This document discusses eicosanoids, which are important regulatory molecules produced from arachidonic acid. There are two main classes of eicosanoids - prostaglandins/thromboxanes and leukotrienes. Prostaglandins mediate inflammation and pain sensitivity, while thromboxanes are involved in blood clotting and artery constriction. Leukotrienes attract white blood cells and are involved in inflammatory diseases like asthma. Eicosanoids have roles in processes like inflammation, blood pressure regulation, and reproduction. They act through G-protein coupled receptors on target cells.
Seretonin (5HT) and Its Antagonists PharmacologyPranatiChavan
Serotonin is a chemical that has a wide variety of functions in the human body. It is sometimes called the happy chemical, because it contributes to wellbeing and happiness.
The scientific name for serotonin is 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT. It is mainly found in the brain, bowels, and blood platelets.
Serotonin is used to transmit messages between nerve cells, it is thought to be active in constricting smooth muscles, and it contributes to wellbeing and happiness, among other things. As the precursor for melatonin, it helps regulate the body’s sleep-wake cycles and the internal clock.
It is thought to play a role in appetite, the emotions, and motor, cognitive, and autonomic functions. However, it is not known exactly if serotonin affects these directly, or if it has an overall role in co-ordinating the nervous system.
(Eicosanoids) Prostaglandins, leucotrienes, and platelet activating factorsPranatiChavan
Prostaglandins (PGs) and Leukotrienes (LTs) are biologically active derivatives of 20 carbon atom polyunsaturated essential fatty acids that are released from cell membrane phospholipids. They are the major lipid derived autacoids.
Seretonin (5HT) and Its Antagonists PharmacologyPranatiChavan
Serotonin is a chemical that has a wide variety of functions in the human body. It is sometimes called the happy chemical, because it contributes to wellbeing and happiness.
The scientific name for serotonin is 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT. It is mainly found in the brain, bowels, and blood platelets.
Serotonin is used to transmit messages between nerve cells, it is thought to be active in constricting smooth muscles, and it contributes to wellbeing and happiness, among other things. As the precursor for melatonin, it helps regulate the body’s sleep-wake cycles and the internal clock.
It is thought to play a role in appetite, the emotions, and motor, cognitive, and autonomic functions. However, it is not known exactly if serotonin affects these directly, or if it has an overall role in co-ordinating the nervous system.
(Eicosanoids) Prostaglandins, leucotrienes, and platelet activating factorsPranatiChavan
Prostaglandins (PGs) and Leukotrienes (LTs) are biologically active derivatives of 20 carbon atom polyunsaturated essential fatty acids that are released from cell membrane phospholipids. They are the major lipid derived autacoids.
Histamine, meaning ‘tissue amine’ (histos—tissue) is almost ubiquitously present in animal tissues and in certain plants, e.g. stinging nettle. Its pharmacology was studied in detail by Dale in the beginning of the 20th century when close parallelism was noted between its actions and the manifestations of certain allergic reactions. It was implicated as a mediator of hypersensitivity phenomena and tissue injury reactions. It is now known to play important physiological roles.
This ppt provides the detailed about the bradykinin and their physiological and pharmacological actions and their generation and their mechanisms in detailed manner.
Dr. Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc( Veterinary pharmacology, TU,Nepal),posted lecturer notes on AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY for B.V.Sc & A.H. 6 th semester veterinary students of College of veterinary science,Nepal Polytechnique Institute, Bharatpur, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal.I hope this lecture notes may be beneficial for other Nepalese veterinary students. Please send your comment and suggestion .Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,moble,00977-9845024121
Fibrinolytics and anti platelet agents(easy)prithvilokesh
about platelet plug formation Fibrinolytic and anti platelet agents pathology, classes of drugs with mechanism of action , adverse effects uses and novel drugs..
General introduction about the autocoids like Function of Autocoids and it's classification and Introduction about the Ecosanoids, Histamine part having introduction, Properties, Mode of Action, Adverse Effect, Biosynthesis and metabolism all in a simple manner with related questions.
Part I-VI:Autocoids: Histamine, Antihistamine, 5-HT & 5-HT AntagonistShaikh Abusufyan
This slide deck give detail presentation on Pharmacology of Histamine, Anti-histamine, 5-HT & Anti-5HT.
