The document provides information about Spain during the 19th century. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences: The Industrial Revolution transformed Spain's economy and society in the 19th century as factories replaced workshops. There was social unrest during this time as the lower classes faced difficult working conditions. Culturally, Romanticism emerged in art and literature while new architectural styles like Modernism developed in a growing urban landscape.

1. by Rafael
Rodríguez
Pérez
PRESENTATION without answers

5. Look, read and discuss about facts that you remember from
Year 5.
No
children
Expulsion
of the
Moriscos
1598 1621
30 Years’
War
Portugal
became
independent
1665
War of
Succession
-
Bourbon
dynasty
had the
victory
17th CENTURY
Modernized
the
country
Spanish
language
18th CENTURY
1700
Salic Law
1746
Continued
the
reforms
Built
roads and
canals
1759
libraries
and the
Prado
Museum
Menorca
became
Spanish
1788
Unpopular
king

7. In 1807, when Carlos IV was the king of Spain, something
happened. Napoleon Bonaparte, the Emperor of France, made a
decision: to occupy Portugal.
Carlos IV allowed him to go across Spain to go to Portugal.
However, the French troops invaded some Spanish cities when
they were travelling to Portugal.
1. What was Napoleon Bonaparte’s real intention? Why?
2. Do you think French troops conquered all our country?
1-2-group. Read about the War of Independence and answer.
1
Carlos IV
Napoleon Bonaparte

8. This caused a popular revolt (Motín de Aranjuez) which forced
Carlos IV to abdicate. His son, Fernando VII, became king.
Whole class activity. Read and guess. Do you think Fernando VII
stopped French invasion?
I don’t want to be the
king anymore. My son
will be the king now.
Carlos IV Fernando VII
1

9. Soon after Carlos IV’s abdication, Napoleon forced Fernando
VII to abdicate so he could proclaim his brother, Joseph
Bonaparte, the new king of Spain.
However, the population of Madrid did not accept him and
rebelled against the French. This started the War of
Independence. This war lasted from 1808 to 1817.
1. How long did the War of
Independence last?
2. What do you think that
Fernando VII did?
3. Do you think that Joseph
Bonaparte could have been
a good king for Spain?
Read and answer.
Joseph Bonaparte
1

10. Soon after Carlos IV’s abdication, Napoleon forced Fernando
VII to abdicate so he could proclaim his brother, Joseph
Bonaparte, the new king of Spain.
However, the population of Madrid did not accept him and
rebelled against the French. This started the War of
Independence. This war lasted from 1808 to 1817.
1. How long did the War of
Independence last?
2. What do you think that
Fernando VII did?
3. Do you think that Joseph
Bonaparte could have been
a good king for Spain?
Numbered heads together. Read and answer.
Joseph Bonaparte
Act out in
groups. Pretend to
travel in time and
calm down the
citizens of 1808.
They were in panic!
1

11. Draw this picture in a sheet of paper and describe it.
1
The 3rd of May 1808, by Francisco de Goya

12. When the French were defeated in 1814, Fernando VII
returned as the king of Spain.
During the war, the Spanish Parliament moved to Cádiz. In
1812, its members wrote the 1st constitution of Spain, the
Constitution of Cádiz. It limited the king’s power and established
rights for citizens, including the right to vote for men twenty-five
years old or older.
- Do you think that Fernando VII
liked the Constitution of Cádiz?
- Do you know another name for
the Constitution of Cádiz?
Class discussion. Read and discuss.
1

13. Viva la Pepa!
After a long and dangerous journey, I arrive in Cádiz to go to a secret meeting.
It is not my first time here; two years ago, in 1812, I was part of a big celebration
for the approval of the Constitution of Cádiz, the first Spanish constitution.
We call it La Pepa because it was approved on 19th March, Saint Joseph’s Day.
We believed the Constitution would help modernize Spain. The Constitution
recognized Fernando VII as king, but it also included new ideas, such as making
all men equal and protecting freedom of the press.
The Constitution only lasted two years, and now they arrest everybody that
supported it.
A man walks next to me in the street and whispers: ‘Viva la Pepa!’ It is our motto.
I promise myself to never stop defending ideas like equality, liberty and justice.
1. Where does this short story happen? In what year?
2. Why was the first Spanish Constitution called ‘La Pepa’?
3. What ideas did it include?
4. Why is the character in the story going to a secret meeting?
5. How was the expression ‘Viva la Pepa!’ used?
Individual activity. Read, understand and answer.
1

14. In 1814, when the war finished, Fernando VII returned as king
of Spain. He abolished the Constitution of Cádiz and re-
established an absolute monarchy. This caused political disorder
and, as a result, most of the American colonies became
independent. Also, the liberals* were persecuted.
*liberals: people who
supported the Constitution.
Thinking twins. Read in pairs and write a list of two positive
aspects about the absolute monarchy and about La Pepa. Discuss.
1

