Clamper using semiconductor
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•240 views
This document outlines an experiment to construct and test positive and negative clamper circuits using a PN junction diode. The objectives are to build each clamper circuit, observe the input and output waveforms using an oscilloscope, and study the application of diodes as clampers. Components needed include a diode, power supply, function generator, oscilloscope, probes, and capacitor. Input and output waveforms are plotted for each clamper circuit type.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Diode Clippers
This document describes different types of clipping circuits, including series, parallel, biased series, and biased parallel clippers. It explains that clippers are used to eliminate amplitude noise or produce new waveforms by removing portions of an input signal above or below a reference level. The document provides details on series and parallel clippers, and includes instructions for simulating a positive shunt clipper circuit using a function generator, diode, resistor, and oscilloscope.
Clampers and clippers
This document discusses different types of non-linear circuits including clamping circuits, clippers, and peak detectors. Clamping circuits adjust the DC level of a waveform without changing its shape or amplitude. Clippers clip off portions of the input waveform above or below a reference voltage. Peak detectors track the input signal until detecting a peak value, then hold that value to provide voltage memory of the peak. Circuit diagrams and example waveforms are provided to illustrate the operation of these different non-linear circuits.
Presentation on clippers and clampers
This document discusses op-amp clipper circuits. It begins by introducing op-amps and their applications. It then defines a clipper as a circuit that prevents an output from exceeding a voltage level without distorting the waveform. The document discusses positive and negative clipper circuits using op-amps and diodes. It provides examples of clipped waveforms and describes applications of clipper circuits such as protecting radio transmitters and integrated circuits.
Clpper clamper circuit rev 00
This document provides instructions for experiments on diode clipping and clamping circuits. It describes the basic operation of clipper circuits which remove portions of a waveform above or below certain levels. Positive and negative peak clipper circuits with different reference voltages are presented. The procedure involves applying a sine wave input, observing the output waveform, noting the clipping amplitude, and obtaining transfer characteristics. Clamper circuits add a DC level to AC signals and examples of positive and negative clampers are shown. The procedure specifies connecting the circuits, applying a sine wave input, observing the output waveform and clamping amplitude, and performing the experiments for all circuits.
Clipper & Clamper
Clippers and clampers are electronic circuits that shape waveforms. Clippers limit output voltage by clipping portions of the input signal without distortion. Clampers shift the DC level of the output voltage by adding a fixed DC potential. Some key differences are that clippers limit output while clampers shift the DC level. Both have various applications including waveform generation and shaping, signal separation, protection from transients, and as components in television receivers. Clippers clip unwanted portions while clampers add a DC level to maintain black and white reference levels lost during signal processing.
Negative shunt clipper
1- NEGATIVE SHUNT CLIPPER
2- Negative Shunt Clipper
-> The negative clipper has allowed to pass the positive half cycle of the input voltage and clipped the negative half cycle completely.
In such a circuit the diode acts as a closed switch for a negative input voltage (i.e. v < o) and as an open switch for a positive input voltage (i.e. v o) the output waveform of the circuit is the same as that of series negative clipper.
3- Negative shunt clipper with bias
-> In negative shunt biased circuit clipping take place during the negative half cycle only when the input voltage (v < v ).
The clipping level can be shifted up or down by varying the bias voltage (—v ). it will be interesting to know that if the polarity of the bias voltage is reversed.
Then the resulting circuits will be as shown in the entire signal below the voltage level vii has been clipped off in the diagram shown in next slide.
EXPERIMENT:- Aim :- to implement negative shunt clipper circuit using diode.
Apparatus required:- Function generator.
Cathode ray oscilloscope.
Bread board.
Hookup wires.
Diodes.
Resistors.
Circuit diagram(In ppt)
Simulated circuit(In ppt)
simulated graph(In ppt)
Observation table(In ppt)
conclusion:- In the negative half cycle of the signal voltage is applied at that time diode is in reverse biased condition.
So we can observe that diode acts as open switch and there is zero voltage appear across rl.
All images are in ppt related to all topics.
THANK YOU
Presentation basic
This presentation summarizes different types of clipper circuits. It defines clippers as circuits that can clip off or remove unwanted portions of an input waveform without distorting the rest. The presentation describes series and parallel/shunt clipper circuits, and provides examples of unbiased and biased series and parallel clipper circuits. It explains how different clipper circuits work and lists some applications of clippers such as changing waveform shapes and circuit transient protection.
Clipper circuit
This document presents on different types of clipper circuits. It discusses unbiased positive and negative clipper circuits, as well as biased positive and negative clipper circuits. It provides circuit diagrams to illustrate each type and describes how they work to clip portions of input signals. The document also outlines using Pspice to observe input and output signals of clipper circuits and references sources for more information.
Recommended
Diode Clippers
This document describes different types of clipping circuits, including series, parallel, biased series, and biased parallel clippers. It explains that clippers are used to eliminate amplitude noise or produce new waveforms by removing portions of an input signal above or below a reference level. The document provides details on series and parallel clippers, and includes instructions for simulating a positive shunt clipper circuit using a function generator, diode, resistor, and oscilloscope.
Clampers and clippers
This document discusses different types of non-linear circuits including clamping circuits, clippers, and peak detectors. Clamping circuits adjust the DC level of a waveform without changing its shape or amplitude. Clippers clip off portions of the input waveform above or below a reference voltage. Peak detectors track the input signal until detecting a peak value, then hold that value to provide voltage memory of the peak. Circuit diagrams and example waveforms are provided to illustrate the operation of these different non-linear circuits.
Presentation on clippers and clampers
This document discusses op-amp clipper circuits. It begins by introducing op-amps and their applications. It then defines a clipper as a circuit that prevents an output from exceeding a voltage level without distorting the waveform. The document discusses positive and negative clipper circuits using op-amps and diodes. It provides examples of clipped waveforms and describes applications of clipper circuits such as protecting radio transmitters and integrated circuits.
