The document provides an overview of citing references in APA style. It discusses the various style manuals used for citations and references, focusing on APA style. It outlines the key elements to include when citing references, such as author, date, title, and source. The document also explains how to cite references in text and structure the reference list, with examples of different source types like books, articles, and websites.
1. Reference Writing Style
2. American Psychological Association (APA)
3. APA Style of Citation
4. APA Bibliography Style
5. Research Reference Writing
6. Academic Research
4. APA
The presentation describes the phenomenological research in detail. The presentation describes how one can apply phenomenological research in Education
This presentation is useful for all who are preparing their projects in colleges. This presentation helps you in giving proper reference of data source.
1. Reference Writing Style
2. American Psychological Association (APA)
3. APA Style of Citation
4. APA Bibliography Style
5. Research Reference Writing
6. Academic Research
4. APA
The presentation describes the phenomenological research in detail. The presentation describes how one can apply phenomenological research in Education
This presentation is useful for all who are preparing their projects in colleges. This presentation helps you in giving proper reference of data source.
Lecture presented by Marian Ramos Eclevia at PAARL's Summer Conference on the theme "Library Analytics: Data-driven Library Management", held at Pearl Hotel, Manila on 20-22 April 2016
Citing Sources: An Overview for Academic LibrariansTim Gorichanaz
Â
Overview of the fundamentals of citations (bibliographic referencing) for academic librarians. What citations are fundamentally, why we cite, what we cite and how we cite... followed by a concrete example in APA, MLA and Chicago.
See video version (with audio) at https://youtu.be/BsYr90GUK3k
This presentation aims at providing key aspects of referencing, citing, plagiarism, referencing styles (esp. the Harvard style), and reference management software.
Citing References in Your Research (APA Style)
APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6th edition, second printing of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (6th ed., 2nd printing).
1
APA Style Reference Citations
Library Resource Guide
WHAT IS A REFERENCE CITATION?
A reference citation is the documentation needed to make your paper acceptable for academic purposes. It
gives authoritative sources for your statements, helps the reader gain access to those sources, and acknowledges
the fact that the information used in a paper did not originate with the writer.
WHAT IS APA'S STYLE OF REFERENCE CITATION?
APA style uses the author/date method of citation in which the author's last name and the year of the
publication are inserted in the actual text of the paper. It is the style recommended by the American
Psychological Association and used in many of the social sciences. The American Psychological Association
addresses new electronic formats in a separate guide, which UT students can access in book format or online
through the library. Several of the examples in this guide come from one of these sources. The American
Psychological Association offers some guidance and examples at http://www.apastyle.org/. The Writing
Center, on the first floor of Carlson, also offers help to students who are writing papers. This guide only
summarizes a few main points regarding APA style. For full information, please consult the two APA guides
below.
BF 76.7 .P83 2001 REF (available in Reference and Reserves at Carlson Library)
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.) by The American
Psychological Association.
BF 76.7 .P833 2007 REF (available in Reference or at http://utmost.cl.utoledo.edu/record=b2574984)
APA Style Guide to Electronic References by The American Psychological Association.
WHEN USING APA STYLE, DO I NEED TO USE FOOTNOTES AT THE BOTTOM OF THE PAGE?
No, by inserting reference citations in the text, you eliminate the need to use footnotes at the bottom of the page
or at the end of your paper. The citations in your end-of-paper references list should give readers enough
information to locate each source.
NOTE: It is suggested that you consult with your instructor or advisor for the style preferred by your
department. Be consistent and do not mix styles! Inquire at the Information/Reference Desk for style
manuals available at Carlson Library.
EXAMPLES OF REFERENCE CITATIONS IN TEXT--APA STYLE
1. If author's name occurs in the text, follow it with year of publication in parentheses.
Example: Piaget (1970) compared reaction times...
2. If author's name is not in the text, insert last name, comma, year in parenthesis.
Example: In a recent study of reaction times (Piaget, 1978)âĻ
2
3. If author's name and the date of publication have been mentioned in the text of your paper, they
should not be repeated within parentheses.
Example: In 1978, Piaget compared reaction times...
4. Because material within a book or on a web page is often difficult to locate, authors should,
whenever possible, give page ...
1 APA Style Reference Citations Library Resource GuAbbyWhyte974
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1
APA Style Reference Citations
Library Resource Guide
WHAT IS A REFERENCE CITATION?
