Arrangement of atoms can be most simply portrayed by Crystal Lattice, in which atoms are visualized as, Hard Balls located at particular locations
Space Lattice / Lattice: Periodic arrangement of points in space with respect to three dimensional network of lines
Each atom in lattice when replaced by a point is called Lattice Point, which are the intersections of above network of lines
Arrangement of such points in 3-D space is called Lattice Array and 3-D space is called Lattice Space
Arrangement of atoms can be most simply portrayed by Crystal Lattice, in which atoms are visualized as, Hard Balls located at particular locations
Space Lattice / Lattice: Periodic arrangement of points in space with respect to three dimensional network of lines
Each atom in lattice when replaced by a point is called Lattice Point, which are the intersections of above network of lines
Arrangement of such points in 3-D space is called Lattice Array and 3-D space is called Lattice Space
Engineering Physics,
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY,
Simple cubic, Body-centered cubic, Face-centered cubic,
DIAMOND STRUCTURE,
Atomic Packing Factor of Diamond Structure,
Projection of diamond lattice points on the base
Attacking the TEKS: Focus on Bonding presented by Claudia Wallace, ACT2 2010
This session will expose you to the new TEKS and College Readiness Standards. Ideas for sequencing and planning the unit will be shared along with tips for appropriate demos, labs, and assessments. The intended audience is for teachers with 3 or less years of experience or anyone who wants to delve deeper into the new standards.
Engineering Physics,
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY,
Simple cubic, Body-centered cubic, Face-centered cubic,
DIAMOND STRUCTURE,
Atomic Packing Factor of Diamond Structure,
Projection of diamond lattice points on the base
Attacking the TEKS: Focus on Bonding presented by Claudia Wallace, ACT2 2010
This session will expose you to the new TEKS and College Readiness Standards. Ideas for sequencing and planning the unit will be shared along with tips for appropriate demos, labs, and assessments. The intended audience is for teachers with 3 or less years of experience or anyone who wants to delve deeper into the new standards.
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Ceramic materials are inorganic , nonmetallic
materials
made from compounds of a metal and a non metal.
Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko
of pottery" or for pottery from keramos.
Ceramics materials are the phases containing a
compounds of metallic and nonmetallic
elements. In short
ceramics are the inorganic non metallic materials such as
silicates, aluminates, oxides, carbides, borides and
hydroxides. Since there are many possible combinations
of metallic and nonmetallic
atoms and there are many
several structural arrangement of each combination.
Ceramics always composed of more than one element.
Bonds are partially or totally ionic, can have combination
of ionic and covalent bonding (electronegativity)
Ceramic materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials made from compounds of a metal and a non metal. Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko of pottery" or for pottery from keramos
Ceramic materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials made from compounds of a metal and a non metal. Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko of pottery" or for pottery from keramos.
Ceramic materials are inorganic , nonmetallic
materials
made from compounds of a metal and a non metal.
Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko
of pottery" or for pottery from keramos.
Ceramics materials are the phases containing a
compounds of metallic and nonmetallic
elements. In short
ceramics are the inorganic non metallic materials such as
silicates, aluminates, oxides, carbides, borides and
hydroxides. Since there are many possible combinations
of metallic and nonmetallic
atoms and there are many
several structural arrangement of each combination.
Ceramics always composed of more than one element.
Bonds are partially or totally ionic, can have combination
of ionic and covalent bonding (electronegativity)
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
6. What type of stochiometric defect is shown by
(i) ZnS and (ii) CsCl?
7. If the formula of a compound is A2B, which sites would be
occupied by A ions?
8. What is the number of atoms per unit cell (z) in a body-
centred cubic structure?
9. Solid A is very hard, electrical insulator in solid as well as
in molten state and melts at extremely high temperature.
What type of solid is it?
10. In Corundum, oxide ions from hcp and aluminium occupy two third of
octahedral voids. Determine the formula of corundum.
a) Al2O4
b) Al2O3
c) Al3O4
d) AlO2
11. Classify each of the following solids as ionic, metallic, molecular,
network (covalent) or amorphous.
(a) Tetra phosphorus decoxide (P4O10)
(b) Ammonium phosphate (NH4)3PO4
(c) SiC
(d) I2
(e) P4
(f) Plastic
(g) Graphite
(h) Brass
(i) Rb
(j) LiBr
(k) Si
Metallic
Metallic
Covalent
Covalent
Covalent
Amorphous
Ionic
Ionic
Molecular
Molecular
Molecular
12. What makes a glass different from a solid such as quartz?
Under what conditions could quartz be converted into
glass?
▪ The arrangement of the constituent particles
differentiates glass from quartz. The constituent
particles in glass have a short-range order, but the
constituent particles of quartz possess long range
orders.
▪ Quartz is converted into glass by heating it and
then rapidly cooling it.
13. (i) What is meant by the term ‘coordination number?
(ii) What is the coordination number of atoms:
(a)in a cubic close-packed structure?
(b) in a body-centred cubic structure?
i) Coordination number is the number of nearest neighbors of a
particle.
14. How can you determine the atomic mass of an unknown
metal if you know its density and the dimension of its unit
cell? Explain.
15. How can you determine the atomic mass of an unknown
metal if you know its density and the dimension of its unit
cell? Explain.
16. How will you distinguish between the following pairs of
terms:
(i) Hexagonal close-packing and cubic close-packing?
(ii) Crystal lattice and unit cell?
(iii) Tetrahedral void and octahedral void?
