The document summarizes Karl Marx's analysis of capitalism and class struggle. It discusses key Marxist concepts such as commodity fetishism, surplus value, appropriation of surplus value by capitalists, the deteriorating position of the working class or proletariat, and the reserve army of labor. It also outlines contradictions of capitalism that can lead to crises, such as a falling rate of profit, disproportionality between industries, and underconsumption from wage reductions.
Socialism emerged in reaction to the harsh conditions of early industrial capitalism and offered an alternative based on common ownership and cooperation. Early socialists advocated revolution, but as conditions improved, evolutionary socialism developed which sought change through parliamentary means. However, gradualism failed as socialist parties moderated their policies to gain support and power, and capitalism proved more durable than predicted. The core themes of socialism emphasize community, cooperation, equality, and common ownership over private property and individualism.
Karl Marx (1818-1883) developed influential theories of history, capitalism, and economics. His theory of history, called dialectical materialism, argued that technological and economic developments lead to changes in societal class structures and revolutionary changes in government and ideology. Marx analyzed capitalism and argued it relies on the exploitation of workers, causing economic crises and a falling rate of profit that will ultimately lead to its demise and replacement by communism. Marx's early economic model featured two sectors, one producing capital goods and one consumer goods, with investment driving economic growth.
Georg Lukacs and Antonio Gramsci were key figures in Neo-Marxism. Lukacs emphasized the importance of human agency and class consciousness. He believed that under capitalism, the proletariat experiences false consciousness, viewing social relationships only in terms of monetary value rather than authentic meaning. Gramsci addressed limitations in Marx's thinking by highlighting the role of politics, culture, and ideology in both maintaining and challenging class domination. He developed the concepts of cultural hegemony to describe how ruling classes establish control through non-economic means like intellectuals and civil society institutions.
Karl Marx was a German philosopher who developed the theories of communism, socialism and Marxism. He believed that history is determined by class struggle and conflicts between social classes, and that under capitalism the bourgeoisie exploit the proletariat. Marx wrote influential works such as The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital which formed the basis of Marxism and analyzed the capitalist mode of production. Marx saw communism as the final stage in history where private property is abolished and society is organized for the common good of all people.
Dialectical materialism by Man Bahadur ShahiMBSHAHI
Dialectical materialism is a philosophy developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that holds matter as the only reality and ideas as products of material practices. It views history and society as determined by the means of production rather than ideas. Dialectical materialism uses a dialectic method to understand how contradictions within social systems cause them to evolve through qualitative changes. It aims to scientifically explain reality through analyzing the material conditions of human societies.
Karl Marx was a 19th century philosopher who developed the theories of communism and socialism. He believed that capitalism inevitably leads to conflict between the bourgeoisie (the owners of capital) and the proletariat (workers). This will culminate in revolution and the establishment of a socialist dictatorship of the proletariat, followed by a stateless, classless communist society. Marx outlined the historical stages from primitive communism to capitalism to socialism to communism. He argued capitalism concentrates wealth among the few and alienates workers, but is a necessary step toward the ultimate liberation of humanity under communism.
The Marxist theory of class conflict centers around several key ideas: (1) Society is divided into two main conflicting classes - the bourgeoisie who own the means of production and exploit the proletariat working class. (2) This exploitation occurs through surplus value, where workers generate more value than what they are paid. (3) This conflict and exploitation intensifies over time, eventually leading to revolution where the proletariat overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish socialism. Marx saw class conflict and struggle as inherent to capitalism and leading inevitably to its destruction and replacement with a communist, classless society.
Marxism is an economic and sociopolitical worldview created by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the 19th century. It views society and history through the lens of class struggle and proposes that capitalist societies will inevitably give way to socialist societies, and in turn to communist ones. Neo-Marxism extends Marxism by incorporating elements from other traditions like critical theory and psychoanalysis. While Marxism focuses on economic determinism, Neo-Marxism considers broader social and intellectual influences. Criticisms of Marxism argue that it takes too materialistic an approach, cannot be falsified, ignores gender roles, and overstates the importance of economics.
Socialism emerged in reaction to the harsh conditions of early industrial capitalism and offered an alternative based on common ownership and cooperation. Early socialists advocated revolution, but as conditions improved, evolutionary socialism developed which sought change through parliamentary means. However, gradualism failed as socialist parties moderated their policies to gain support and power, and capitalism proved more durable than predicted. The core themes of socialism emphasize community, cooperation, equality, and common ownership over private property and individualism.
Karl Marx (1818-1883) developed influential theories of history, capitalism, and economics. His theory of history, called dialectical materialism, argued that technological and economic developments lead to changes in societal class structures and revolutionary changes in government and ideology. Marx analyzed capitalism and argued it relies on the exploitation of workers, causing economic crises and a falling rate of profit that will ultimately lead to its demise and replacement by communism. Marx's early economic model featured two sectors, one producing capital goods and one consumer goods, with investment driving economic growth.
Georg Lukacs and Antonio Gramsci were key figures in Neo-Marxism. Lukacs emphasized the importance of human agency and class consciousness. He believed that under capitalism, the proletariat experiences false consciousness, viewing social relationships only in terms of monetary value rather than authentic meaning. Gramsci addressed limitations in Marx's thinking by highlighting the role of politics, culture, and ideology in both maintaining and challenging class domination. He developed the concepts of cultural hegemony to describe how ruling classes establish control through non-economic means like intellectuals and civil society institutions.
Karl Marx was a German philosopher who developed the theories of communism, socialism and Marxism. He believed that history is determined by class struggle and conflicts between social classes, and that under capitalism the bourgeoisie exploit the proletariat. Marx wrote influential works such as The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital which formed the basis of Marxism and analyzed the capitalist mode of production. Marx saw communism as the final stage in history where private property is abolished and society is organized for the common good of all people.