A reference citation is the documentation needed to make your paper acceptable for academic purposes. It
gives authoritative sources for your statements, helps the reader gain access to those sources, and acknowledges
the fact that the information used in a paper did not originate with the writer.
WHAT IS APA'S STYLE OF REFERENCE CITATION?
APA style uses the author/date method of citation in which the author's last name and the year of the
publication are inserted in the actual text of the paper. It is the style recommended by the American
Psychological Association and used in many of the social sciences. The American Psychological Association
addresses new electronic formats in a separate guide, which UT students can access in book format or online
through the library. Several of the examples in this guide come from one of these sources. The American
Psychological Association offers some guidance and examples at http://www.apastyle.org/. The Writing
Center, on the first floor of Carlson, also offers help to students who are writing papers. This guide only
summarizes a few main points regarding APA style. For full information, please consult the two APA guides
below.
BF 76.7 .P83 2001 REF (available in Reference and Reserves at Carlson Library)
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.) by The American
Psychological Association.
BF 76.7 .P833 2007 REF (available in Reference or at http://utmost.cl.utoledo.edu/record=b2574984)
APA Style Guide to Electronic References by The American Psychological Association.
WHEN USING APA STYLE, DO I NEED TO USE FOOTNOTES AT THE BOTTOM OF THE PAGE?
No, by inserting reference citations in the text, you eliminate the need to use footnotes at the bottom of the page
or at the end of your paper. The citations in your end-of-paper references list should give readers enough
information to locate each source.
NOTE: It is suggested that you consult with your instructor or advisor for the style preferred by your
department. Be consistent and do not mix styles! Inquire at the Information/Reference Desk for style
manuals available at Carlson Library.
EXAMPLES OF REFERENCE CITATIONS IN TEXT--APA STYLE
1. If author's name occurs in the text, follow it with year of publication in parentheses.
Example: Piaget (1970) compared reaction times...
2. If author's name is not in the text, insert last name, comma, year in parenthesis.
Example: In a recent study of reaction times (Piaget, 1978)âĻ
2
3. If author's name and the date of publication have been mentioned in the text of your paper, they
should not be repeated within parentheses.
Example: In 1978, Piaget compared reaction times...
4. Because material within a book or on a web page is often difficult to locate, authors should,
whenever possible, give page ...
GENERAL COMMENTSâCASE 1 Incorporate statesmanship model wi.docxshericehewat
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GENERAL COMMENTSâCASE 1
Incorporate statesmanship model within case. Apply the model rather than just state it.
Interpersonal skills of statesmanship applied to main character(s) in case., not just mentioned.
Much of text is not supported by citations but opinion.
Integrate Biblical principles within the analysis of the paper not just added at the end of case.
Importance of emotional intelligence and covenant not just mentioned but analyzed as part of
case.
The case is not fabricated or an opinion of the student.
There are no specific characters. The case is too general. Be specific about Mayor and Board of
Alderman by name, their decisions, actions, etc.
hkmcg
Highlight
Check Box2: YesCheck Box3: YesCheck Box4: OffCheck Box5: OffCheck Box6: YesCheck Box7: Off
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
PARAPHRASES
A paraphrase consists of putting the information into your own words.
Indirect Quotation with Parenthetical Citation
Libraries historically highly value intellectual freedom and patron confidentiality (LaRue, 2007).
Indirect Quotation with Author as Part of the Narrative
LaRue (2007) identified intellectual freedom and patron confidentiality as two key values held historically by libraries.
DIRECT QUOTATIONS
APA uses the author (last name), year of publication, and page number method of in-text citation. If there is no author, use an abbreviation of the title in the authorâs place.
SHORT QUOTATION - For short quotations (under 40 words), use quotation marks when you write the exact words of the source.
Direct Quotation with Parenthetical Citation
Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life "to express the other form of interconnectednessâgenealogical rather than ecological" (Gould & Brown, 1991, p. 14).
Direct Quotation with Author as Part of the Narrative
Gould and Brown (1991) explained that Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life "to express the other form of interconnectednessâ genealogical rather than ecologicalâ (p. 14).
Note where the period is placed in a short quotation.
Direct Quotes from Online Material without Pagination
Use âparaâ instead of the symbol Âļ to indicate location of direct quotes of online sources that do not have pagination.
Basu and Jones (2007) went so far as to suggest the need for a new âintellectual framework in which to consider the nature and form of regulation in cyberspaceâ (para. 4).
LONG QUOTATION - If you are citing a long quotation of 40 words or more, you donât need to quotation marks, but set the quoted area off from the text by indentation (block format, with double-spacing, and period at the end before the page number.