Clpper clamper circuit rev 00
This document provides instructions for experiments on diode clipping and clamping circuits. It describes the basic operation of clipper circuits which remove portions of a waveform above or below certain levels. Positive and negative peak clipper circuits with different reference voltages are presented. The procedure involves applying a sine wave input, observing the output waveform, noting the clipping amplitude, and obtaining transfer characteristics. Clamper circuits add a DC level to AC signals and examples of positive and negative clampers are shown. The procedure specifies connecting the circuits, applying a sine wave input, observing the output waveform and clamping amplitude, and performing the experiments for all circuits.
Clipper & Clamper
Clippers and clampers are electronic circuits that shape waveforms. Clippers limit output voltage by clipping portions of the input signal without distortion. Clampers shift the DC level of the output voltage by adding a fixed DC potential. Some key differences are that clippers limit output while clampers shift the DC level. Both have various applications including waveform generation and shaping, signal separation, protection from transients, and as components in television receivers. Clippers clip unwanted portions while clampers add a DC level to maintain black and white reference levels lost during signal processing.
Negative shunt clipper
1- NEGATIVE SHUNT CLIPPER
2- Negative Shunt Clipper
-> The negative clipper has allowed to pass the positive half cycle of the input voltage and clipped the negative half cycle completely.
In such a circuit the diode acts as a closed switch for a negative input voltage (i.e. v < o) and as an open switch for a positive input voltage (i.e. v o) the output waveform of the circuit is the same as that of series negative clipper.
3- Negative shunt clipper with bias
-> In negative shunt biased circuit clipping take place during the negative half cycle only when the input voltage (v < v ).
The clipping level can be shifted up or down by varying the bias voltage (—v ). it will be interesting to know that if the polarity of the bias voltage is reversed.
Then the resulting circuits will be as shown in the entire signal below the voltage level vii has been clipped off in the diagram shown in next slide.
EXPERIMENT:- Aim :- to implement negative shunt clipper circuit using diode.
Apparatus required:- Function generator.
Cathode ray oscilloscope.
Bread board.
Hookup wires.
Diodes.
Resistors.
Circuit diagram(In ppt)
Simulated circuit(In ppt)
simulated graph(In ppt)
Observation table(In ppt)
conclusion:- In the negative half cycle of the signal voltage is applied at that time diode is in reverse biased condition.
So we can observe that diode acts as open switch and there is zero voltage appear across rl.
All images are in ppt related to all topics.
THANK YOU
Presentation basic
This presentation summarizes different types of clipper circuits. It defines clippers as circuits that can clip off or remove unwanted portions of an input waveform without distorting the rest. The presentation describes series and parallel/shunt clipper circuits, and provides examples of unbiased and biased series and parallel clipper circuits. It explains how different clipper circuits work and lists some applications of clippers such as changing waveform shapes and circuit transient protection.
Clipper circuit
This document presents on different types of clipper circuits. It discusses unbiased positive and negative clipper circuits, as well as biased positive and negative clipper circuits. It provides circuit diagrams to illustrate each type and describes how they work to clip portions of input signals. The document also outlines using Pspice to observe input and output signals of clipper circuits and references sources for more information.
Clippers AND Clampers
This document describes the theory, circuit diagrams, and experimental procedures for studying clipping and clamping circuits using diodes. Clipping circuits are used to clip off portions of an input waveform above or below certain voltage levels. Clamping circuits add or subtract a DC voltage to a waveform without changing its shape. The document provides details on setting up series and shunt clipping circuits, as well as positive, negative, and double clipping circuits. It also covers positive, negative, and double clamping circuits and how they operate to clamp the input signal at different voltage levels. Procedures for observing input and output waveforms on an oscilloscope are included.
Clipper circuits
Clipper circuits are used to remove parts of a signal that are above or below a defined reference level. There are several types of clipper circuits: unbiased positive and negative clippers which clip either the positive or negative portions of a signal, and biased positive and negative clippers which use an external bias voltage to adjust the clipping level. Unbiased clippers cut off either the positive or negative half of the input waveform based on the diode configuration. Biased clippers allow changing the clipping level by adjusting the bias voltage applied in series with the input signal and diode.
Clipping Circuits
Clipping and clamping circuits use diodes to modify input waveforms. Clipping circuits cut off portions of the waveform that exceed a threshold voltage, while clamping circuits shift the DC level of a waveform up or down. Basic clipping circuits use diodes, resistors, and batteries, with the diode orientation and battery voltage determining if it is a positive or negative clipper. Positive clippers cut off positive portions of the input, while negative clippers cut off negative portions. Clipping can be done in either a series or parallel configuration.
Clipper and clampers
Do Diodes and electronic stuff freaks you out?And what about those clippers and clampers?The details are as follows.
You can learn every concept related to it here.Enjoy clipping :)
Clippers and clampers
Clippers and clampers are diode-based circuits used to modify signal waveforms. Clippers eliminate portions of an input signal to "clip" the waveform, and are used to remove noise or create new waveforms. They come in series and parallel types. Series clippers place the diode in series with the load, and clip voltages that don't forward bias the diode. Parallel clippers take the output across the diode, producing the voltage when it is not conducting. Clampers "clamp" a signal to a different DC level using a capacitor, diode, and resistor. The capacitor stores a reference voltage to set the output level when the diode is non-conducting.
Clipper & Clamper notes by mha physics
Bs Physics 4th Semester
{Phy-203}
Basics of electronics
By: MhaPhyscs
(Govt. Post Graduate College,Skp.)
Diode Clampers
The document discusses clamper circuits, which shift an input signal by an amount defined by an independent voltage source. It describes positive and negative clamper circuits, how they work during positive and negative half cycles, and their aim to add a DC level to an AC voltage. The related experiment is to construct a positive clamper circuit using an AC source, diode, capacitor and load and observe the output waveforms on an oscilloscope.
Clipper and clamper circuits
Differentiates between a cliiper circuit and a clamper circuit in both parallel and series connections.