Dialectical materialism by Man Bahadur ShahiMBSHAHI
Dialectical materialism is a philosophy developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that holds matter as the only reality and ideas as products of material practices. It views history and society as determined by the means of production rather than ideas. Dialectical materialism uses a dialectic method to understand how contradictions within social systems cause them to evolve through qualitative changes. It aims to scientifically explain reality through analyzing the material conditions of human societies.
Karl Marx was a 19th century philosopher who developed the theories of communism and socialism. He believed that capitalism inevitably leads to conflict between the bourgeoisie (the owners of capital) and the proletariat (workers). This will culminate in revolution and the establishment of a socialist dictatorship of the proletariat, followed by a stateless, classless communist society. Marx outlined the historical stages from primitive communism to capitalism to socialism to communism. He argued capitalism concentrates wealth among the few and alienates workers, but is a necessary step toward the ultimate liberation of humanity under communism.
The Marxist theory of class conflict centers around several key ideas: (1) Society is divided into two main conflicting classes - the bourgeoisie who own the means of production and exploit the proletariat working class. (2) This exploitation occurs through surplus value, where workers generate more value than what they are paid. (3) This conflict and exploitation intensifies over time, eventually leading to revolution where the proletariat overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish socialism. Marx saw class conflict and struggle as inherent to capitalism and leading inevitably to its destruction and replacement with a communist, classless society.
Marxism is an economic and sociopolitical worldview created by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the 19th century. It views society and history through the lens of class struggle and proposes that capitalist societies will inevitably give way to socialist societies, and in turn to communist ones. Neo-Marxism extends Marxism by incorporating elements from other traditions like critical theory and psychoanalysis. While Marxism focuses on economic determinism, Neo-Marxism considers broader social and intellectual influences. Criticisms of Marxism argue that it takes too materialistic an approach, cannot be falsified, ignores gender roles, and overstates the importance of economics.
Karl Marx identifies production as essential for human existence and as a social activity that requires cooperation and organization. He describes different modes of production throughout history - from primitive communism to slave societies to feudalism and capitalism - that determine societal class divisions and expressions of culture. Under capitalism, the economic base of forces and relations of production are controlled by the ruling capitalist class, while the social superstructure serves to maintain their interests, but contradictions will lead to revolution and establishment of a communist mode of production without classes.
Karl Marx was a 19th century German philosopher and economist who developed the theories of communism, socialism, and Marxism. He argued that capitalism would inevitably give way to socialism and communism due to internal contradictions between the ruling bourgeoisie class and the working proletariat class. Marx believed that class struggle and conflict between these groups would intensify as capitalism advanced, eventually leading to revolution and a classless society. He is best known for his theories on alienation, historical materialism, base and superstructure, and his critique of capitalism in works such as The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital.
Marxism consists of three components: a political doctrine, a philosophy of history, and an analysis of the economy. Marx believed that the economic base of society, or how wealth is produced, determines the social and political superstructure. As productive technologies change, new class relations emerge between workers and owners. Capitalism relies on wage labor and private control of production, creating an inherent conflict of interests between workers and owners. This leads to capitalism's inevitable collapse due to falling profits, overproduction, and unemployment as workers cannot afford the goods they produce.
Lecture slides on Karl Marx theory of society. Set at a very basic level, this is ideal for newcomers to social theory, or students working below undergrad level.
This document provides background information on Karl Marx and summaries of some of his major theories. It notes that Marx was a German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist who lived from 1818 to 1883 and was one of the founders of sociology and social science. Some of Marx's key theories discussed include historical materialism, alienation of workers under capitalism, the labor theory of value, surplus value, and class struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. The document also discusses Marx's influence and criticism of some of his ideas.
The document defines socialism and communism, noting that socialism focuses on meeting the basic needs of society as a whole rather than individuals, while communism focuses on meeting individuals' basic needs. It provides background on the origins and introduction of socialism in the 19th century in Western Europe. Both positive and negative aspects of socialism are discussed, including criticisms that socialist economies are inefficient and can restrict civil liberties, as well as benefits like reducing inequality. Examples are given of countries that have practiced socialism.
Karl Marx was a 19th century philosopher who developed the theories of communism, socialism, and Marxism. Some of Marx's major ideas discussed in the document include dialectical materialism, historical materialism, the concept of base and superstructure in societies, modes of production, class consciousness, class struggle, surplus value, and alienation of workers. The document provides an overview of Marx's key theories and concepts.
Socialism refers to a political and economic theory advocating common ownership of resources. Key aspects include democratic control of production, distribution, and exchange to meet human needs rather than for profit. It emerged in response to poverty under capitalism. Early theorists like Saint-Simon, Fourier, and Owen proposed cooperative communities, while Marx emphasized class struggle and revolution to establish socialism. Democratic socialism gained popularity after WWI as socialist parties participated in government in Europe. Features include public ownership, central planning, and equality, while drawbacks involve reduced freedom and bureaucracy.
Class struggle By Karl Marx ppt
presentation on Karl marx theory class struggle.
definition, stages, types. and criticism.
classical sociological theory
Karl Marx was a German philosopher who believed that capitalism would inevitably be replaced by communism. He developed a theory of history and economics known as historical materialism and dialectical materialism. Some key aspects of Marx's economic theory include his labor theory of value, analysis of surplus value and exploitation of workers, ideas about the reserve army of unemployed helping to keep wages low, and prediction that the rate of profit would tend to fall over time under capitalism. Marx saw capitalism containing the seeds of its own destruction through business cycles and the increasing misery of the proletariat class.