For all IX video lecture of this topic click:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BYfo1EfxdCJtJDf8EjT0ffl
- For More Such Learning You Can Subscribe to My YouTube Channel.
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5o-WkzmDJaF7udyAP2jtgw/featured?sub_confirmation=1
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/asacademylearningforever
Website Blog: https://itasacademy.blogspot.com/
Expt. 9 Effect of atropine on DRC of acetylcholine using rat ileumVISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Experimental specifications (conditions)
Preparation of ACh and Atropine stock and std. solutions
Preparation of Tyrode solution (PSS)
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Calculation
Graphical presentation of CRC/ DRC
Result and interpretation
By Dr. Vishal Pawar, MD pharmacology
considering the complex nature of this topic, i am hereby providing a comprehensive review of prostaglandins and its various effects in the body, which after a through go through should be enough for simplifying the understanding of prostaglandins
Expt. 8 Effect of physostigmine on DRC of acetylcholine using frog rectus abd...VISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Experimental specifications (conditions)
Preparation of ACh and Physostigmine stock and std. solutions
Preparation of frog ringer solution (PSS)
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Calculation of magnification value (Mf)
Graphical presentation of CRC/ DRC
Result and interpretation
A Powerpoint presentation on the basics of Eicosanoids which includes Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes (LTs) ad Platelete Activating Factors (PAF) suitable for Undergraduate level Medical students.
Histamine, meaning ‘tissue amine’ (histos—tissue) is almost ubiquitously present in animal tissues and in certain plants, e.g. stinging nettle. Its pharmacology was studied in detail by Dale in the beginning of the 20th century when close parallelism was noted between its actions and the manifestations of certain allergic reactions. It was implicated as a mediator of hypersensitivity phenomena and tissue injury reactions. It is now known to play important physiological roles.
This ppt provides the detailed about the bradykinin and their physiological and pharmacological actions and their generation and their mechanisms in detailed manner.
Dr. Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc( Veterinary pharmacology, TU,Nepal),posted lecturer notes on AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY for B.V.Sc & A.H. 6 th semester veterinary students of College of veterinary science,Nepal Polytechnique Institute, Bharatpur, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal.I hope this lecture notes may be beneficial for other Nepalese veterinary students. Please send your comment and suggestion .Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,moble,00977-9845024121
Fibrinolytics and anti platelet agents(easy)prithvilokesh
about platelet plug formation Fibrinolytic and anti platelet agents pathology, classes of drugs with mechanism of action , adverse effects uses and novel drugs..
General introduction about the autocoids like Function of Autocoids and it's classification and Introduction about the Ecosanoids, Histamine part having introduction, Properties, Mode of Action, Adverse Effect, Biosynthesis and metabolism all in a simple manner with related questions.
Part I-VI:Autocoids: Histamine, Antihistamine, 5-HT & 5-HT AntagonistShaikh Abusufyan
This slide deck give detail presentation on Pharmacology of Histamine, Anti-histamine, 5-HT & Anti-5HT.
For all IX video lecture of this topic click:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BYfo1EfxdCJtJDf8EjT0ffl
- For More Such Learning You Can Subscribe to My YouTube Channel.
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5o-WkzmDJaF7udyAP2jtgw/featured?sub_confirmation=1
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/asacademylearningforever
Website Blog: https://itasacademy.blogspot.com/
Expt. 9 Effect of atropine on DRC of acetylcholine using rat ileumVISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Experimental specifications (conditions)
Preparation of ACh and Atropine stock and std. solutions
Preparation of Tyrode solution (PSS)
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Calculation
Graphical presentation of CRC/ DRC
Result and interpretation
By Dr. Vishal Pawar, MD pharmacology
considering the complex nature of this topic, i am hereby providing a comprehensive review of prostaglandins and its various effects in the body, which after a through go through should be enough for simplifying the understanding of prostaglandins
Expt. 8 Effect of physostigmine on DRC of acetylcholine using frog rectus abd...VISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Experimental specifications (conditions)
Preparation of ACh and Physostigmine stock and std. solutions
Preparation of frog ringer solution (PSS)
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Calculation of magnification value (Mf)
Graphical presentation of CRC/ DRC
Result and interpretation
A Powerpoint presentation on the basics of Eicosanoids which includes Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes (LTs) ad Platelete Activating Factors (PAF) suitable for Undergraduate level Medical students.