Clipper circuit
This document discusses different types of clipper circuits. It defines clipper circuits as circuits used to remove parts of a signal that are above or below a defined reference level. There are two main types of clipper circuits: unbiased and biased. Unbiased clippers include positive and negative clippers, which clip either the positive or negative portions of a signal respectively. Biased clippers add an external bias voltage to adjust the clipping level, and also include positive and negative varieties.
Clampers
Clampers are electronic circuits that shift a waveform to a different voltage level without changing its appearance. There are two main types: positive clampers shift the input signal in a positive direction above a reference level, while negative clampers shift it in a negative direction below the reference. Clampers work by using diodes and capacitors to either pass or block portions of the input signal depending on its polarity, resulting in the output being shifted to a different DC level from the input but retaining the same AC waveform. They are commonly used in applications like test equipment, radar, sonar, and television receivers.
Peakdetector
The document summarizes experiments on non-linear op-amp circuits, including a comparator, half-wave rectifier, and clipper. It provides the objectives, required equipment, pre-lab questions, and theoretical explanations of how each circuit works. The experiments involve assembling the circuits using op-amps and diodes, observing input and output waveforms on an oscilloscope, and analyzing the output characteristics as circuit parameters are varied. Key points covered include how comparators detect voltage levels, how rectifiers and clippers modify input signals based on reference voltages, and the roles of op-amp gain and diode properties.
Chapter2
This document discusses various applications of diodes including load-line analysis, series and parallel configurations, rectifiers, AND/OR gates, clippers, and clampers. It provides details on how diodes are used in each application and circuit diagrams to illustrate their functionality. Key applications covered include half-wave and full-wave rectification, two-diode and bridge rectifier circuits, diode logic gates, series and parallel clipping circuits, and clamping networks.
Clipper and clamper
The document discusses different types of clipper and clamper circuits. It describes diode clippers that clip voltages above or below the diode threshold. Biased clippers add a DC source to change the clipping level. Parallel clippers clip voltages that forward bias the diode. Clampers use a diode and capacitor to clamp an AC signal to a specific DC level, either positive or negative. Biased clampers allow adjusting the clamping level with a DC source. The document concludes with references on electronic devices.
Clippers or limiter .
Clippers are circuits that remove or cut unwanted portions of a waveform. They are used for amplitude limiting and noise elimination. The basic components of a clipping circuit are an ideal diode and resistor. Different types of clippers include series and parallel clippers, which are further classified as unbiased or biased depending on whether an external voltage is applied. Series clippers have the diode in series with the load while parallel clippers place the diode in parallel to the load.
Clipper and Clamper
A clipper circuit uses diodes to remove parts of the waveform above or below a certain threshold. There are positive and negative clipper circuits that remove the positive or negative half of the input waveform. Biased clippers add a battery to change where the signal is clipped. A combination clipper removes parts of both halves of the input waveform. A clamper circuit adds a DC offset to an AC signal without changing its shape using a diode, capacitor, and resistor. Clampers are used to increase the wavelength of an input wave, such as in audio amplifiers.
Vivek vishwakarama ppt
This document discusses different types of clipping and clamping circuits. There are three types of clipping circuits: positive clipper, negative clipper, and biased clipper. A positive clipper removes the positive half of an AC input signal, while a negative clipper removes the negative half. A biased clipper removes a small portion of either the positive or negative half. There are also two types of clamping circuits: positive clamper and negative clamper. A positive clamper pushes a signal upward, while a negative clamper pushes it downward. The document provides details on the circuitry and operation of each type.
Diode clipper-and-clampers-lecture
This document describes four different diode clipper circuits and three diode clamper circuits. The clipper circuits use diodes to clip portions of an input waveform, resulting in outputs that swing within narrowed positive and negative voltage ranges. The clamper circuits use diodes to set a reference voltage level, causing the output to oscillate symmetrically around this clamped level. Key aspects covered include how the diodes bias in different circuit configurations and the voltage ranges of the output waveforms for each circuit.
Lab - 03
This document summarizes an experiment on diode clipping and clamping circuits. It includes the objectives, equipment used, circuit diagrams of clipping and clamping circuits tested, and results from those circuits. Key findings are: 1) clipping circuits cut off portions of the input signal above or below certain voltage thresholds, while clamping circuits shift the entire signal up or down by a fixed amount. 2) In a clipping circuit, diodes allow the output to follow the input until a threshold is reached, then clamp the output at that level. 3) A clamping circuit uses a capacitor, diode, and resistor to shift the entire signal down by twice the peak input voltage.
Clipper circuits
What are circuit clipper?
Types of circuit clippers.
Unbiased positive clippers.
Unbiased negative clippers.
Biased series positive clippers.
Biased series negative clippers.
Clamper Circuits
This document outlines a lecture on clamper circuits. It begins by defining a clamper circuit as one that fixes either the positive or negative peaks of a signal to a defined value by shifting its DC value. It then discusses the basic components of a clamper circuit including a capacitor, diode and resistor. The document goes on to explain the working of a positive clamper circuit and lists the different types of clamper circuits. It concludes by covering the applications of clamper circuits such as in television receivers and test equipment and signaling that the following lecture will focus on positive and negative clamper circuits specifically.
More Related Content
What's hot
Clippers AND Clampers
This document describes the theory, circuit diagrams, and experimental procedures for studying clipping and clamping circuits using diodes. Clipping circuits are used to clip off portions of an input waveform above or below certain voltage levels. Clamping circuits add or subtract a DC voltage to a waveform without changing its shape. The document provides details on setting up series and shunt clipping circuits, as well as positive, negative, and double clipping circuits. It also covers positive, negative, and double clamping circuits and how they operate to clamp the input signal at different voltage levels. Procedures for observing input and output waveforms on an oscilloscope are included.
Clipper circuits
Clipper circuits are used to remove parts of a signal that are above or below a defined reference level. There are several types of clipper circuits: unbiased positive and negative clippers which clip either the positive or negative portions of a signal, and biased positive and negative clippers which use an external bias voltage to adjust the clipping level. Unbiased clippers cut off either the positive or negative half of the input waveform based on the diode configuration. Biased clippers allow changing the clipping level by adjusting the bias voltage applied in series with the input signal and diode.