The document discusses the rise of new economic and political ideas in response to capitalism and laissez-faire economics in the 18th-19th centuries. It describes laissez-faire economics and how Adam Smith's ideas influenced capitalism. As populations and inequality grew, socialists advocated public ownership and greater protections for workers. Utilitarianism aimed to maximize welfare, while Marx argued capitalism divided society into the bourgeoisie and proletariat, and would be overthrown by communism as inequality increased further. Communism entailed complete public ownership with no private property and equal sharing of goods.
Karl Marx's Theory of Surplus-Value constitutes the backbone of Marxian Economics. Hence, its necessary to learn about this for understanding the nature of capitalist expoitation.
Socialism originated in France during the French Revolution in 1789. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels referenced scientific socialism in their 1848 work The Communist Manifesto. Socialism is an economic system characterized by public ownership of major industries and centralized economic planning, with social ownership and distribution of profits among society rather than to private owners.
The document discusses ancient economic thought from the Hebrews and Greeks. It provides an overview of key economic ideas from these early civilizations, including Plato's concept of the ideal state. For the Hebrews, it outlines their simple economic philosophy and notes characteristics like a lack of individualism. For the Greeks, it examines Plato's view of the division of labor and origin of the city-state. Plato proposed a rigid social hierarchy and strict regulation of all activities in his ideal state. The summary then focuses on specific aspects of Plato's ideal state model, including his concept of money, interest, and regulated trade and commerce.
Karl Marx was a 19th century philosopher, economist, and socialist revolutionary. He developed the theory of historical materialism which argues that economic and material forces drive historical change and development. Marx believed that capitalism would inevitably create contradictions and class conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat, leading to revolution and establishment of a communist, classless society. Neo-Marxism emerged in the 20th century and expanded on Marx's theories to include analysis of culture, ideology, and other social factors rather than just economics. Marxist ideas and concepts like alienation, exploitation, and historical materialism continue to influence the study of society, economics, history and conflict.
Theory of Society by Karl marx, Mode of Production, Social Formation, Stages of history . very much helpful to the student to learn more about the Marx & his theory.
This document provides an overview of capitalism including:
- The etymology of the term "capitalism" which comes from the Latin word "caput" meaning head.
- It describes capitalism as an economic system based on private ownership, wage labor, and production for exchange and profit.
- The history of capitalism is traced from early agrarian and mercantilism periods starting in the 16th century, to the rise of industrial capitalism and its spread through globalization.
The document provides an overview of neo-liberalism, which advocates for free market capitalism and reduced restrictions on trade. It discusses how neo-liberalism emerged in response to economic crises in the late 20th century and was advanced by powerful international institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and WTO. While neo-liberalism aims to maximize profits and economic growth, the document notes it can negatively impact inequality, public services, and local industries in developing countries.
Thomas Malthus was an 18th century British scholar who developed the theory of population arguing that population grows geometrically while food production grows arithmetically, inevitably leading to food scarcity. He believed preventive checks like moral restraint were needed to slow population growth, otherwise population would be kept in check by "positive checks" like famine, disease and war imposed by nature. Malthus also developed the "iron law of wages" which stated that in the long run, wages cannot rise above the subsistence level and will be pushed back down by population growth outstripping food supply.
Karl Marx was a German philosopher who developed a materialist conception of history. He believed that history is driven by class struggle between social classes and that society progresses through different modes of production. Marx saw capitalism as exploiting the working class, or proletariat, by paying them less than the value they produce. He predicted that internal contradictions within capitalism would lead to its self-destruction, bringing about a communist revolution and a classless society.
Karl Marx identifies production as essential for human existence and as a social activity that requires cooperation and organization. He describes different modes of production throughout history - from primitive communism to slave societies to feudalism and capitalism - that determine societal class divisions and expressions of culture. Under capitalism, the economic base of forces and relations of production are controlled by the ruling capitalist class, while the social superstructure serves to maintain their interests, but contradictions will lead to revolution and establishment of a communist mode of production without classes.
Karl Marx was a 19th century German philosopher and economist who developed the theories of communism, socialism, and Marxism. He argued that capitalism would inevitably give way to socialism and communism due to internal contradictions between the ruling bourgeoisie class and the working proletariat class. Marx believed that class struggle and conflict between these groups would intensify as capitalism advanced, eventually leading to revolution and a classless society. He is best known for his theories on alienation, historical materialism, base and superstructure, and his critique of capitalism in works such as The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital.
Marxism consists of three components: a political doctrine, a philosophy of history, and an analysis of the economy. Marx believed that the economic base of society, or how wealth is produced, determines the social and political superstructure. As productive technologies change, new class relations emerge between workers and owners. Capitalism relies on wage labor and private control of production, creating an inherent conflict of interests between workers and owners. This leads to capitalism's inevitable collapse due to falling profits, overproduction, and unemployment as workers cannot afford the goods they produce.
Lecture slides on Karl Marx theory of society. Set at a very basic level, this is ideal for newcomers to social theory, or students working below undergrad level.
This document provides background information on Karl Marx and summaries of some of his major theories. It notes that Marx was a German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist who lived from 1818 to 1883 and was one of the founders of sociology and social science. Some of Marx's key theories discussed include historical materialism, alienation of workers under capitalism, the labor theory of value, surplus value, and class struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. The document also discusses Marx's influence and criticism of some of his ideas.
The document defines socialism and communism, noting that socialism focuses on meeting the basic needs of society as a whole rather than individuals, while communism focuses on meeting individuals' basic needs. It provides background on the origins and introduction of socialism in the 19th century in Western Europe. Both positive and negative aspects of socialism are discussed, including criticisms that socialist economies are inefficient and can restrict civil liberties, as well as benefits like reducing inequality. Examples are given of countries that have practiced socialism.