Any of a group of potent hormone like substances that are produced in various mammalian tissues, are derived from arachidonic acid, and mediate a wide range of physiological functions, such as control of blood pressure, contraction of uterine, smooth muscle, and modulation of inflammation.
Overview of Discussion-
Renin-Angiotensin system (RAS)
a) Circulating renin-angiotensin system
b)Tissue (local) renin-angiotensin systems
c)Alternative (ACE-independent) pathway
Other angiotensin peptides
Angiotensin receptors and transducer mechanisms
Actions of angiotensins
Pathophysiological roles of angiotensins
Inhibition of renin-angiotensin system
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...
Class autocoids 3 prostaglandins
1. Dr. RAGHU PRASADA M S
MBBS,MD
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF PHARMACOLOGY
SSIMS & RC. 1
2. Prostaglandins and related compounds are collectively known
as eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are important regulatory
molecules
Most are produced from arachidonic acid, a 20-carbon
polyunsaturated fatty acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid).
The eicosanoids are considered "local hormones."
They have specific effects on target cells close to their site
of formation. They are rapidly degraded, so they are not
transported to distal sites within the body.
There is evidence for involvement of eicosanoids in
intracellular signal cascades.
3. Two classes: Prostaglandins/thromboxanes, and
Leukotrienes
Prostaglandins – mediate pain sensitivity,
inflammation and swelling
Thromboxanes – involved in blood clotting,
constriction of arteries
Leukotrienes – attract white cells, involved
inflammatory diseases (asthma, arthritis, etc..)
4.
5. Examples of eicosanoids:
prostaglandins, prostacyclins
thromboxanes, leukotrienes
epoxyeicosatrienoic acids.
They have roles in:
inflammation, fever
regulation of blood pressure, blood clotting
immune system modulation
control of reproductive processes & tissue growth
regulation of sleep/wake cycle.
6. Prostaglandins & related compounds are transported
out of the cells that synthesize them.
Most affect other cells by interacting with plasma
membrane G-protein coupled receptors.
Depending on the cell type, the activated G-
protein may stimulate or inhibit formation of cAMP, or
may activate a phosphatidylinositol signal pathway
leading to intracellular Ca++ release.
Another prostaglandin receptor, designated PPARg, is
related to a family of nuclear receptors with
transcription factor activity.
7. Prostaglandin H2 Synthase production
of PGs, PGI2 & TXA2
PG endoperoxides (PGG2 & PGH2) are
more potent & long-acting than the
PGs to which they decompose
TXA2 formed mainly in platelets by TX
synthase mediating vasoconstriction &
platelet aggregation
PGI2, formed mainly in endothelium
by PGI synthase opposes TXA2
COOH
COOH
O
O
OH
COOH
O
O
OOH
2 O2
2 e
arachidonic acid
PGG2
PGH2
Cyclooxygenase
Peroxidase
8.
9. PGI2/D2/E2 →dila on of arterioles, pre-capillary sphincters & post-
capillary veins → increased blood flow & cardiac output
TXA2 is a potent vasoconstrictor
TXA2 & PGI2 are potent platelet aggregation inducer & inhibitor
respectively Vasoconstriction, Platelet aggregation, lymphocyte
proliferation, bronchoconstriction
PGI2 de-aggregate platelets clumps & reduces myocardial infarct size &
ischemic organ damage
PGI2, PGE2, & NO are simultaneously released from endothelium
PGE2 inhibits B- & T-lymphocyte activation & proliferation, inhibiting
antibodies & lymphokines production
10. Smooth muscle:
Bronchial muscle relaxation by PGE2 & PGI2, but
constriction by TXA2, LTC4 & LTD4
Human pregnant uterus is contracted by PGE1/2, and PGF2α
GIT: PGEs & PGI2 inhibit gastric acid secretion & reduce
pepsin content
They increase bicarbonate, mucus & blood flow
Increased electrolyte/water movement into intestinal
lumen (diarrhea)
TXA2 is pro-ulcerogenic
11.
