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Blood 4
- 1. BODY FLUIDS AND BLOOD Preparedby, Abhay Shripad Joshi Assistant Professor Yash Institute of Pharmacy, Aurangabad abhay.joshirss@gmail.com
- 2. BODY FLUIDS • Inan average adult the body fluids constitute between 55% and 60% of total body mass in female and male resp. • Intracellular fluid (ICF) :About 2/3 of body fluid is ICF or cytosol, the fluid within the cell. • Extracellular fluid (ECF) : About 1/3 of body fluid is ECF is outside cells and includes all other body fluids. • ECF is divided into interstitial fluid and plasma. • About 80% of ECF is interstitial fluid which occupies the microscopic spaces between tissue cells.
- 3. BLOOD • Hematology: Itis the branch of science concerned with the study of blood, blood forming tissue and disorders associated with them. • Def.: It is the liquid connective tissue. It is composed of an extracellular matrix called as blood plasma that dissolves and suspends various cells and cell fragments. • Physical properties of blood: • It id denser and more viscous than water. • It is slightly alkaline pH is 7.35 – 7.45. • Temperature of blood is 38°C. • The color of blood varies with its oxygen content.
- 4. BLOOD Functions • Deliver O2 •Remove metabolic wastes • Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid volume • Protection from blood loss- platelets • Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC • Transport hormones
- 5. BLOOD • Blood isbroadly divided in two parts 1. Blood plasma 2. Formed elements
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- 7. BLOOD B L OD P L A S M A C O M P O N E N T S 5 5 % • 90% Water • 8% Solutes: • Proteins • Albumin (60 %) • Alpha and Beta Globulins • Gamma Globulins • fibrinogens • Gas • Electrolytes
- 8. BLOOD B L OD P L A S M A C O M P O N E N T S 5 5 % • Organic Nutrients • Carbohydrates • Amino Acids • Lipids • Vitamins • Hormones • Metabolic waste • CO2 • Urea
- 9. BLOOD Formed Elements ofthe Blood 45% • Erythrocytes (red blood cells) • Leukocytes (white blood cells) • Platelets (thrombocytes)
- 10. BLOOD ERYTHROCYTES (RBC) • Count: 5.4 millions pre microliter in male and 4.8 million in female. • Shape : Biconcave disc shaped. • Size : 7-8 micrometer. • Contains : Hemoglobin. • Life span : 120 days • RBC contains no nucleus, ER, ribosomes and mitochondria. • RBC contains larger surface area because of biconcavity for oxygen diffusion.
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- 12. BLOOD Hemoglobin • Hemoglobin isthe iron-containing oxygen transport metalloproteinase in the RBC. • Hemoglobin transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues. • When the oxygen concentration is high in the alveoli, the hemoglobin combines with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin. • When the blood reaches the tissue with a low concentration of oxygen, the hemoglobin dissociates with the oxygen releasing the oxygen into the body tissue.
- 13. BLOOD Erythropoiesis • The processof development of RBC from pluripotent stem cells called as erythropoiesis. • Erythrocytes are produced in red bone marrow present at the ends of long bones. • The immature cells are released into blood stream as reticulocytes and then mature into erythrocytes in one or two days within circulation. • During this time they lose their nucleus and therefore become incapable of division.
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- 15. BLOOD LEUKOCYTES • Leukocytes orWBCs — Largest sized blood cells — Lowest numbers in the blood (4,500 – 11,000 per microliter) — Formed in the bone marrow and some in lymph glands — Primary cells of the immune system — Fights disease and foreign invaders —Contain nuclei with DNA, the shape depends on type of cell — Certain WBCs produce antibodies — Life span is from 24 hours to several years —Size is 8-20 micrometers in diameter —There are five different types of WBCs 1. Neutrophils 2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils 4. Lymphocytes 5. Monocytes
- 16. BLOOD THROMBOCYTES —Thrombocytes or PLTs —Formed in the bone marrow — Fragments from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes — Smallest of the blood cells — 1-4 micrometers in diameter — Shape can be round, oval, or appear spiky — Life span of around 8-12 days
- 17. BLOOD THROMBOCYTES • Platelets • Involvedin the clotting process • Seal wounds and prevent blood loss • Help repair damaged vessels • 150,000 – 400,000 per microliter of blood • Platelets stain bluish with reddish or purple granules
- 18. HEMOSTASIS 1. Vessel injury 2.Vascular spasm 3. Platelet plug formation 4. Coagulation
- 19. Hemostasis (+ feedback) Prothrombin Thrombin FibrinogenFibrin Clotting Factors thromboplastin Traps RBC & platelets Platelets release thromboplastin
- 20. Hemostasis • Sequence ofresponses that stops bleeding • 3 mechanisms reduce blood loss 1. Vascular spasm • Smooth muscle in artery or arteriole walls contracts 2. Platelet plug formation • Platelets stick to parts of damaged blood vessel, become activated and accumulate large numbers 3. Blood clotting (coagulation)
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- 22. Blood Clotting • Extrinsicpathway : • Fewer steps then intrinsic and occurs rapidly • Tissue factor (TF) or thromboplastin leaks into the blood from cells outside (extrinsic to) blood vessels and initiates formation of prothrombinase • Intrinsic pathway : • More complex and slower than extrinsic • Activators are either in direct contact with blood or contained within (intrinsic to) the blood • Outside tissue damage not needed • Also forms prothrombinase • Platelet Activation and Factors for Clot Formation.mp4
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- 24. 19-24 Blood Grouping •Determined byantigens (agglutinogens) on surface of RBCs •Antibodies (agglutinins) can bind to RBC antigens, resulting in agglutination (clumping) or hemolysis (rupture) of RBCs •Groups •ABO and Rh
- 25. Antigens and Antibodiesof ABO Blood Types
- 26. 19-26 Rh Blood Group •Firststudied in rhesus monkeys •Types •Rh positive: Have these antigens present on surface of RBCs •Rh negative: Do not have these antigens present •ABO Blood Group System.mp4
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