Karl Marx was a 19th century philosopher who developed the theories of communism, socialism, and Marxism. Some of Marx's major ideas discussed in the document include dialectical materialism, historical materialism, the concept of base and superstructure in societies, modes of production, class consciousness, class struggle, surplus value, and alienation of workers. The document provides an overview of Marx's key theories and concepts.
Socialism refers to a political and economic theory advocating common ownership of resources. Key aspects include democratic control of production, distribution, and exchange to meet human needs rather than for profit. It emerged in response to poverty under capitalism. Early theorists like Saint-Simon, Fourier, and Owen proposed cooperative communities, while Marx emphasized class struggle and revolution to establish socialism. Democratic socialism gained popularity after WWI as socialist parties participated in government in Europe. Features include public ownership, central planning, and equality, while drawbacks involve reduced freedom and bureaucracy.
Class struggle By Karl Marx ppt
presentation on Karl marx theory class struggle.
definition, stages, types. and criticism.
classical sociological theory
Karl Marx was a German philosopher who believed that capitalism would inevitably be replaced by communism. He developed a theory of history and economics known as historical materialism and dialectical materialism. Some key aspects of Marx's economic theory include his labor theory of value, analysis of surplus value and exploitation of workers, ideas about the reserve army of unemployed helping to keep wages low, and prediction that the rate of profit would tend to fall over time under capitalism. Marx saw capitalism containing the seeds of its own destruction through business cycles and the increasing misery of the proletariat class.
The document discusses the rise of new economic and political ideas in response to capitalism and laissez-faire economics in the 18th-19th centuries. It describes laissez-faire economics and how Adam Smith's ideas influenced capitalism. As populations and inequality grew, socialists advocated public ownership and greater protections for workers. Utilitarianism aimed to maximize welfare, while Marx argued capitalism divided society into the bourgeoisie and proletariat, and would be overthrown by communism as inequality increased further. Communism entailed complete public ownership with no private property and equal sharing of goods.
Karl Marx's Theory of Surplus-Value constitutes the backbone of Marxian Economics. Hence, its necessary to learn about this for understanding the nature of capitalist expoitation.
Socialism originated in France during the French Revolution in 1789. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels referenced scientific socialism in their 1848 work The Communist Manifesto. Socialism is an economic system characterized by public ownership of major industries and centralized economic planning, with social ownership and distribution of profits among society rather than to private owners.
The document discusses ancient economic thought from the Hebrews and Greeks. It provides an overview of key economic ideas from these early civilizations, including Plato's concept of the ideal state. For the Hebrews, it outlines their simple economic philosophy and notes characteristics like a lack of individualism. For the Greeks, it examines Plato's view of the division of labor and origin of the city-state. Plato proposed a rigid social hierarchy and strict regulation of all activities in his ideal state. The summary then focuses on specific aspects of Plato's ideal state model, including his concept of money, interest, and regulated trade and commerce.
Karl Marx was a 19th century philosopher, economist, and socialist revolutionary. He developed the theory of historical materialism which argues that economic and material forces drive historical change and development. Marx believed that capitalism would inevitably create contradictions and class conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat, leading to revolution and establishment of a communist, classless society. Neo-Marxism emerged in the 20th century and expanded on Marx's theories to include analysis of culture, ideology, and other social factors rather than just economics. Marxist ideas and concepts like alienation, exploitation, and historical materialism continue to influence the study of society, economics, history and conflict.
Theory of Society by Karl marx, Mode of Production, Social Formation, Stages of history . very much helpful to the student to learn more about the Marx & his theory.
This document provides an overview of capitalism including:
- The etymology of the term "capitalism" which comes from the Latin word "caput" meaning head.
- It describes capitalism as an economic system based on private ownership, wage labor, and production for exchange and profit.
- The history of capitalism is traced from early agrarian and mercantilism periods starting in the 16th century, to the rise of industrial capitalism and its spread through globalization.
The document provides an overview of neo-liberalism, which advocates for free market capitalism and reduced restrictions on trade. It discusses how neo-liberalism emerged in response to economic crises in the late 20th century and was advanced by powerful international institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and WTO. While neo-liberalism aims to maximize profits and economic growth, the document notes it can negatively impact inequality, public services, and local industries in developing countries.
Thomas Malthus was an 18th century British scholar who developed the theory of population arguing that population grows geometrically while food production grows arithmetically, inevitably leading to food scarcity. He believed preventive checks like moral restraint were needed to slow population growth, otherwise population would be kept in check by "positive checks" like famine, disease and war imposed by nature. Malthus also developed the "iron law of wages" which stated that in the long run, wages cannot rise above the subsistence level and will be pushed back down by population growth outstripping food supply.
Karl Marx was a German philosopher who developed a materialist conception of history. He believed that history is driven by class struggle between social classes and that society progresses through different modes of production. Marx saw capitalism as exploiting the working class, or proletariat, by paying them less than the value they produce. He predicted that internal contradictions within capitalism would lead to its self-destruction, bringing about a communist revolution and a classless society.
1. Marxism is a social, political, and economic theory originated by Karl Marx which views class struggle and economic determinism as driving historical change.
2. Marx argued that capitalism exploits and alienates the working class, and will inevitably be overthrown and replaced by a socialist system and eventually a communist society with common ownership.
3. Neo-Marxism built upon Marx's ideas of how economic forces influence society and class relations but placed more emphasis on other forms of social oppression and modes of analysis beyond economic determinism alone.
