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Chronic Bronchitis
This document describes the structure and pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis. It begins by outlining the divisions of the airway passage from the trachea down to the alveolar sacs. It then explains that chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation and damage to the airways from repeated infection or irritants like cigarette smoke. This causes increased mucus production and loss of cilia function, leading to a buildup of retained mucus in the lungs. Over time, this causes further inflammation and lung damage. The document outlines symptoms, stages of exacerbation, and treatments for chronic bronchitis.
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Chronic Bronchitis
- 2. Structural characteristics of theairway passage structure division Trachea Main bronchi Lobar bronchi Segmental bronchi Small bronchi Bronchioles & terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar duct Alveolar sacs 0 1 2-3 4 5-11 12-16 17-19 20-22
- 3. 3 Bronchitis Bronchitis is inflammationof the mucous membranes of the large and medium bronchi. Inflammation stimulates the glands in the wall of the bronchi to produce abundant amounts of mucus.
- 4. 4 Bronchitis Acute bronchitiscaused by infection and inflammation, if limited in duration, does not cause permanent damage. Chronic bronchitis is a result of repeated infection or inflammation.
- 5. 5 Acute Bronchitis Symptoms Phlegm producing cough. Mild fever Possible wheezing Treatment Medications to reduce mucus production -- antihistamines. If the cough produces green or yellow phlegm, the doctor will prescribe antibiotics.
- 6. 6 Healthy Bronchi Mucusproduced by goblet cells and mucus glands forms a thin protective layer on the inside of each bronchi. The mucus traps inhaled particles and small hair like protrusions called cilia move the mucus upward to be coughed out or swallowed.
- 7. 7 Acute Bronchitis Limitingthe infection Cilia (fine hairs) lining the airways transport mucus upward, preventing infection of the lung. The infection may spread to the lungs in young children, older people, people with compromised immune systems, or diseased lungs. Cilia Goblet Cells
- 8. 8 Chronic Bronchitis Repeatedinfection or inflammation (caused by irritating smoke) causes increased mucus production. Mucus glands and goblet cells increase in number. Cigarette smoke damages the cilia and reduces their ability to move mucus upward. More goblet cells More mucous glands Damaged Cilia
- 9. 9 Chronic Bronchitis Whencilia can no longer move excess mucus, it stays in the airways, narrowing them. Retained mucus encourages bacterial growth which increases inflammation. Retained Mucous Bacteria
- 10. 10 Chronic Bronchitis Eventually,the bronchial lining becomes do damaged that the cilia are completely destroyed and chronic inflammation, infection and mucus build-up occur. Inflammation Cells without cilia
- 12. Normal versus DiseasedBronchi
- 13. Simple type of Chronic Bronchitis (without gasping) Cough Sputumexpectoration Chronic Bronchitis with gasping Cough Sputum expectoration Gasping Classification of Chronic Bronchitis
- 14. Stages Time Courses ExacerbationIn a week Chronic lag phase One month or longer stable Lasts for two months Stages of Chronic Bronchitis
- 16. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Smoking, chemical fumesand dust. Recent infections. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of mucus glands. Increase mucus production blocks the trachea. Secondary infections destroys the cilia. Abnormal lung expansion and V/Q mismatch.
- 17. CLINICAL FEATURES Cough :-. severity increases every yr . initially without sputum . later with sputum Wheezing :- . Early morning . Both inspiratory and expiratory Sputum :- .mainly mucoid and tenacious . Mucopurulent during infective exacerbations. Dyspnea :- .early morning Deformity :- .barrel chest due to hyperinflation. Cyanosis :- . central cyanosis. . Presence of desaturated Hb
- 18. INVESTIGATIONS PFTs ABG analysis Chest Xray MRI ECG CT scan Bronchoscopy Exercise testing
- 19. Figure 11-2.Chest X-ray film of a patient with chronic bronchitis. Note the translucent (dark) lung fields, depressed diaphragms, and long and narrow heart.
- 20. This condition ,usually called as “blue bloaters”
- 21. “Blue bloaters”often have a severely low blood oxygen level that gives their lips and tongue a blue appearance. They tend to be overweight, breathless, and have swollen ankles and abdomens from fluid retention. Overweight and bloated
- 22.
- 23. TREATMENT Smoking cessation Medications :- pneumococcal and influenza vaccines Beta 2 agonists Bronchodilators Corticosteroids Avoidance of environmental irritants Avoidance of beta adrenergic blockers and antihistamines Early treatment of infections O2 therapy
- 24. MESSAGE A cigarette isa pinch of tobacco, Rolled in a paper With the fire on one end and……….. ………………a fool on another end.
- 25. Thank you allfor listening THE END
Editor's Notes
- #5 Acute bronchitis often occurs when a person has an upper respiratory tract infection, such as a common cold. It can also be a complication of measles or influenza. Acute bronchitis is often mild and is usually caused by a respiratory virus. Invasion by bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae, may follow and complicate the initial virus infection.