(a) Cubic close packing: When a third layer is placed over
the second layer in a manner that the octahedral voids are
covered by the spheres, a layer different from the first
(A) and second (B) is obtained. If we continue packing in
this manner we get the cubic close packing.
17. How will you distinguish between the following pairs of
terms:
(i) Hexagonal close-packing and cubic close-packing?
(ii) Crystal lattice and unit cell?
(iii) Tetrahedral void and octahedral void?
Hexagonal close packing: When the third layer is placed
over the second layer in a way that the tetrahedral voids
are covered by the spheres, a 3D close packing is produced
where spheres in each third or alternate layers are
vertically aligned. If we continue packing in this order we
get hexagonal close packing.
18. How will you distinguish between the following pairs of
terms:
(i) Hexagonal close-packing and cubic close-packing?
(ii) Crystal lattice and unit cell?
(iii) Tetrahedral void and octahedral void?
(b) Unit cell: It is the smallest 3D dimensional
portion of a complete space lattice, which when
repeated over and again in different directions from
the crystal lattice.
Crystal lattice – it is a regular orientation of
particles of a crystal in a 3D space.
19. How will you distinguish between the following pairs of
terms:
(i) Hexagonal close-packing and cubic close-packing?
(ii) Crystal lattice and unit cell?
(iii) Tetrahedral void and octahedral void?
(c) Octahedral void – it is a void surrounded by 6 spheres.
Tetrahedral void – it is a void surrounded by 4 spheres.
20. How many lattice points are there in one unit cell of each
of the following lattice?
(i) Face-centred cubic
(ii) Face-centred tetragonal
(iii) Body-centred
i) There are 14 lattice points in face-centred
cubic, 8 from the corners and 6 from the faces.
21. How many lattice points are there in one unit cell of each
of the following lattice?
(i) Face-centred cubic
(ii) Face-centred tetragonal
(iii) Body-centred
(ii) There are 14 lattice points in face-centred
tetragonal, 8 from the corners and 6 from the faces.
22. How many lattice points are there in one unit cell of each
of the following lattice?
(i) Face-centred cubic
(ii) Face-centred tetragonal
(iii) Body-centred
(iii) There are 9 lattice points in body-centred cubic, 1
from the centre and 8 from the corners.
23. Silver crystallises in fcc lattice. If edge length of the cell
is 4.07 × 10–8cm and density is 10.5 g cm–3,calculate the
atomic mass of silver.
24. Silver crystallises in fcc lattice. If edge length of the cell
is 4.07 × 10–8cm and density is 10.5 g cm–3,calculate the
atomic mass of silver.
25. Analysis shows that nickel oxide has the formula Ni0.98
O1.00. What fractions of nickel exist as Ni2+ and Ni3+ ions?
26. Analysis shows that nickel oxide has the formula Ni0.98
O1.00. What fractions of nickel exist as Ni2+ and Ni3+ ions?
27. Explain the following with suitable examples:
(a)Ferromagnetism (b) Paramagnetism (c) Ferrimagnetism
(d) Antiferromagnetism (e) 12-16 and 13-15 group
compounds.
a) These substances (ferromagnetic
substances) are strongly attracted by
magnetic fields. They could be permanently
magnetized even when a magnetic field is
absent.
Few examples of ferromagnetic substances
include cobalt, iron, nickel, CrO2
28. b)These substances (paramagnetic substances) are attracted
by a magnetic field but after the removal of the field, they
lose their magnetism.
Examples of paramagnetic substances include Cr3+, O2, Cu2+,
and Fe3+.
To undergo paramagnetism, a substance must possess one or
more unpaired electrons. These unpaired electrons are pulled
by the magnetic field, thus causing paramagnetism.
29. c) In ferrimagnetic substances, the magnetic moments of the
domains are oriented in parallel and anti-parallel directions and
in unequal numbers.
A few examples of ferrimagnetic substances include ferrites
like MgFe2O4 and ZnFe2O4, Fe3O4 (magnetite), etc.
As compared to ferromagnetic substances these substances
are weakly attracted by magnetic fields. Upon heating, they
become paramagnetic.
30. d) An antiferromagnetic substance has domain structures
similar to that of ferromagnetic substances but in the
opposite orientation. These oppositely-oriented domains null
out each other’s magnetic moments.
31. e) The group 12-16 compounds are obtained by combining
together group 16 and group 12 elements. Group 13-15
compounds are obtained by combining group 15 and group13
elements. These compounds are prepared to stimulate
average valence of four as in Si or Ge.
Indium (III) antimonide (IrSb), gallium
arsenide (GaAs) and aluminium phosphide (AlP)
are some typical compounds of groups 13-15.
A few examples of group 12-16 compounds are zinc
sulphide (ZnS), mercury (II) telluride (HgTe),
cadmium sulphide (CdS) and cadmium selenide (CdSe).
32. If NaCl is doped with 10-3 mol% of SrCl2, what is the
concentration of cation vacancies?
When a cation of higher valence is put in an ionic
solid, it starts replacing cations of lower valency
such that the crystal remains electrically neutral.
Thereby, creating some vacant sites.
33. Aluminium crystallises in a cubic close-packed structure.
Its metallic radius is 125 pm.
(i) What is the length of the side of the unit cell?
(ii) How many unit cells are there in 1.00 cm3 of aluminium?
34. Aluminium crystallises in a cubic close-packed structure.
Its metallic radius is 125 pm.
(i) What is the length of the side of the unit cell?
(ii) How many unit cells are there in 1.00 cm3 of aluminium?