MAXIST LITERARY THEORY : the basic concepts and the very structure_1.pptxLailaAfridi2
A detailed ppp on Marxist Theory/Literary theory . This presentation can help the students a lot to know the basic concepts and detail structure of the Theory.
This document provides an overview of Marxism, socialism, and communism. It discusses Karl Marx and his theories, including that societies progress through modes of production from feudalism to capitalism and eventually to communism. Marx believed that under capitalism, the bourgeoisie exploit the proletariat and appropriates the surplus value generated by workers. The document also defines socialism as collective ownership and control of the means of production, and communism as a classless, stateless, and moneyless society where people work and are paid equally. It discusses Lenin's contribution of establishing the communist party and state in the USSR.
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The document provides an overview of Marxism and Marxist theory. It discusses:
- Karl Marx's background and history as the founder of Marxism.
- Key concepts in Marxism including dialectical materialism, historical materialism, alienation, class struggle, and the relationship between the economic base and ideological superstructure.
- How Marxism views history, society, economics, politics, and literature - emphasizing the role of class conflict and economic determinism.
- Marxist analysis of capitalism and socialist/communist alternatives.
- The influence of Marxism on fields like sociology, economics, and literary criticism.
This document provides an overview of Karl Marx's conflict theory perspective. Some key points:
- Conflict theory views differences in interests between social groups as fundamental to society and a source of conflict.
- Marx argued that contradictions within economic systems between the owning and working classes would ultimately lead to revolution.
- He believed history is driven by class struggle and that under capitalism, workers are alienated and exploited by the bourgeoisie class.
- Marx saw social change as emerging from the contradictions within a system and the dialectical struggle between classes.
This document provides an overview of Marxism, including its key characteristics and concepts. It discusses Marxism's focus on material conditions and class struggle. Some main ideas explained are the means of production, base and superstructure, class consciousness, ideology, exploitation, and the class system according to Marxism. The document also summarizes Marxist literary criticism and film theory, noting their aims to understand works within their historical context and apply aesthetic lessons to politics.
Grade 11 reporting... Marxism, negative and positive effectregondonprincess
This document provides an overview of Marxism. It defines Marxism as a social, political, and economic theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that examines the effects of capitalism on labor and argues for a worker revolution. Some key points:
- Marxism is based on analyzing class struggle between the bourgeoisie (ruling class) and the proletariat (working class).
- Major works by Marx and Engels include The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, which critically analyze capitalism and advocate for communism.
- Core concepts of Marxism include historical materialism, class struggle, dialectical materialism, alienation, surplus value, and the critique of capitalism.
This document provides an overview of Marxist perspectives on print media. It introduces key Marxist concepts such as cultural materialism, commodification, capitalism, and class struggle. It explains that according to Marxist theory, culture is a product of economic conditions and will represent the values of the most powerful social class. Print media are viewed as products of capitalism that treat ideas and people as commodities for making money. Society is seen as structured by ongoing conflict between the ruling and working classes, which affects all aspects of media and culture. Students are assigned to analyze magazine covers from this Marxist viewpoint.
Karl Marx was a 19th century German philosopher whose ideas formed the basis of communism and significantly influenced the fields of economics and commerce. Some of Marx's key contributions included critiquing capitalism and private property, advocating for proletarian revolution, developing theories of surplus value, wage determination, and the labor theory of value. Marx analyzed how capitalism exploits workers and pushes wages down over time as profits rise, laying the foundation for communist and socialist movements that sought to redistribute wealth more evenly.
Lecture 4 Evolution of Global Economies Capitalism, Adam Smith & MarxismPearson College London
This document provides an overview of Adam Smith and Karl Marx's economic theories and critiques of capitalism. It discusses Adam Smith's criticism of mercantilism, principles of capitalism including the invisible hand and division of labor. It also covers Marx's background, evolutionary stages of history, characteristics of Marxist studies, and critiques of Marxism regarding its definition of ideology and evaluation of classless societies. The document is from an economics lecture covering capitalism, Smith, and Marxism.
Marxist criticism is based on the political, economic, and cultural theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It analyzes and critiques modern industrial capitalism and aims to establish a classless society. Marxist criticism adapts Hegel's dialectic approach and believes that material economic forces, not ideas, drive history. It views society as evolving through class struggle and contradiction between material base (economic structure) and cultural superstructure.
During the Industrial Revolution, wealth became concentrated among few while most remained poor. Some believed the only way to change this uneven distribution was for workers to take control of the means of production from owners. Socialism proposed that the government owns and operates the means of production for the benefit of all. Karl Marx believed capitalism would lead to conflict between the bourgeoisie owners and proletariat workers, culminating in a classless communist society where people contribute and receive according to their abilities and needs. Variations of socialism include peaceful democratic socialism and revolutionary communism.
Marxism is a social and economic theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that views society and history in terms of class struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. During the Industrial Revolution, capitalism emerged and created two main classes - the bourgeoisie who owned the means of production and the proletariat who were workers selling their labor. Marx argued that the proletariat experienced exploitation and oppression as they were paid low wages despite producing profits for the bourgeoisie. This inequality and oppression led to class conflict and the need for a communist revolution that would establish a classless society with common ownership.
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Classical Marxism argues that society is based on conflict between social classes due to unequal distribution of wealth and power. Marx predicted that capitalism would become increasingly polarized and unstable, ultimately leading to revolution and socialism. However, Marx's predictions have not come true, and his two-class model is too simplistic. Later theorists like Gramsci and Althusser developed Marxism further, emphasizing the role of ideology and introducing concepts like hegemony and ideological state apparatuses to better explain how ruling classes maintain power. While criticisms remain, Marxist perspectives continue to provide insights into social inequalities and conflicts rooted in class divisions.