Clipping Circuits
Clipping and clamping circuits use diodes to modify input waveforms. Clipping circuits cut off portions of the waveform that exceed a threshold voltage, while clamping circuits shift the DC level of a waveform up or down. Basic clipping circuits use diodes, resistors, and batteries, with the diode orientation and battery voltage determining if it is a positive or negative clipper. Positive clippers cut off positive portions of the input, while negative clippers cut off negative portions. Clipping can be done in either a series or parallel configuration.
Clipper and clampers
Do Diodes and electronic stuff freaks you out?And what about those clippers and clampers?The details are as follows.
You can learn every concept related to it here.Enjoy clipping :)
Clippers and clampers
Clippers and clampers are diode-based circuits used to modify signal waveforms. Clippers eliminate portions of an input signal to "clip" the waveform, and are used to remove noise or create new waveforms. They come in series and parallel types. Series clippers place the diode in series with the load, and clip voltages that don't forward bias the diode. Parallel clippers take the output across the diode, producing the voltage when it is not conducting. Clampers "clamp" a signal to a different DC level using a capacitor, diode, and resistor. The capacitor stores a reference voltage to set the output level when the diode is non-conducting.
Clipper & Clamper notes by mha physics
Bs Physics 4th Semester
{Phy-203}
Basics of electronics
By: MhaPhyscs
(Govt. Post Graduate College,Skp.)
Diode Clampers
The document discusses clamper circuits, which shift an input signal by an amount defined by an independent voltage source. It describes positive and negative clamper circuits, how they work during positive and negative half cycles, and their aim to add a DC level to an AC voltage. The related experiment is to construct a positive clamper circuit using an AC source, diode, capacitor and load and observe the output waveforms on an oscilloscope.
Clipper and clamper circuits
Differentiates between a cliiper circuit and a clamper circuit in both parallel and series connections.
Clipper circuit
This document discusses different types of clipper circuits. It defines clipper circuits as circuits used to remove parts of a signal that are above or below a defined reference level. There are two main types of clipper circuits: unbiased and biased. Unbiased clippers include positive and negative clippers, which clip either the positive or negative portions of a signal respectively. Biased clippers add an external bias voltage to adjust the clipping level, and also include positive and negative varieties.
Clampers
Clampers are electronic circuits that shift a waveform to a different voltage level without changing its appearance. There are two main types: positive clampers shift the input signal in a positive direction above a reference level, while negative clampers shift it in a negative direction below the reference. Clampers work by using diodes and capacitors to either pass or block portions of the input signal depending on its polarity, resulting in the output being shifted to a different DC level from the input but retaining the same AC waveform. They are commonly used in applications like test equipment, radar, sonar, and television receivers.
Peakdetector
The document summarizes experiments on non-linear op-amp circuits, including a comparator, half-wave rectifier, and clipper. It provides the objectives, required equipment, pre-lab questions, and theoretical explanations of how each circuit works. The experiments involve assembling the circuits using op-amps and diodes, observing input and output waveforms on an oscilloscope, and analyzing the output characteristics as circuit parameters are varied. Key points covered include how comparators detect voltage levels, how rectifiers and clippers modify input signals based on reference voltages, and the roles of op-amp gain and diode properties.
Chapter2
This document discusses various applications of diodes including load-line analysis, series and parallel configurations, rectifiers, AND/OR gates, clippers, and clampers. It provides details on how diodes are used in each application and circuit diagrams to illustrate their functionality. Key applications covered include half-wave and full-wave rectification, two-diode and bridge rectifier circuits, diode logic gates, series and parallel clipping circuits, and clamping networks.
Clipper and clamper
The document discusses different types of clipper and clamper circuits. It describes diode clippers that clip voltages above or below the diode threshold. Biased clippers add a DC source to change the clipping level. Parallel clippers clip voltages that forward bias the diode. Clampers use a diode and capacitor to clamp an AC signal to a specific DC level, either positive or negative. Biased clampers allow adjusting the clamping level with a DC source. The document concludes with references on electronic devices.
Clippers or limiter .
Clippers are circuits that remove or cut unwanted portions of a waveform. They are used for amplitude limiting and noise elimination. The basic components of a clipping circuit are an ideal diode and resistor. Different types of clippers include series and parallel clippers, which are further classified as unbiased or biased depending on whether an external voltage is applied. Series clippers have the diode in series with the load while parallel clippers place the diode in parallel to the load.
Clipper and Clamper
A clipper circuit uses diodes to remove parts of the waveform above or below a certain threshold. There are positive and negative clipper circuits that remove the positive or negative half of the input waveform. Biased clippers add a battery to change where the signal is clipped. A combination clipper removes parts of both halves of the input waveform. A clamper circuit adds a DC offset to an AC signal without changing its shape using a diode, capacitor, and resistor. Clampers are used to increase the wavelength of an input wave, such as in audio amplifiers.
Vivek vishwakarama ppt
This document discusses different types of clipping and clamping circuits. There are three types of clipping circuits: positive clipper, negative clipper, and biased clipper. A positive clipper removes the positive half of an AC input signal, while a negative clipper removes the negative half. A biased clipper removes a small portion of either the positive or negative half. There are also two types of clamping circuits: positive clamper and negative clamper. A positive clamper pushes a signal upward, while a negative clamper pushes it downward. The document provides details on the circuitry and operation of each type.
Diode clipper-and-clampers-lecture
This document describes four different diode clipper circuits and three diode clamper circuits. The clipper circuits use diodes to clip portions of an input waveform, resulting in outputs that swing within narrowed positive and negative voltage ranges. The clamper circuits use diodes to set a reference voltage level, causing the output to oscillate symmetrically around this clamped level. Key aspects covered include how the diodes bias in different circuit configurations and the voltage ranges of the output waveforms for each circuit.
