This document discusses the importance and proper use of citations and references. It explains that citations credit other authors' work and ideas that have influenced and supported your own writing. References provide full publication details for cited sources so readers can easily locate those sources. The document outlines why citations are important to avoid plagiarism and demonstrate high-quality research, as well as how citations help writers develop their own ideas by building on others' work. It also provides examples of how to cite different source types like books, articles, and websites using the Harvard referencing method.

1. Citation
And Why We Cite our Sources

2. “If I have seen further it is by
standing on the shoulders of
giants”.
Isaac Newton, Letter to Robert Hooke, February 5,
1675

3. Good Quality Resources
 Relevant
 Reliable
 Credible
 Supported
 Up to date where necessary
 (authorship and publisher details)
 Academic, peer-reviewed

4. What is Citation?
A Citation is a passage or phrase quoted within your text
which is supported with evidence of its source. A Reference
is a detailed description of the source.
 information about the author
 the title of the work
 the name and location of the company that published your
copy of the source
 the date your copy was published
 the page numbers of the material you are borrowing

5. Why we cite sources (1)
Words
and
sentences
From
another
Compiled
statistics
Groups of
facts
theories
ideas
concepts
Copying or
forgetting to
cite
= Plagiarism

6. You need to document……
 Direct quotes, both entire sentences and phrases
 Paraphrases (rephrased or summarized material)
 Words or terminology specific to or unique to the author's
research, theories, or ideas
 Use of an author's argument or line of thinking
 Historical, statistical, or scientific facts
 Graphs, drawings, or other such aggregations of
information or data
 Articles or studies you refer to within your text

7. You do not need to document:
 Proverbs, axioms, and sayings ("A stitch in time saves
nine.")
 Well-known quotations ("Never in the field of human
conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.")
 Common knowledge (Thomas Edison invented the
phonograph; "Starry Night" was painted by Vincent
Van Gogh; Oxygen has the atomic number 8)

8. Why We Cite Sources (2)
It makes you work better!
The process of citation requires you to judge the quality of the resources you use.
 Using good quality resources to clarify and summarize information and weave it into
the pattern of your own ideas allows your pattern of ideas will develop as you write
and do your research.
 To organize, assimilate, and recast your information in your own form makes you a
thinking writer.
 Remember: Using sources well in your essay is not a matter of mere mechanics; it is
the art of blending source material within the context of a focused argument as you
write.
It enables a good learning process.

9. What’s the difference between a
references page and a bibliography?
A References Page contains references only to the
information that was directly cited in the text.
A Bibliography Page is more of a reading list—it contains
references referred to in the text plus the chief publications
that you consulted in a general way. You do not state specific
page numbers.
You should provide both.

10. Harvard Method of Citation.
Citing from A BOOK
Authors surname, initials., Year. Full title, with subtitle if
any, in italics. Edition if not 1st Edition. Place of
publication: Publisher's name.
Example:
Crawford, William,1979. The Keepers of Light. A History
& Working Guide to Early Photographic Processes. 3rd
Ed. New York: Morgan & Morgan.

11. Books
An in-text reference for use of this book would read:
Chemical properties have been known to differ (Crawford,
1979) where …..
OR
Crawford(1979) asserted that chemical properties…...
OR
“Chemical Properties have been known to differ…”
(Crawford 1979)

12. Magazine or Journal Article
Authors name in reverse. Year. Title of Article. Full title
of journal in italics, Volume/issue/part number, page
numbers.
Example:
Senthilingam, Meera. 2014. Every Last Trace. How do
you wipe a disease off the face of the planet? New
Scientist, No.2973 14 June 2014, pg 38-41.

13. INTERNET RESOURCES
(Websites)
Authorship or Source, Year, Title of web document or
webpage,(type of medium)(date of update if
available)Available at: website address /URL(Accessed
date)
Example:
Anglia Ruskin University, 2014, Harvard System of
Referencing (Online)(1o February 2014)Available at
http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm (2
October 2014.

14. An in-text reference for this webpage article would look
like this:
Research shows that Harvard referencing is generally
preferred (Anglia Ruskin University, 2014) when citing
for the extended project qualification or for under-graduate
work …..
Websites

15. Other Sources
 Articles by more than one author
 Newspaper Articles
 Internet Images
 Videos/DVDs
 Personal Communication (conversation)
 E-Mail
 Letters
 E-RESOURCES

16. E-Resources

17. Remember…..
from the very beginning
 Create a Bibliography as you go along.
 Record everything.
 Keep dates of visits to websites
Using a variety of sources creates the basis for a strong piece
of analysis.