The document provides an overview of Bengali culture and society, including:
1) The history of Bengal from ancient kingdoms to British rule, noting various peoples who inhabited the region over time.
2) An outline of the evolution of the Bengali language from Old Bangla to present day, tracing its development over thousands of years as it incorporated words from other languages.
3) The ethnic origins of people in Bengal, who descended from diverse groups including Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, and Austroasiatic peoples who migrated to the region.
This document presents information on the logical framework, which is a tool used for project planning and evaluation. It discusses the concept of the logical framework, its components, and importance. The logical framework consists of a matrix with objectives in the vertical column and indicators, means of verification, and assumptions in the horizontal columns. It helps bring order to project design, implementation, and evaluation through its systematic approach.
The document discusses the role of clean energy, specifically nuclear power and energy storage, in addressing climate change and transitioning away from fossil fuels. It argues that nuclear power can play a major role in minimizing climate change by producing little to no greenhouse gas emissions over its lifecycle. Energy storage is also seen as important for integrating renewable energy sources like wind and solar into the electric grid and enabling the transition off fossil fuels, as renewables have variable output that storage could help balance. The document examines both the technical and economic impacts of energy storage and variable renewables on the grid and their potential to replace fossil fuels as costs decline and reliability increases over time.
The document discusses climate change impacts and policies in Bangladesh. It notes that Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change due to factors like its geography, population density, and economic reliance on agriculture and fisheries. Key impacts include increased flooding, cyclones, droughts, salinity intrusion, and effects on water resources. Bangladesh has adopted policies like the National Adaptation Program of Action and Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan to undertake adaptation projects and promote sustainable development while addressing climate change challenges.
This document discusses the logical framework approach to project planning and evaluation. It begins by defining the logical framework as a tool used to conceptualize a project, analyze assumptions, and facilitate monitoring and evaluation. It then explains the key components of a logical framework matrix, including goals, objectives, outputs, inputs, indicators, means of verification, and assumptions. Finally, it outlines some important benefits of the logical framework such as reducing planning confusion, determining responsibility and management, facilitating evaluation, and ensuring projects are accessible and straightforward.
Environmental management acts and policies in bangladeshMd. Ayatullah Khan
This document provides an overview of environmental management acts and policies in Bangladesh. It discusses how Bangladesh has enacted various laws and policies since gaining independence in 1971 to protect the environment, including the Water Pollution Control Ordinance (1973), Environment Pollution Control Ordinance (1977), and Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act (1995). National policies have also been formulated to address issues like forestry, fisheries, agriculture, and climate change. However, significant improvement in environmental management has been lacking despite these acts and policies.
The institutions for disaster management in bangladeshMd. Ayatullah Khan
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Amanda Chu
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PREMIUM
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Good morning and welcome back to Energy Source, coming to you from New York, where the city swelters in its first heatwave of the season.
Nearly 80 million people were under alerts in the US north-east and midwest yesterday as temperatures in some municipalities reached record highs in a test to the country’s rickety power grid.
In other news, the Financial Times has a new Big Read this morning on Russia’s grip on nuclear power. Despite sanctions on its economy, the Kremlin continues to be an unrivalled exporter of nuclear power plants, building more than half of all reactors under construction globally. Read how Moscow is using these projects to wield global influence.
Today’s Energy Source dives into the latest Statistical Review of World Energy, the industry’s annual stocktake of global energy consumption. The report was published for more than 70 years by BP before it was passed over to the Energy Institute last year. The oil major remains a contributor.
Data Drill looks at a new analysis from the World Bank showing gas flaring is at a four-year high.
Thanks for reading,
Amanda
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New report offers sobering view of the energy transition
Every year the Statistical Review of World Energy offers a behemoth of data on the state of the global energy market. This year’s findings highlight the world’s insatiable demand for energy and the need to speed up the pace of decarbonisation.
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group-3 -pptx.pptx
1. Marxian Political Economy
Date of Presentation: 30 January, 2019
Course Name: Political Economy of Development
Course Code: DS 4201
Presented by: Group 3
Student ID: 152107, 152120, 152124, 152131,
152132, 152136, 152138, 152140
2. Contents
• Introduction
• Basic Analysis of Capitalism
• Capitalism and Commodity Production
• Commodity Fetishism
• Surplus Value
• Appropriation of surplus value
• Class Struggle & Proletariat’s Position
• Relative deterioration of the position of the working
class
• Reserve Army of Labour
• Crisis Contradictions of Capitalism Development
3. Introduction
• The political and economic philosophy of Karl Marx ;
in which the concept of class struggle plays a central role
in understanding society's allegedly inevitable
development from bourgeois oppression under
capitalism to a socialist and ultimately classless society.
• The analysis of class struggle involves the exploitation
of labour by capital within the capitalist mode of
production.
4. Basic Analysis of Capitalism
• Capitalism is an economic system where private
entities own the factors of production.
• The four factors are entrepreneurship, capital
goods, natural resources, and labor.
5. Basic Analysis of Capitalism (con’t)
• Capitalistic ownership means two things.
• First, the owners control the factors of production.
• Second, they derive their income from their
ownership.
• That gives them the ability to operate their companies
efficiently. It also provides them with the incentive
to maximize profit.
6. Basic Analysis of Capitalism (con’t)
• Capitalism requires a free market economy to
succeed. It distributes goods and services according
to the laws of supply and demand.
• The law of demand says that when demand
increases for a particular product, price rises.
• When competitors realize they can make a higher
profit, they increase production.
• The greater supply reduces prices to a level where
only the best competitors remain.
