
middle class
lower class
aristocrats
bourgeois
peasants factory workers etcetera
26. SHORT STORY CONTEST!
Write a story of people from different
social classes in the 19th century.
Include some information about
this century. Remember to use
past simple and
past continuous.
Read, look and join the STORY CONTEST.
2
27. ARCHITECTURE
- At the beginning of the 19th century, neoclassical architecture
developed. Buildings were constructed in a style similar to that of
Greek and Roman architecture.
- During this century, iron bridges were built and new types of
buildings were created, such as railway stations made of iron and
glass.
- At the end of the century, a new architectural style, known as
Modernism, was born. Modernist buildings show curved and wavy
shapes that simulate
forms in nature. In
Spain, the most
famous modernist
architect was Antoni
Gaudí, creator of the
Casa Milà in Barcelona.
Read and match pictures and architectural styles.
3
Antoni Gaudí
28. Read and match pictures and architectural styles.
3
Railway station in Almería
Neoclassical
architecture
New types of
buildings with
iron and glass
Modernism
29. SCULPTURE
The transformation of cities influenced sculpture. During this
century, squares, gardens and avenues were decorated with beautiful
sculptures made mainly of stone. One of the most famous sculptors
was Ricardo Bellver.
Read this information.
3
El ángel caído (The Fallen
Angel) by Ricardo Bellver
Do you think that
sculptures have transformed
cities and towns? How? Explain.
30. PAINTING
At the beginning of the 19th century, Francisco de Goya was
painter at the Spanish Court and painted portraits of Charles IV
and Ferdinand VII. However, he also painted popular scenes
such as festivals and wine harvests. Goya is considered one of
the greatest artist in history.
At the end of the 19th century, Impressionism was born. This
art movement introduced innovative painting techniques.
Impressionists painters put more emphasis on colour than
drawing, as well as on the effect of light in landscapes. The most
important Spanish impressionist painter was Joaquín Sorolla.
Read and guess who painted each picture. Then, explain why
you think so.
3
31. Who painted
this picture?
a. Francisco de
Goya.
b. Joaquín Sorolla.
Read and guess who painted each picture. Then, explain why
you think so.
3
The Family of Charles IV
32. Who painted
this picture?
a. Francisco de
Goya.
b. Joaquín Sorolla.
Read and guess who painted each picture. Then, explain why
you think so.
3
The Family of Charles IV
Why?
33. Who painted
this picture?
a. Francisco de
Goya.
b. Joaquín Sorolla.
Read and guess who painted each picture. Then, explain why
you think so.
3
Women Walking on the Beach
34. Who painted
this picture?
a. Francisco de
Goya.
b. Joaquín Sorolla.
Read and guess who painted each picture. Then, explain why
you think so.
3
Women Walking on the Beach
Why?
35. LITERATURE
During the 19th century, there were great writers in Spain.
You could find them in the 3 genres of literature:
- Narrative: Benito Pérez Galdós and Leopoldo Alas ‘Clarín’.
- Poem: Rosalía de Castro and Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer.
- Drama: José Zorrilla, who wrote Don Juan Tenorio.
Memorize their faces and names in 1 minute:
Read and match these writers and their genres of literature.
3
37. LITERATURE
At the end of the century, when Spain lost its last colonies in
America, a group of writers known as the Generation of ‘98
wrote pessimistically about the social and political situation of
Spain. This group included writers such as Pío Baroja, Miguel de
Unamuno, Antonio Machado and Ramón María del Valle-Inclán.
- What was the Generation of ‘98?
- Name three writers who belonged to this group.
- If you were a writer at the end of the 19th century, would you
be part of the Generation of ’98? Why?
Read and answer.
3
Know the writers from the
Generation of ‘98.