This document discusses the various determinants of health, including biological, socioeconomic, sociocultural, environmental, and behavioral factors. It provides examples of each type of determinant and explains how factors like genetics, income, education, culture, lifestyle choices, and more can impact individual and population health outcomes.

1. DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
M .JOSEPHIN ,
TUTOR

2. introduction
 Many factors determine the health status and health outcome of the
individual and populations. Whether people are healthy or not, is
determine by their circumstances or environment.
 To a large extent , factors such as where we are live , the state of
our environment , genetics, our income and education level and our
relationship with the friends and family all have considerable
impacts on health

3. Determinants of health
Health
Communities
Societies
Individuals
Families
Biological Individual
behaviour
Human rights
Environmental
Socio
economical
Sociocultural
Health care system
Age and
gender
Science and
technology
Information,
communicati
on
Equity and
social
justice

4. Biological determinants
 GENETIC MAKEUP
 Genes inheritance plays an important role in determining our
lifespan, health status and the risk of developing certain illness .
 Inheritance genetic frame of an individual predisposes the individual
response that are affecting the health status
OTHERS LIKE,
 Chromosomal anomalies
 Error of metabolism
 Mental retardation

5. Socio economical determinants
 Income and social status have a significant impact on health status.
 Like higher income or social status linked to better health
 The greater gap between the richest and poorest people, the greater
the difference in health
 Customs, traditions and belief of the family and community all
affect the health.

6. Socio economic determinants
 Socio economic determinants depends upon
 per capita income
 Education
 Nutrition
 Employment
 Housing

7. Socio cultural determinants
 Culture plays an important role in raising or impeding the health of
a person .
 Some of the cultural beliefs and practices are good to health others
drastically affect the health of a person.
 Example:
“ rooming in” occurs only on the 11th to 14th postnatal day and till
then the mother is not allowed to take bath.

8. Health care delivery system
 Immunization of the children
 Provision of safe drinking water
 Care of pregnant and children
 Equitably distributed
 Accessible
 Primary health care

9. Individual behavioural life style
 Individual behaviour may cause some changes in the individual
health status
 Life style denotes, “the way that people live”, reflecting a whole
range of social values, attitudes and activity
 Health is determine by their culture , beliefs, behaviour and
personal habits.

10. Individual behavioural life style
 HEALTHY LIFE STYLES
 Adequate nutrition
 Enough sleep
 Sufficient physical activity

11. Individual behavioural life style
 HARMFUL LIFE STYLES
 lack of sanitation
 Poor nutrition
 Personal hygiene
 Elementary human habits , customs and cultural pattern

12. Individual behavioural life style
 DISEASE LINKED LIFE STYLES
 coronary heart disease
 Obesity
 Lung cancer
 Drug addiction

13. Age and gender
 As people they become more susceptible to disease and disability
 For example,
 Heart disease, stroke and cancer have been the leading
chronic conditions that have had the greatest impact on the
aging populations
 childs are more susceptible to diarrhoea and respiratory
tract infections

14. Age and gender
 Men and women are suffer from different types of disease at
different ages and some of the diseases affect the men and women
differently
 Women face the highest rate of disease in some area such as breast
cancer, osteoporosis and other auto immune disorder.
 In the aspect of nutrition and reproductive health women are
exposure to majority of the diseases and the male are affected most
commonly in occupational diseases

15. Other factors
 Science and technology
 Information and communication
 Society and equity
 Human rights
 Food and agriculture, industry, social welfare, rural development
and policies.

16. eugenics
 In the 1880s sir francis galton, a cousin of Charles Darwin
introduced the concept of “eugenics”. He was considered as a father
of modern statistics. Eugenics means”wellborn”.
 In greek word ‘eu’ means good or well and “genos” meaning
offspring gave the base for the term “eugenics”
 Eugenics makes all effort to study the inborn traits of man
(physical, mental, spiritual).

17. definition
 “ Eugenics is the study of the agencies under social
control that may improve or impair the racial qualities of
future generations either physically or mentally.”
sir francis galton,1904

18. Types of eugenics
 NEGATIVE EUGENICS
 preventing the births of children with genotype/phenotypes viewed
as unhealthy or undesirable or preventing child bearing by undesirable
individuals.
 Negative eugenics aims to improve the health and performance of the
population by preventing reproduction of its least healthy and least
capable members.

19. Types of eugenics
 POSITIVE EUGENICS
 Main purpose of the positive eugenics was to achieve healthy
population.
 This is done by improving the health and performance of the
population by increasing the birth among couple harbouring best traits
and capabilities.

20. aims
 The general tone of domestic, social, and political life would be higher.
 The race as a whole would be less foolish, less frivolous, less excitable and
politically more provident than now.
 Its demagogues who “ played to the gallery” would play to a more sensible
gallery than at present. We should be better fitted to fulfil our vast imperial
opportunities.
 Lastly, men of an order of ability which is now very rare, would become
more frequent, because the level out of which they rose would itself have
risen.

21. aims
 The aim of Eugenics is to bring as many influences as can be
reasonably employed, to cause the useful classes in the community
to contribute more than their proportion to the next generation.

22. Scopes of eugenics
 Dissemination of a knowledge of the laws of heredity so far as they
are surely known, and promotion of their farther study.
 Few seem to be aware how greatly the knowledge of what may be
termed the actuarial side of heredity has advanced in recent years
 The average closeness, of kinship in each degree now admits of
exact definition and of being treated mathematically, like birth and
death-rates, and the other topics with which actuaries are
concerned.

23. Scopes of eugenics
 Historical inquiry into the rates with which the various classes of society (classified
according to civic usefulness) have contributed to the population at various times, in
ancient and modern nations.
 There is strong reason for believing that national rise and decline is closely connected
with this influence. It seems to be the tendency of high civilisation to check fertility in
the upper classes, through numerous causes, some of which are well known, others are
inferred, and others again are wholly obscure.
 The latter class are apparently analogous to those which bar the fertility of most
species of wild animals in zoological gardens.

24. Scopes of eugenics
 Influences affecting Marriage. The remarks of Lord Bacon in his essay on
Death may appropriately be quoted here.
 He says, with the view of minimising its terrors : “ There is no passion in the
mind of men so weak but it mates and masters the fear of death . . . Revenge
triumphs over death; love slights i t ; honour aspireth to i t ; grief flyeth to it ;
fear pre-occupateth it.