According to Chalton (2006), the following is a good memory technique:
To avoid retrieval, a good approach is to store information in an organized way and call it up at regular intervals.
Tulving (1966) and others have shown that the act of retrieving information from memory can contribute to learningâthe more we use the retrieval cues ...
Explains how to select a statistical test suitable for your hypothesis. Suggests points to consider before deciding about a test. Gives a list of commonly used parametric and non-parametric tests with their purposes of use.
QS World University Rankings by Subject: MethodologyKhalid Mahmood
Â
Explains QS Subject Rankings in simple language. Recommends steps to be taken by universities and departments to include their names in the ranking list.
Best Universities in Pakistan 2021: Environmental studies
Â
7 citing sources-khalid
1. Citing References
in Your Research
(APA Style)
Prof. Dr. Khalid Mahmood
Department of Library & Information Science
University of the Punjab
Lahore, PAKISTAN
1
2. Various style manuals
īŽ APA â American Psychological Association
īŽ MLA â Modern Language Association
īŽ Chicago Style â Chicago Manual of Style
īŽ Turabian Style â based on Chicago Style
īŽ Harvard Referencing System
īŽ ASA â American Sociological Association
īŽ CBE - Council of Biology Editors
2
3. APA style
īŽ American Psychological
Association
īŽ In 1929, published
instructions for authors
on how to prepare
manuscripts for APA
journals
īŽ Later used for theses,
term papers, etc.
īŽ Latest edition 6th in 2009
īŽ Widely used in social
sciences
3
4. Citing references â Outline
īŽ Identifying and formatting citing
elements
īŽ Citing in text
īŽ Preparing reference list / bibliography
4
6. Citing elements
īŽ Author or authoring body
īŽ Date of publication
īŽ Title of the work
īŽ Edition
īŽ Publisher
īŽ Place of publication
īŽ Title of the source
īŽ Location information within the source
īŽ URL or DOI
īŽ Nonroutine information
6
7. Author
īŽ Surname and initials
Kernis, M. H.
īŽ Hyphenated first name
Sun, C.-R.
īŽ Editorâs name
Robinson, D. N. (Ed.)
īŽ No author
Entry under title
īŽ Delete Prof., Dr., Maj., Retd., etc.
7
8. Authoring body or group
īŽ Full name
National Institute of Health
īŽ Subordinate body
University of the Punjab, Institute of
Business Administration
īŽ Government agencies
Pakistan, Ministry of Finance
8
9. Date of publication
īŽ Journal, book, AV media
1993
īŽ Meeting, Monthly magazine, Newsletter
1993, June
1993, Spring
īŽ Daily, Weekly
1994, September 28
īŽ Accepted work but not yet published
in press
īŽ No date available
n.d.
īŽ Publication over long period
1959-1963
īŽ Republished work, a note at the end
(Original work published 1923)
9
10. Title of the work
īŽ Title of book
īŽ Title of book chapter
īŽ Title of journal article
īŽ Title of encyclopedia article
īŽ Subtitle with colon
10
11. Edition
īŽ Edition you used
īŽ Edition in Arabic numeral
2nd ed.
Rev. ed.
4th rev. ed.
11
12. Publisher
īŽ Publisher name for non periodicals
īŽ In a brief form
īŽ Omit superfluous terms, such as Publishers,
Publications, Co., Inc.
Sage
Wiley
McGraw-Hill
Prentice Hall
Ferozsons
īŽ Use only word âAuthorâ when author and
publisher is the same
12
13. Place of publication
īŽ Name of city
īŽ If city is not well known then add
state/province and/or country
Jaipur, India
Medford, NJ
īŽ US postal service abbreviations for states (2-
digit codes)
CA for California
īŽ If more cities are given, use the first or the
publisherâs head office if clearly mentioned
13
14. Title of the source
īŽ Title of the book in case of a book
chapter
īŽ Title of the journal in case of journal
article
īŽ Journal title in full
Harvard Business Review
No Har. Bus. Rev.
No HBR
14
15. Location
īŽ Journal volume and issue number in Arabic numerals
33(4)
īŽ Volume of a book
Vols. 1-20
(Vol.26, pp. 501-508)
īŽ Start and end (inclusive) page numbers for journal
article or book chapter
215-224
(pp. 215-224)
īŽ Discontinuous pages
5-7, 11-12
15
16. URL or DOI
īŽ Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
http://www.topicsinclinicalnutrition.com
īŽ Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482
16
17. Nonroutine information
īŽ Give nonroutine but important
information in square brackets
[Letter to the editor]
[Special issue]
[Brochure]
[Abstract]
17
19. Authorâs name in sentence
Schwepps (1998) states that the
solution sat dormant for several months
before any of the employees tested it (p.