15. In Spain, according to the law of succession, only men could
reign. However, Fernando VII changed this law, so his daughter
could ascend to the throne. Isabel II became queen when
Fernando VII died in 1833.
- What law did Fernando VII change?
- Why did he change it?
- Fernando VII’s brother, Carlos
María Isidro, didn’t like the new
law of succession. Why do you
think he didn’t like it?
Whole class activity. Read and answer orally.
1

16. 1
Isabel II was 3 years old when she became queen of Spain. However,
she didn’t reign until she was 13 years old. During that period, her
mother, María Cristina de Borbón, assumed her regency first and, later,
general Baldomero Espartero did.
During her reign, there was a constitutional monarchy that limited
her power. However, numerous military conflicts and changes of
government led to a revolution, and in 1868, Isabel II went into exile.
Whole class activity. Read and answer these questions orally.

17. Isabel II was 3 years old when she became queen of Spain. However,
she didn’t reign until she was 13 years old. During that period, her
mother, María Cristina de Borbón, assumed her regency first and, later,
general Baldomero Espartero did.
During her reign, there was a constitutional monarchy that limited
her power. However, numerous military conflicts and changes of
government led to a revolution, and in 1868, Isabel II went into exile.
Whole class activity. Read and answer these questions orally.
- How do you think a 3-year-old girl would
govern Spain?
- Explain to your partner why a regency is
important.
1

18. After Isabel II’s exile, a new constitution was created. It established a
monarchy in Spain, but there was a problem: there was no king!
In 1871, Amadeo de Saboya of Italy became king. However, since he was a
foreign king, he did not have much support, and he abdicated two years
later.
In 1873, members of Parliament proclaimed a republic, a form of govern
with no king. It was the 1st time that the Spanish Head of State was not a king,
but a president chosen by citizens. However, it didn’t have much support and
failed after about one year.
Thinking twins. Read this information and write your opinion briefly.
1

19. Use 7 linkers and 150 words at least.
Write about the War of Independence, Fernando VII, Isabel II, Amadeo
de Saboya and the first republic. Use your own words.
PARAGRAPH 1: INTRODUCTION
PARAGRAPH 2: 1st BODY
PARAGRAPH 3: 2nd BODY
PARAGRAPH 4: CONCLUSION
1

20. In 1874, the son of Isabel II, Alfonso XII, was crowned king of Spain, and a
new historical period known as the Restoration, began.
Alfonso XII died in 1885 and his son, Alfonso XIII, became king of Spain. His
mother, María Cristina governed for him until he was 16 years old.
At the end of the 19th century, during María Cristina’s regency, Spain lost its
last colonies in Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines.
Read this information.
Alfonso XII
Alfonso XIII
María Cristina
1

21. In 1874, the son of Isabel II, Alfonso XII, was crowned king of Spain, and a
new historical period known as the Restoration, began.
Alfonso XII died in 1885 and his son, Alfonso XIII, became king of Spain. His
mother, María Cristina governed for him until he was 16 years old.
At the end of the 19th century, during María Cristina’s regency, Spain lost its
last colonies in Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines.
Read this information.
Alfonso XII
Alfonso XIII
María Cristina
Work in
groups. Make a timeline of
Spanish monarchs in the
19th century. Include the
years they ruled and
important events.
1

22. 1885
Constitutional
monarchy
Not much
support
abdicated 1st
Constitution
Carlos IV
allowed
Napoleon
to go
across
Spain to go
to Portugal.
1807 1808 1812
abolished
the 1st
Constitution
1814
absolute
monarchy
1833
Exile
1871 1873
1st
republic
War of
Independence
19th CENTURY
1874
Not much
support
Most of the
American
colonies
became
independent
19th CENTURY
Restoration

24. The Industrial Revolution originated in the United Kingdom at the end of
the 18th century, and then it extended to other countries. In Spain, the
Industrial Revolution took in the 19th century. Factories were built mainly in
Catalonia and the Basque Country (País Vasco).
Small craftsmen’s workshops were replaced by factories with machines
operated by workers. The steam engine was invented and a new energy
source, coal, was used.
Thanks to the steam engine, trains and steamboats were developed, and
the new machines allowed the textile and metal industries to advance very
quickly.
Class discussion. Read and discuss.
2

25. 2
Numbered heads together. Look, listen and answer.

26. - Is the factory in the city or in the countryside?
- How do you know this is a factory?
- What type of industry is shown?
- What means of transport can you see?
- Where was your shirt made?
- Where was this table made?
- Who made clothes 300
years ago?
- And tables?
- How have factories
changed our lives?
2
Numbered heads together. Look, listen and answer.