Lab - 03
This document summarizes an experiment on diode clipping and clamping circuits. It includes the objectives, equipment used, circuit diagrams of clipping and clamping circuits tested, and results from those circuits. Key findings are: 1) clipping circuits cut off portions of the input signal above or below certain voltage thresholds, while clamping circuits shift the entire signal up or down by a fixed amount. 2) In a clipping circuit, diodes allow the output to follow the input until a threshold is reached, then clamp the output at that level. 3) A clamping circuit uses a capacitor, diode, and resistor to shift the entire signal down by twice the peak input voltage.
Clipper circuits
What are circuit clipper?
Types of circuit clippers.
Unbiased positive clippers.
Unbiased negative clippers.
Biased series positive clippers.
Biased series negative clippers.
Clamper Circuits
This document outlines a lecture on clamper circuits. It begins by defining a clamper circuit as one that fixes either the positive or negative peaks of a signal to a defined value by shifting its DC value. It then discusses the basic components of a clamper circuit including a capacitor, diode and resistor. The document goes on to explain the working of a positive clamper circuit and lists the different types of clamper circuits. It concludes by covering the applications of clamper circuits such as in television receivers and test equipment and signaling that the following lecture will focus on positive and negative clamper circuits specifically.
What's hot (20)
Viewers also liked
Relaxation oscillators
This document discusses different types of multivibrators and unijunction transistors (UJTs). It describes astable, monostable, and bistable multivibrators. Astable multivibrators continuously switch between two states to produce a square wave without any input trigger. Monostable multivibrators have one stable state and switch to a transient state upon a trigger, then return to the stable state after a set time. Bistable multivibrators have two stable states and switch between them with an external trigger. The document also discusses UJTs, including their structure, characteristics, and use in relaxation oscillator circuits such as a light flasher.
Transistor
The document provides information about transistors including their basics, history, comparison to vacuum tubes, and types. It discusses how transistors can amplify and switch electronic signals, and are composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals. The history outlines how the transistor was invented in 1947 at Bell Labs as an improvement over vacuum tubes, with its smaller size and lower power consumption enabling many electronic devices. Transistors eventually replaced vacuum tubes in most applications. Transistors are also categorized in different ways such as by material, structure, polarity, power rating, and application.
Full sessional pack ii
This document contains lecture notes on diode applications and types. It discusses topics like full wave and bridge rectifiers, power supply filters, diode clippers and clampers, zener diodes, varactor diodes, LEDs, photodiodes, and schottky diodes. It provides circuit diagrams and explanations of how each component works, along with example calculations for determining voltage, current, and resistance values.
Ch02
This chapter discusses various applications of diodes in circuits. It describes how the load line and characteristic curve determine the operating point of a diode in a circuit. It also summarizes the forward and reverse bias approximations for silicon and germanium diodes. The chapter then examines the behavior of diodes in DC series, parallel and combination circuits. It explores how diodes can be used for rectification, clipping, clamping and voltage regulation purposes. Specific circuits including half-wave, full-wave, bridge and voltage multiplier configurations are analyzed.
Application of diode
A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that allows current to flow in only one direction. It is used to convert alternating current to direct current through a process called rectification. Diodes come in various types including laser diodes, light emitting diodes, Zener diodes, and silicon diodes. Rectification uses diodes to convert AC to DC through either half-wave or full-wave rectification circuits. Zener diodes are used in the reverse bias mode as voltage regulators. Photodiodes generate current or voltage when illuminated by light and are used in applications like machine vision, range finding, and medical diagnostics.
Basic Electronics 3 by Dr. Mathivanan Velumani
This document discusses transistor biasing and faithful signal amplification in transistors. It begins by explaining that the basic function of a transistor is amplification, and that for faithful amplification the input circuit must remain forward biased and the output circuit must remain reverse biased during the signal. This is achieved through transistor biasing, which provides the proper zero-signal collector current, base-emitter voltage, and collector-emitter voltage. Several common biasing circuits are described, including base resistor, collector feedback resistor, and voltage divider methods. The key requirements for faithful amplification and the effects of improper biasing are illustrated. Transistor characteristics like the input curve and output curve are also discussed.
Educational standard in pakistan
Pakistan has made some achievements in the field of education over the years. Literacy rates have increased from 16.4% in 1951 to 57% in 2009, with urban rates higher than rural. Some universities have also risen in world rankings, with 5-6 Pakistani universities now among the top 600 globally. However, challenges remain like low public investment, lack of funding, and administrative issues. Reforms have included free education up to matriculation, scholarships, making English compulsory, and increasing education budgets, but more improvements are still needed to better the educational system.
Education system in pakistan
The document discusses the education system in Pakistan. It is divided into five levels from primary to university programs. Literacy rates have increased over time but still vary widely by province and gender. Several Pakistani universities have risen in the world rankings in recent decades but gender disparities persist, especially in more conservative areas. The ultimate goal of Pakistan is to raise the national literacy rate to 80% by 2015.
Electronic devices-and-circuit-theory-10th-ed-boylestad-chapter-2
This document discusses various diode applications including load line analysis, rectifier circuits, clipping circuits, and voltage multiplier circuits. Rectifier circuits such as half-wave, full-wave, and voltage doublers are used to convert AC to DC power. Clipping and clamping circuits use diodes to limit output voltages. Voltage multiplier circuits step up voltage using combinations of diodes and capacitors. Practical applications include battery charging, overvoltage protection, and setting reference voltages.
Diode
The document discusses diodes, including their history and components. It describes how a diode is constructed from a P-type and N-type semiconductor material, forming a PN junction. At the junction, electrons diffuse into holes, creating a depletion region that acts as an insulator under reverse bias but allows current to flow under forward bias. The document outlines diode applications such as rectification in power supplies and their characteristic I-V curve.
Basics of Electronics
Resistors are used to limit current or divide voltage and can generate heat. Capacitors store energy in the form of charge and are measured in Farads. Diodes only conduct current in one direction, while transistors can amplify or switch electronic signals and have emitter, base, and collector terminals.