743).
19
20. Authorâs name in parentheses
When the solution had been sitting for a
number of months, the employees tested
for bacteria (Schwepps, 1998).
20
21. Short quotation
īŽ When fewer than 40 words
īŽ Put prose quotation in running text
īŽ Put quote marks around quoted
material
īŽ Authorâs last name, publication year,
and page number(s) of quote must
appear in the text
21
22. Example â Short quotation
Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic
response frequently entails a âdelayed,
uncontrolled repetitive appearance of
hallucinations and other intrusive
phenomenaâ (p. 11).
A traumatic response frequently entails a
âdelayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance
of hallucinations and other intrusive
phenomenaâ (Caruth, 1996, p. 11).
22
23. Long quotations
īŽ When 40 words or more
īŽ In block form
īŽ Indent 5-7 spaces and omit the quotation
marks. If the quotation has internal
paragraphs, indent the internal paragraphs a
further 5-7 spaces
īŽ Do not use quotation marks
īŽ Double space the block quote
īŽ Cite the source after the end punctuation of
the quote
23
24. Example â Long quotation
Meile (1993) found the following:
The âplacebo effect,â which had been
verified in previous studies, disappeared
when behaviors were studied in this
manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were
never exhibited again, even when real
drugs were administered. Earlier studies
were clearly premature in attributing the
results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)
24
25. Secondary reference
In 1947 the World Health Organization
proposed the following definition of
health. âHealth is a state of complete
physical, mental, and social well-being
and not merely the absence of disease
and infirmityâ (World Health Organization,
as cited in Potter & Perry, 2001, p. 3).
25
26. Multiple authors
īŽ 2 authors â cite both names separated by &
Example:
(Kosik & Martin, 1999, p. 127)
īŽ 3-5 authors â cite all authors first time; after
first time, use et al.
Example:
(Wilson et al., 2000)
īŽ 6 or more authors â cite first authorâs name
and et al.
Example:
(Perez et al., 1992)
26
27. Multiple citations
īŽ Multiple sources from same author â
chronological order, separated by comma
(Burke, 1998, 1999, in press)
īŽ Within same year:
(Burke, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, in press)
īŽ Multiple sources â separated by semicolon,
alphabetical order
(Burke, 1998; Perez, 1992; Wilhite, 2001)
27
28. Personal communication
īŽ Personal communication (email, phone,
conversation, letter, etc.)
(T.K. Lutes, personal communication,
September 19, 2001)
īŽ Not included in reference list
28
29. Handling parenthetical citations
īŽ More than one author with the same
last name
(H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880)
īŽ Specific part of a source
(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)
29
30. Handling parenthetical citations
īŽ If the source has no known author, then
use an abbreviated version of the title:
Full Title: âCalifornia Cigarette Tax
Deters Smokersâ
Citation: (âCalifornia,â 1999)
30
31. Sample parenthetical citations
Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised
by Higonnet et al (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997)
to include womenâs personal and cultural responses to battle and
its resultant traumatic effects. Feminist researchers now concur
that âIt is no longer true to claim that women's responses to the war
have been ignoredâ (Raitt & Tate, p. 2). Though these studies
focus solely on women's experiences, they err by collectively
perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions originating in
Fussell (1975) and Bergonzi (1996).
However, Tylee (1990) further criticizes Fussell, arguing that
his study âtreated memory and culture as if they belonged to a
sphere beyond the existence of individuals or the control of
institutionsâ (p. 6).
31
33. Reference list
īŽ Place the list of references cited at the end of
the paper
īŽ Start references on a new page
īŽ Begin each entry flush with the left margin
īŽ Indent subsequent lines five to seven spaces
(hanging indent)
īŽ Double space both within and between
entries
īŽ Italicize the title of books, magazines, etc.