7. Capitalism
• Capitalism is an economic system and an ideology based
on private ownership of the means of production and their
operation for profit.
• Capitalism had the following characteristics:
private property,
capital accumulation,
wage labor,
voluntary exchange,
a price system and
Competitive markets.
8. Capitalism and Commodity Production
In Karl Marx's critique of political economy and subsequent
Marxian analyses,
‘the capitalist mode of production refers to the systems of
organizing production and distribution within capitalist
societies.”
The capitalist mode of production is characterized by
• private ownership of the means of production,
• extraction of surplus value by the owning class for the
purpose of capital accumulation,
• wage-based labour, and, at least as far as commodities are
concerned, being market-based.
9. Under the capitalist mode of production:
• Both the inputs and outputs of production are mainly
privately owned, priced goods and services purchased
in the market.
• Production is carried out for exchange and circulation
in the market, aiming to obtain a net profit income from
it.
• The owners of the means of production (capitalists) are
the dominant class (bourgeoisie) who derive their
income from the surplus product produced by the
workers and appropriated freely by the capitalists.
10. The capitalist mode of production may exist within
societies with differing political systems such as:
liberal democracy, Social democracy,
fascism, Communist state.
And alongside different social structures such as:
tribalism, the caste system, an agrarian based peasant
society, urban industrial society and post-industrialism.
11. Commodity Fetishism
Commodity fetishism is the perception of the social
relationships involved in production not as relationships
among people, but as economic relationships among the
money and commodities exchanged in market trade.
As such, commodity fetishism transforms the subjective,
abstract aspects of economic value into objective; real
things that people believe have intrinsic value.
12. Aspects of Marx’s notion of
commodity fetishism
Substance of value and commodity-fetishism
It is necessary to turn to Marx's own category about "what
kind of labor" does produce value, and the relation
between this and the form of appearance.
Substance of value and form of appearance
Expose the “contradictions" of the capitalist mode of
production.
"value," that is, "a definite social mode of existence of
human activity (labor)"
13. Criticism
The Marxist theory of commodity fetishism is criticized
from the perspectives of:
Capitalism as religion
• "Capitalism is a purely cultic religion, perhaps the
most extreme that ever existed“
• "The permanence of the cult"
• "Capitalism is probably the first instance of a cult that
creates guilt, not atonement"
• "God must be hidden from it, and may be addressed
only when guilt is at its zenith
14. Criticism
Market logic
Distinguish between commercial valuations
(commodities) and cultural valuations
Commodity iconoclasm
Human psychological beliefs about the value-
relationships inherent to commodity fetishism are not
religious beliefs, and do not possess the characteristics
of spiritual beliefs.
15. Surplus Value
• Surplus value explain the instability of the capitalist
system. Adhering to David Ricardo’s labour theory of
value, Karl Marx held that human labour was the
source of economic value.
• The precondition for the production of surplus value is
the transformation of labor power into a commodity.
• In the theory of surplus value the central problem is to
explain the mechanism of capitalist exploitation and
that prevail in bourgeois society.
• Surplus value is the essentially unequal exchange
between the worker and the capitalist, or between
wage labor and capital.
16. Surplus Value
• Marx begins his investigation of the process of the
production of surplus value by analyzing the universal
formula for capital:
M— C— Mʹ
in which,
M is money,
C is the commodity,
and Mʹ is greater than M (Mʹ = M + m).
• The formula shows the purchase of a commodity (M —
C) and its sale (C— Mʹ), which increases the amount of
capital. Marx used the term “surplus value” to designate
the increment of value (m) over and above the sum of
money (M) originally advanced and placed in
circulation.
17. Appropriation of surplus value
• In the purchase of use value of labour(service), the labour
would be paid for something equivalent to the exchange
value of labour time.
• when products created by the labour power command
more exchange value, this excess or extra is known as
surplus value.
• This surplus value is not created in the process of
exchange; it is indeed the worth of products produced
within the labour time by labour power.
• There is exploitation if part of the social product is
appropriated by a class of non – producers by custom or
law, or under the threat or use of force, or because refusal
to comply might disorganize the social reproduction.
18. Class Struggle & Proletariat’s
Position
A class is defined by the ownership of property. Such
ownership vests a person with the power to exclude
others from the property and to use it for personal
purposes.
Class struggle, or class warfare or class conflict, is
tension or antagonism in society. It is said to exist
because different groups of people have different
interests.
152124
19. Con’t
• According to Marxism,
there are two main classes
of people: The bouregoisie
controls the capital and
means of production, and
the proletariat provide the
labour. Karl Marx and
Friedrich Engels say that
for most of history, there
has been a struggle
between those two classes.
This struggle is known as
class struggle.
20. Forms of Class Struggle
• Class struggle appeared in some forms.
• First, there is an economic form. The proletariat
struggle with the bourgeoisie through their laborer's
organization in this form.
• Second, there is a political form. In this form, the
proletariat has their party and, through democracy,
they try to change the system.
• And the last, there is an ideological struggle. In this
form, the proletariat try to adapt the old governing
system to new social situations.
21. Con’t
• Finally, the division between classes will widen and
the condition of the exploited worker will deteriorate
so badly that social structure collapses: the class
struggle is transformed into a proletarian revolution.
• Marx's emphasis on class conflict as constituting the
dynamics of social change, his awareness that change
was not random but the outcome of a conflict of
interests.
22. Proletariat’s Position
• The proletariat is the class of wage-earners in an
economic society whose only possession of
significant material value is their labour-power (how
much work they can do)
• In Marxist theory, a dictatorship of the proletariat is
for the proletariat, of the proletariat, and by the
proletariat.
• On the Marxist view, this will endow the proletarian
with the power to abolish the conditions that make a
person a proletarian and, thus, build communism.