PAKISTAN Education System
The education system of Pakistan is decentralized and faces several challenges. Literacy rates are low at 57% overall with rural rates lower than urban. Education expenditures are only 2.3% of GDP. The system provides for pre-primary, primary, secondary and tertiary education. However, it is plagued by low quality, lack of resources, gender discrimination and disparities across socioeconomic classes. Recent policies aim to address these issues and provide all citizens equal access to education.
Transistors ppt by behin
The document discusses transistors, including their history and evolution. It describes how the transistor was invented in 1947 and became the building block of electronics. Moore's Law, which predicted transistors would double every two years, driving down costs, is also mentioned. The key types of transistors - bipolar junction transistors and field effect transistors - are defined. Their basic construction, symbols, operation, and applications as switches and amplifiers are outlined. New developments in transistor technology like 3D transistors are also summarized.
3.bipolar junction transistor (bjt)
Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) are three-terminal semiconductor devices consisting of two pn junctions. There are two types, NPN and PNP, depending on the order of doping. BJTs can operate as amplifiers and switches by controlling the flow of majority charge carriers through the base terminal. Proper biasing is required to operate the transistor in its active region between cutoff and saturation. Common configurations include common-base, common-emitter, and common-collector, each with different input and output characteristics. Maximum ratings like power dissipation and voltages must be considered for circuit design and temperature derating.
Viewers also liked (16)
Electronic devices-and-circuit-theory-10th-ed-boylestad-chapter-2
Electronic devices-and-circuit-theory-10th-ed-boylestad-chapter-2
Similar to Clamper using semiconductor
ADC LAB MANUAL.docx
This document is a lab manual for analog and digital circuits experiments in the third semester of an electronics and communication engineering program. It contains 15 experiments, including experiments on common emitter, common collector, common source, Darlington, and differential amplifiers as well as various digital logic circuits like code converters, adders, multiplexers, and counters. For each analog experiment, the document provides the aim, apparatus required, circuit diagram, theoretical background, experimental procedure and expected results. It also contains an index listing the experiments and corresponding page numbers.
Aec manual2017 imp
The document describes experiments on rectifier and clipping circuits. It includes circuit diagrams and designs for a center tap full wave rectifier, bridge rectifier, and various clipping circuits using diodes. Procedures are provided to study the circuits, measure voltages, and compare results to theoretical values. Design examples are given for rectifiers and clipping circuits to meet specified output voltages and clipping levels.
3.4.Clipper,clamper,peak detector.ppt
The document discusses various linear integrated circuits including clippers, clampers, peak detectors, and sample and hold circuits. It defines each circuit and explains their operation. Specifically, it defines a clipper as a circuit that clips off portions of the input voltage to produce the desired output. A positive clipper removes some positive parts while a negative clipper removes some negative parts. It also defines a clamper as a circuit that adds a DC level to the output voltage. A peak detector computes and holds the peak value of an input signal. Finally, it explains that a sample and hold circuit samples an input signal and holds its last sampled value until the next sample is taken. It provides examples and applications of each circuit.
Analog and Digital Electronics Lab Manual
This document provides details on 12 experiments conducted in an Analog and Digital Electronics Lab. The first experiment involves simulating clipping and clamping circuits using diodes. The second experiment involves simulating a relaxation oscillator using an op-amp and comparing the frequency and duty cycle to theoretical values. The third experiment involves simulating a Schmitt trigger using an op-amp and comparing the upper and lower trigger points. The remaining experiments involve simulating circuits such as a Wein bridge oscillator, power supply, CE amplifier, half/full adders, multiplexers, and counters. Procedures and calculations are provided for analyzing and verifying the output of each circuit simulation.
Thesis presentation
The document summarizes the design, analysis, and simulation of a Schottky diode-based sampling circuit for a 40 Gbps electronic time-division demultiplexer. The circuit uses a double diode configuration for sampling and undersampling theory to demultiplex the input signal. Bandwidth optimization is performed through analytic calculations and simulations. Layout design achieves 55 GHz bandwidth with a distance of 250 um between the capacitor and diode. Flip-chip bonding affects performance above 50 GHz. Future work includes using diodes with lower capacitance and compensating for flip-chip effects above 40 Gbps.
Capsule metal detector presentation
The document summarizes a capsule metal detector project. It describes the need for detecting foreign metal bodies in medicines to provide safe products for consumers. It explains the main components of the metal detector including coils, oscillators, amplifiers, and a transformer based on Faraday's law of magnetic fields. A block diagram shows the data flow from the transmit oscillator through the search coil, receive amplifier, and buzzer to detect contaminated capsules.
Diodes and Its Application
Diodes and its application encapsulate the different characteristics of different type of diodes. Also, define its different biases and how it works.
It provides shortcut method in analyzing Clamper and clipper.
At the end of the powerpoint, there has a review question to answer with answer key provided.