33
34. Reference list order
īŽ Arrange sources alphabetically beginning with
authorâs last name
īŽ If author has more than one source, arrange entries
by year, earliest first
īŽ When an author appears both as a sole author and,
in another citation as the first author of a group, list
the one author entries first
īŽ If no author given, begin entry with the title and
alphabetize without counting a, an, or the
īŽ Do not underline, italicize or use quote marks for
titles used instead of an author name
34
35. Example â Reference list
order
īŽ Baheti, J. R. (2001a). Control âĻ
īŽ Baheti, J. R. (2001b). Roles of âĻ
īŽ Kumpfer, K. L. (1999). Factors âĻ
īŽ Kumpfer, K. L. (2002). Prevention âĻ
īŽ Kumpfer, K. L., Alvarado, R., Smith, P., âĻ
īŽ Yoshikawa, H. (1994). Preventions âĻ
35
36. Group author
American Psychological Association.
(2001). Publication manual of the
American Psychological
Association (5th ed.). Washington,
DC: Author.
36
37. Book with one author
Carter, R. (1998). Mapping the mind.
Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press.
37
38. Book with two authors
Struck, W., & White, E. B. (1979).
The elements of style (3rd ed.).
New York: Macmillan.
38
39. Book with six or more authors
Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N.,
Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L.,
et al. (2000). An experimental
evaluation ofâĻ
39
40. Book with no author
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary
(10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA:
Merriam-Webster.
40
41. Book with editors
Allison, M. T., & Schneider, I. E. (Eds.).
(2000). Diversity and the recreation
profession: Organizational
perspectives. State College, PA:
Venture.
41
42. Chapter in book
Stern, J. A., & Dunham, D. N. (1990).
The ocular system. In J. T.
Cacioppo & L. G. Tassinary
(Eds.),
Principles of psychophysiology:
Physical, social, and inferential
elements (pp. 513-553). Berkeley,
CA: University of California Press.
42
43. Multivolume book
Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959-1963). Psychology:
A study of science (Vols. 1-6). New
York: McGraw-Hill.
43
44. Journal article
Sellard, S., & Mills, M. E. (1995).
Administrative issues for use of
nurse practitioners. Journal of
Nursing Administration, 25(5),
64-70.
44
46. Abstract
Misumi, J., & Fumita, M. (1982). Effects
of PM organizational development in
supermarket organization.
Japanese
Journal of Experimental Social
Psychology, 21, 93-111. [Abstract]
Psychological Abstracts, 1982, 68,
Abstract No. 11474 46
52. Electronic sources
Velmans, M. (1999). When perception
becomes conscious. British
Journal of Psychology, 90, 543-
566. Retrieved from the
Expanded Academic ASAP
database.
52
53. Web page
Green, C. (2000, April 16). History &
philosophy of psychology web
resources. Retrieved from
http://www.yorku.ca/dept.htm
53
54. Article with DOI
Stultz, J. (2006). Integrating exposure
therapy and analytic therapy in trauma
treatment. American Journal of
Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 482â488.
doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482
54
55. Preprint version of article
Philippsen, C., Hahn, M., Schwabe, L., Richter,
S., Drewe, J., & Schachinger, H. (2007).
Cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress is
not affected by alpha2-adrenoreceptor
activation or inhibition. Psychopharmacology,
190(2), 181â188. Advance online publication.
doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0597-7
55
57. Presentation slides
Columbia University, Teachers College,
Institute for Learning Technologies.
(2000). Smart cities: New York:
Electronic education for the new
millennium [PowerPoint slides].
Retrieved from
http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/
publications/index.html
57
58. Press release
American Psychological Association.
(2006, April 30). Internet use involves
both pros and cons for children and
adolescents [Press release]. Retrieved
from http://www.apa.org/releases/
youthwww0406.html
58
59. Message posted to an electronic
mailing list
Smith, S. (2006, January 5). Re: Disputed
estimates of IQ [Msg 670]. Message
posted to ForensicNetwork electronic
mailing list, archived at
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/For
ensicNetwork/message/670
59
60. Weblog post
bfy. (2007, January 22). Re: The
unfortunate prerequisites and
consequences of partitioning your mind.
Message posted to
http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/
60
61. Sample Reference List
īŽ
References
Calvillo, D. (1999). The theoretical development of aggression. Retrieved August
21, 2002 from: http://www.csubak.edu/~1vega/dustin2.html
Flory, R. K., (1969a). Attack behavior as a function of minimum inter-food
interval. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 12, 825-828.
Flory, R. K., (1969b). Attack behavior in a multiple fixed-ratio schedule of
reinforcement. Psychonomic Science, 16, 383-386.
Flory, R. K., & Everist, H.D. (1977). The effect of a response requirement on
schedule- induced aggression. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 9,
383-386.
Gentry, W. D. (1968). Fixed-ratio schedule-induced aggression. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11, 813-817.
61