23. Con’t
• Marxism sees the proletariat and bourgeoisie (capitalist
class) as occupying conflicting positions, since workers
automatically wish their wages to be as high as
possible, while owners and their proxies wish for
wages (costs) to be as low as possible.
• According to Marxism, capitalism is a system based on
the exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie.
24. Relative deterioration of the position of the
working class
The main classes in capitalism are the bourgeoisie and the
proletariat.
a. Bourgeoisie:
The bourgeoisie or capitalists are the owners of capital,
purchasing and exploiting labour power.
Being wealthy is, in itself, not sufficient to make one a
capitalist
What is necessary is the active role of using this wealth to
make it self- expansive through employment and
exploitation of labour.
25. With the development of traders, merchants,
craftspersons, industrialists, manufacturers and others
whose economic survival and ability to increase wealth.
In the struggle against the feudal authorities this class
formed and took on a progressive role.
For a segment of this class, wealth came by employing
labour (industrial capital).
It was the industrial capitalists who employed labour to
create capital that became the leading sector of the
bourgeoisie.
In Britain, this class became dominant politically and
ideologically by the mid-nineteenth century.
26. b. Proletariat
Since these workers have no property, in order to survive
and obtain an income for themselves and their families,
they must find employment work for an employer.
This means working for a capitalist-employer in an
exploitative social relationship.
If the capitalist-employer is to make profits and
accumulate capital, wages must be kept low.
This means that the proletariat is exploited, with the
surplus time worked by the worker creating surplus
products.
27. While the worker produces, the products created by this
labour are taken by the capitalist and sold – thus producing
surplus value or profit for the capitalist but poverty for
workers.
Capitalists attempting to reduce wages and make workers
work more intensively
People who had subsisted on the land were denied the
possibility of making a living on the land, and they become
propertyless.
Together these changes created a large class of landless
and propertyless people who had no choice but to become
members of the proletariat
28. While the relationship between workers and capitalists, or
between labour and capital may appear to be no more than
an economic relationship of equals meeting equals in the
labour market,
Both capital and labor are required in production and an
exploitative relationship means an exploiter and someone
being exploited.
The contradictory relationship has class conflict built into
it, and leads to periodic bursts of strikes, crises, political
struggles, and ultimately to the overthrow of bourgeois
rule by the proletariat.
Class conflict of this sort results in historical change and
is the motive force in the history of capitalism.
29. Reserve Army of Labour
• Reserve army of labour is a concept in Karl Marx's
critique of political economy.
• Marx did not invent the term "reserve army of labour“
• It was already being used by Friedrich Engels in his
1845 book The Condition of the Working Class in
England.
• Although the idea of the industrial reserve army of
labour is closely associated with Marx.
• It refers to
the unemployed and underemployed in capitalist society.
30. • Structural unemployment on a mass scale rarely existed,
other than that caused by natural disasters and wars.
• Exploitation by capital requires workers to be free in
the double sense: free of possessions, but also politically
free.
• Marx differentiates the people with nothing to sell but
their labor power into six parts: lumpenproletariat, army
of labor, float, latent reserve, stagnant pool, and paupers.
• Big industry constantly requires a reserve army of
unemployed workers for times of overproduction.
• The main purpose of the bourgeois in relation to the
worker is, of course, to have the commodity labour as
cheaply as possible,
• Cheap labour is only possible when the supply of this
commodity is as large as possible.
31. • Capital only increases when it employs workers, the
increase of capital involves an increase of the proletariat
• Population grows faster than the means of subsistence, is
the more welcome to the bourgeois as it silences his
conscience.
• Masses of labourers, crowded into the factory, are
organised like soldiers.
• As privates of the industrial army they are placed under
the command of a perfect hierarchy of officers and
sergeants.
• The more openly this despotism proclaims gain to be its
end and aim, the more petty, the more hateful and the
more embittering it is.
• The mass of constant capital grows faster than the mass
of variable capital.
32. • The reserve army of labour will either expand or
contract, alternately being absorbed or expelled from the
employed workforce
• The availability of labour influences wage rates and the
larger the unemployed workforce grows.
• The more forces down wage rates; conversely, if there
are plenty jobs available and unemployment is low
• Tends to raise the average level of wages—in that case
workers are able to change jobs rapidly to get better pay.
34. Contradictions of Capitalist
Development
• Frist Contradiction : Labor Relation, Wage Labor.
(Demand for higher wages, pressure to keep wages
low).
• Second Contradiction: Tendency to undermine the
conditions of production. Tendency for capitalism to
eventually undermine the economic conditions for its
own perpetuation, through overproduction of
commodities, reduction of wages for would-be
consumers, and exploitation of workers, leading to
responses of workers to resist capitalism.
34
35. • Flavors of Capitalist Crisis
Falling Rate of Profit – Profit
Squeeze
Disproportionality
Underconsumption
Heightened accumulation
> Increased supply + Diminished
demand
Crisis: Rush for liquidity >
Breakdown of Monetary Economy
Contradictions of Capitalist
Development
35
36. Falling Rate of Profit
• Marx distinguished between a barter economy and a
capitalist economy.
• In a barter economy there is no excess production
thus no business cycles. Goods are produced only
when someone wants to consume them.
• But in a capitalist economy, production is separated
from demand. Overproduction can occur.
• When it does, prices and profits fall. Eventually, the
overproduction will cause wages to fall and profits to
rise
36
37. Disproportionality Crisis
• Disequilibrium in one market may spread to others,
according to Marx
• Resource allocation from one market to another may
not be a smooth process - resources may not be
mobile
• This can exacerbate business cycles
37