27. 2
Dictation. Write and discuss.

28. - A society that was based on agriculture transformed into a
society based on industrial activities.
- The most important industry of Andalusia during the
Industrial Revolution was the Iron Industry.
Dictation. Write and discuss.
2

29. Society in the 19th century was divided into three social classes, based on
wealth.
- The upper class consisted of the wealthiest people:
• the aristocrats. They were nobles who had large areas of land.
• the bourgeois. They were people who had factories, prosperous
merchants and bankers.
- The middle class consisted of small merchants and entrepreneurs, small
landowners, and professionals such as doctors, lawyers and engineers.
- The lower class consisted of poorer people:
• peasants. They worked on the land of large landowners.
• factory workers. They worked in factories and they got a salary. Their
living conditions were very hard. They worked more than 12 hours a
day for very low salaries. They lived in areas of the city with no
electricity or running water. In addition, many children worked in
factories for salaries even lower than those paid to adults. These
workers wanted to protect their interests, so they formed groups
known as labour unions.
Individual activity. Read, look and join the STORY CONTEST.
2

30. Individual activity. Read, look and join the STORY CONTEST.
upper
class
middle class
lower class
aristocrats
bourgeois
peasants factory workers etcetera
2

31. SHORT STORY CONTEST!
Write a story of people from different
social classes in the 19th century.
Include some information about
this century. Remember to use
past simple and
past continuous.
Individual activity. Read, look and join the STORY CONTEST.
2

33. ARCHITECTURE
- At the beginning of the 19th century, neoclassical architecture
developed. Buildings were constructed in a style similar to that of
Greek and Roman architecture.
- During this century, iron bridges were built and new types of
buildings were created, such as railway stations made of iron and
glass.
- At the end of the century, a new architectural style, known as
Modernism, was born. Modernist buildings show curved and wavy
shapes that simulate
forms in nature. In
Spain, the most
famous modernist
architect was Antoni
Gaudí, creator of the
Casa Milà in Barcelona.
Read and match pictures and architectural styles.
3
Antoni Gaudí

34. Read and match pictures and architectural styles.
Railway station in Almería
Neoclassical
architecture
New types of
buildings with
iron and glass
Modernism
3

35. SCULPTURE
The transformation of cities influenced sculpture. During this
century, squares, gardens and avenues were decorated with beautiful
sculptures made mainly of stone. One of the most famous sculptors
was Ricardo Bellver.
Thinking twins. Read this information and answer.
El ángel caído (The Fallen
Angel) by Ricardo Bellver
Do you think that sculptures have
transformed cities and towns? How?
Explain.
3

36. PAINTING
At the beginning of the 19th century, Francisco de Goya was
painter at the Spanish Court and painted portraits of Carlos IV
and Fernando VII. However, he also painted popular scenes
such as festivals and wine harvests. Goya is considered one of
the greatest artist in history.
At the end of the 19th century, Impressionism was born. This
art movement introduced innovative painting techniques.
Impressionists painters put more emphasis on colour than
drawing, as well as on the effect of light in landscapes. The most
important Spanish impressionist painter was Joaquín Sorolla.
Class contest. Read and guess who painted each picture. Then,
explain why you think so.
3

37. Who painted
this picture?
a. Francisco de
Goya.
b. Joaquín Sorolla.
The Family of Carlos IV
Class contest. Read and guess who painted each picture. Then,
explain why you think so.
3

38. Who painted
this picture?
a. Francisco de
Goya.
b. Joaquín Sorolla.
Women Walking on the Beach
Class contest. Read and guess who painted each picture. Then,
explain why you think so.
3

39. LITERATURE
During the 19th century, there were great writers in Spain.
You could find them in the 3 genres of literature:
- Narrative: Benito Pérez Galdós and Leopoldo Alas ‘Clarín’.
- Poem: Rosalía de Castro and Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer.
- Drama: José Zorrilla, who wrote Don Juan Tenorio.
Memorize their faces and names in 1 minute:
Read and match these writers and their genres of literature.
3

40. LITERATURE
Read and match these writers and their genres of literature.
3

41. LITERATURE
At the end of the century, when Spain lost its last colonies in
America, a group of writers known as the Generation of ‘98
wrote pessimistically about the social and political situation of
Spain. This group included writers such as Pío Baroja, Miguel de
Unamuno, Antonio Machado and Ramón María del Valle-Inclán.
- What was the Generation of ‘98?
- Name three writers who belonged to this group.
- If you were a writer at the end of the 19th century, would you
be part of the Generation of ’98? Why?
Individual activity. Read and answer.
Know the writers from the
Generation of ‘98.
3

42. LITERATURE
The Generation of ‘98
3
Individual activity. Read and answer.

43. Group work. Copy this table in your notebook and complete.
POLITICS SOCIETY ARTS