QUESTION 11. The two basic kinds of transistor circuits are ampl.docx
QUESTION 1
1. The two basic kinds of transistor circuits are amplifying and switching.
True
False
2 points
QUESTION 2
1. The bridge rectifier is similar to a full-wave rectifier because it produces a full-wave output voltage.
True
False
2 points
QUESTION 3
1. A semiconductor is an element with electrical properties between those of a conductor and those of an insulator.
True
False
2 points
QUESTION 4
1. The dc beta is defined as the dc collector current divided by the dc emitter current.
True
False
2 points
QUESTION 5
1. An ideal diode acts like a switch that closes when forward-biased and opens when reverse-biased.
True
False
2 points
QUESTION 6
1. With a half-wave rectifier, the output frequency equals the input frequency.
True
False
2 points
QUESTION 7
1. A pure semiconductor is also referred to as:
a clean room device
intrinsic
extrinsic
transistor
4 points
QUESTION 8
1. Silicon that has been doped with a trivalent impurity is called a:
N-type semiconductor
P-type semiconductor
P-N junction
covalent bond
4 points
QUESTION 9
1. In a silicon atom, what is the distance between the valence band and the conduction band called?
energy gap
depletion layer
P-N junction
intrinsic
4 points
QUESTION 10
1. A diode is a nonlinear device because the graph of its current versus voltage is:
a straight line
not a straight line
inversely proportional to the resistance
exponential
4 points
QUESTION 11
1. Ideally, a diode acts like a perfect conductor when forward-biased and:
like a perfect conductor when reverse-biased
like a perfect semiconductor when reverse-biased
like a perfect insulator when reverse-biased
like a perfect diode when reverse-biased
4 points
QUESTION 12
1. A diode that exhibits high resistance in both directions when measured with an ohmmeter is:
shorted
leaky
open
a properly operating diode
4 points
QUESTION 13
1. The knee voltage of a germanium diode is approximately ________.
0.7 V
0.3 V
1.7 V
1.3 V
4 points
QUESTION 14
1. Much of the information on a manufacturer's data sheet is:
necessary to understand diode circuits
necessary to troubleshoot diode circuits
obscure and of use only to circuit designers
necessary only to electronics technicians
4 points
QUESTION 15
1. The output frequency of a half-wave rectifier is:
twice the input frequency
half the input frequency
equal to the input frequency
four times the input frequency
4 points
QUESTION 16
1. A step-up transformer will produce a secondary voltage that is:
smaller than the primary
equal to the primary
larger than the primary
rectified.
4 points
QUESTION 17
1. What is the name of the circuit shown in the Figure 1 below?
Figure 1
half-wave rectifier
full-wave rectifier
bridge rectifier
voltage doubler
4 points
QUESTION 18
1. Which region of the transistor is physically the largest?
collector
emitter
base
beta
4 points ...
Lab sheet
This document provides instructions for experiments on power semiconductor switches and switch-mode power converters to be carried out by students. The experiments involve testing an SCR using a multimeter, studying the turn-on and turn-off states of an SCR, and effects of gate current. Students will also study the switching parameters of a BJT and build a buck converter circuit. Performance in the experiments, teamwork, and learning attitude will contribute towards marks. Students are advised to read the instructions fully before conducting the experiments.
Diode Application
Diode applications can be configured in series or parallel circuits. In series configurations, the diode resistance is small compared to other elements when forward biased, and has high resistance when reverse biased. Parallel and series-parallel configurations determine network resistances. Half-wave rectification only passes one half of the AC cycle. Peak inverse voltage must exceed the peak AC voltage to prevent reverse breakdown. Clippers and clampers use diodes to modify input signals without distortion.
MOSFETs: Single Stage IC Amplifier
This document discusses the design philosophy of integrated circuits and biasing techniques. It begins with an overview of constraints in IC design such as minimizing resistors and replacing them with transistors. It then discusses current sources, current mirrors, and current steering circuits which are used to generate constant currents for biasing multiple amplifier stages. The document compares MOSFET and BJT transistors. It explains that current sources use a transistor connected as a diode to generate a constant current, and current mirrors replicate this current. Current steering circuits distribute current from current sources to multiple locations. The document concludes with a brief section on the high frequency response of IC amplifiers.
Bjt transistor (5)
This document provides information about BJT transistors, including:
1. It describes the structure of NPN and PNP transistors and their circuit symbols.
2. It explains that transistors are called bipolar because both holes and electrons carry current.
3. It discusses various transistor configurations (CB, CE), characteristics curves, and gain calculations.
Lecture-5 AM Signal Generation – Type 1.pptx
This document discusses amplitude modulation (AM) signal generation using a square law diode modulator (DSBFC). It provides the following key points:
- A square law modulator requires a means of summing the carrier and modulating waves, a nonlinear element (such as a diode or transistor), and a band pass filter to extract the desired modulation products.
- Using the square law approximation of a diode's power law characteristic, an AM signal can be generated by mixing the modulating signal with the carrier signal and filtering the output.
- Suppressing the carrier wave can save power in AM transmission - suppressing just the carrier saves 66.6% power, while suppressing the carrier and one sideband
Lect 05 Diodes and applications - Part2.pptx
This document provides a summary of Lecture 05 which covered diode applications and special diode types. It discusses how diodes can be used in rectifier circuits to convert AC to DC for powering electronics. Different rectifier circuit types are examined including half-wave, full-wave, and bridge rectifiers. Filter capacitors are also discussed for smoothing the pulsating DC output of rectifiers. Additional applications like limiting, clamping, and voltage doubling circuits are covered. Finally, special diode types such as LEDs, photodiodes, Schottky diodes, varactor diodes, and Zener diodes are introduced.
Clippers_and_Clampers.pptx
Clippers and clampers use diodes to limit or shift signal voltages. There are four basic clipper configurations that use diodes in either series or parallel to clip either the positive or negative portions of a signal. Clampers use a diode along with a capacitor and resistor to shift a signal voltage to a different DC level without distorting its shape. Common applications of clippers and clampers include transient protection, amplitude modulation detection, and DC restoration in television receivers.
November 21, 20131How a Diode WorksA diode is an electrica.docx
November 21, 2013
1
How a Diode Works
A diode is an electrical device allowing current to flow through in only one direction. The term “diode” is used if I ≤ 1 A. If I>1A, we use the term “rectifier,” although both terms are commonly considered interchangeable.
November 21, 2013
2
Theoretical Analysis of the Rectifier Circuit
Given the circuit below, R1=1.0 kΩ. Sketch theoretical waveforms for the input (CH-1) signal and the output (CH-2) signal when a 10 VPP 1.0 kHz sine wave is applied to the circuit. Predict the result.
November 21, 2013
3
Theoretical Analysis of the Rectifier Circuit- What should we observe (frequency? Amplitude?)
CH-1 (input signal):
(>>t=0:0.00001:6/2000; y=5*sin(2*pi*1000*t); plot(t,y), grid on)
What should be the output signal???