12. Platelet Aggregation &
Thrombosis
PGI2: ( Inhibit Aggregation)
Released by endothelial cells
Responsible for non-adherence
of platelets to healthy blood
vessels
PGE2 & TXA2: ( Promote Clotting
Process)
Produced by platelets, accounts
for spontaneous aggregation of
platelets to thrombin, collagen at
the site of injury
13. Renal System
PGs enhance urine
formation, natriuresis,
& kaliuresis via action
on renal blood flow &
tubules
PGD2, PGE2, PGI2
stimulate renin release
PGs inhibit water re-
absorption under ADH
effect
14. Nervous system
Hyperthermia by PGE2, related pyrogen-induced fever
Antipyretic action of ASA & NSAIDs is via inhibition of
COX-1, -2 & -3
Algesia induction & pain sensitization to histamine, BK
or mechanical stimuli
Analgesic action of ASA & NSAIDs is via inhibition of
COXs
15. Eicosan
oid
Major Site(s) of
Synthesis
Major Biological Activities
PGD2 mast cells
inhibits platelet and leukocyte aggregation,
decreases T-cell proliferation and lymphocyte
migration and secretion of IL-1Α and
IL-2; induces vasodilation and production of
cAMP
PGE2
kidney, spleen,
heart
increases vasodilation and cAMP production,
enhancement of the effects of bradykinin
and histamine, induction of uterine
contractions and of platelet aggregation;
decreases T-cell proliferation and lymphocyte
migration and secretion of IL-1Α and
IL-2
PGF2α
kidney, spleen,
heart
increases vasoconstriction,
bronchoconstriction and smooth muscle
contraction
.
16. PGI2, PGE2, PGD2
↑ Vasodila on, cAMP
↓ Platelet and leukocyte aggrega on, IL1 and IL2, T-
cell proliferation, lymphocyte migration
PGF2a
↑ Vasoconstric on, Bronchoconstric on, smooth
muscle contraction
TXA2
↑ Vasoconstric on, Platelet aggrega on, lymphocyte
proliferation, bronchoconstriction
17. Eicosa
noid
Major Site(s) of
Synthesis
Major Biological Activities
PGH2 many sites
a short-lived precursor to thromboxanes A2
and B2, induction of platelet aggregation
and vasoconstriction
PGI2
heart, vascular
endothelial cells
inhibits platelet and leukocyte aggregation,
decreases T-cell proliferation and
lymphocyte migration and secretion of IL-
1Α and IL-2; induces vasodilation
and production of cAMP
.
18. Uterine Stimulation
Carboprost (15-methyl PGF2α)
Used by IM route for induction of abortion between
12th -20th gestational weeks
Used at a dose of 250 μg every 1-3 hrs
Dinoprost (PGF2α)
Injection form for intra-amniotic administration
Used to induce labour or abortion
19. Misoprostol is a synthetic methyl ester analogue of PGE1
Used to prevent drug-induced gastric ulceration during
NSAIDs, corticosteroid or anticoagulant therapy
It can be used alone or in combination with antacids for
duodenal ulcer treatment
Not used for pregnant women or whom are planning
pregnancy
20. Epoprostenol (PGI2):
It is used as a heparin replacement in some
hemodialysis patients
Used to prevent platelet aggregation in extracorporal
circulation systems
Impotence
Alprostadil (PGE1) was used by in jection into corpora
cavernosa to maintain erection
Replaced by PDE-V inhibitors
21. Eicosanoid
Major Site(s) of
Synthesis
Major Biological Activities
TXA2 platelets
induces platelet aggregation,
vasoconstriction, lymphocyte proliferation
and bronchoconstriction
TXB2 platelets induces vasoconstriction
22. LTB4
↑ Vascular permeability, T-cell proliferation,
leukocyte aggregation, IL -1, IL-2, IFN-g
LTC4 and LTD4
↑ Bronchoconstric on, Vascular permeability, IFN-g
23. LTs have no therapeutic uses, but LTs antagonists have
Anti-asthma medications:
5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitors, e.g., zileutin
Leukotriene-receptor antagonists;
montelukast, & zafirlukast