November 21, 2013
4
Simulation of the Rectifier Circuit – Record the Result
Adjust the settings
of the function generator
Accordingly
November 21, 2013
5
Construct the Rectifier Circuit – Record the Result
Compare the theoretical, simulation, and hardware circuit results and make your comments
November 21, 2013
6
Construct the Rectifier Circuit – the O-Scope Display
Hardware circuit oscilloscope display
November 21, 2013
7
Theoretical Analysis of the Filtered Rectifier Circuit
Given the circuit below, R1=1.0 kΩ, C1=10 uF. Sketch theoretical waveforms for the input (CH-1) signal and the output (CH-2) signal when a 10 VPP 1.0 kHz sine wave is applied to the circuit. Predict the result.
November 21, 2013
8
Theoretical Analysis of the Filtered Rectifier Circuit – Output Signal
Given input signal below, what should we observe at the output?
The diode is to change the AC to DC signal
The capacitor is to “smoothen” the DC signal
November 21, 2013
9
Simulation of the Filtered Rectifier Circuit – Record the Result
Adjust the settings
of the function generator
Accordingly
November 21, 2013
10
Construct the Filtered Rectifier Circuit – Record the Result
Compare the theoretical, simulation, and hardware circuit results and make your comments
November 21, 2013
11
Construct the Filtered Rectifier Circuit – O-Scope Display
Hardware circuit oscilloscope display (notice scale change for Channel 2 for better viewing of the output signal)
November 21, 2013
12
Voltage Regulation using Zener Diode – The Circuit
November 21, 2013
13
How a Zener Diode Works
Zener diodes are special diodes which work reverse-biased at breakdown - specific voltage (“Zener voltage”). They are designed to work continuously at that specific voltage - anywhere from 1.8 to 200 V.
November 21, 2013
14
How a Zener Diode Works – The Circuit Example
For the circuit below, the voltage across the Zener diode will be maintained at 10V.
November 21, 2013
15
Voltage Regulation using Zener Diode – MultiSim Simulation (Change Scale on Channel B to view signal more clearly)
Adjust the settings
of the function generator
Accordingly
November 21, 2013
16
Voltage Regulation using the Voltage.
Physics investigatory projec tdocx
Hrithik Singla completed a physics investigatory project on transistors under the guidance of his teacher, Mr. Anil. The project involved building a circuit using a transistor to function as both an amplifier and a switch. Hrithik thanks his teacher and God for helping him successfully complete the project. The document includes the introduction, materials, circuit diagram, calculations, conclusions and results of the experiment.
Lect 05 Diodes and applications - Part2.pptx
This document discusses diodes and their applications. It covers rectifier circuits that convert AC to DC, including half-wave, full-wave, and bridge rectifiers. It also discusses limiting and clamping circuits, voltage doublers, and special diode types such as LEDs, photodiodes, Schottky diodes, zener diodes, and varactor diodes.
Clipper_and_clamper.ppt
The document is a presentation slide deck on clippers, clampers, and realizing logic gates using NAND gates only. Some key points:
- It describes different types of clipper circuits including series, parallel, positive, negative, and biased clippers. It also explains how clippers work to clip portions of input waveforms.
- It covers different types of clamper circuits including positive, negative, and biased clampers. It explains how clampers work to clamp output waveforms to a fixed DC level.
- It demonstrates how to realize all basic logic gates (NOT, AND, OR, NOR, XOR, XNOR) using only NAND gates as the universal logic gate. Truth tables and
EI 2406 instrumentation system design laboratory
The document provides details of experiments to be conducted in an Instrumentation Systems Design laboratory. It includes experiments to design instrumentation amplifiers, active filters, voltage/current converters, cold junction compensation circuits, signal conditioning circuits for RTDs and thermocouples, orifice plates, rotameters, control valves, and PID controllers using operational amplifiers and microprocessors. Circuit diagrams, equipment lists, procedures, and objectives are provided for each experiment.
Similar to Clamper using semiconductor (20)
QUESTION 11. The two basic kinds of transistor circuits are ampl.docx
QUESTION 11. The two basic kinds of transistor circuits are ampl.docx
November 21, 20131How a Diode WorksA diode is an electrica.docx
November 21, 20131How a Diode WorksA diode is an electrica.docx
Recently uploaded
Computational Engineering IITH Presentation
This Presentation will give you a brief idea about what Computational Engineering at IIT Hyderabad has to offer.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine Learning
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part II
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptx
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Modelagem de um CSTR com reação endotermica.pdf
Modelagem em função de transferencia. CSTR não-linear.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap - Towards more sustainable steelmaking.pdf
Iron and Steel Technology towards Sustainable Steelmaking
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
Recently uploaded (20)
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part II
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part II
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
BPV-GUI-01-Guide-for-ASME-Review-Teams-(General)-10-10-2023.pdf
BPV-GUI-01-Guide-for-ASME-Review-Teams-(General)-10-10-2023.pdf
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptx
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptx
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Engineering Drawings Lecture Detail Drawings 2014.pdf
Engineering Drawings Lecture Detail Drawings 2014.pdf
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap - Towards more sustainable steelmaking.pdf
Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap - Towards more sustainable steelmaking.pdf
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
Clamper using semiconductor
- 3. OBJECTIVIES: a) To construct and test the positive clamper circuit using PN Junction diode. b) To construct and test the negative clamper circuit using PN Junction diode. c) To plot the input and output waveforms of above mentioned clamper. d) To study the application of diode as a clamper.
- 4. RESOURES REQUIRED: S,no Name of the compound Qty Purpose of the compound 1 Diode 1N4007 1No To find the characteristics 2 Power Supply unit (0-24DC) 1NO Input power supply 3 Function Generator 30MHz 1NO The generator input wave 4 CRO 1NO To find the wave form 5 CRO Probe 3NOS To connect the probe 6 Capacitor 0,01µF 1NO To block AC 7 Patch Cord 10NOS Used for connecting compounds
- 8. POSITIVE CLAMPER WAVE FORM:
- 10. NEGATIVE CLAMPER WAVE FOEM
- 11. Thus 1. The positive clamper circuit using PN Junction Diode is construct and tested 2. The negative clamper circuit using PN Junction Diode is construct and tested 3. The input and output waveforms of above clamper are plotted. 4. Application of Diode as clamper are studied.