Attended “International Conference on Social Work and Sustainable Social Development 2018” 4 to 6 January, presented a research paper on “Professional Mother’s and Child Sexual Abuse: A Study on the People of Dhaka City”. SUST, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh.
College Students' Attitude towards Premarital Sex: Implication for Guidance a...AJSERJournal
In many African countries, discussing sexuality still remains a taboo, despite the increasing number of
sexual activities among college students. The study sought to find out college students attitude towards premarital sex
and the implication of guidance and counselling. It was guided by the social learning theory. Using a descriptive survey
design data was collected through personally delivered questionnaire to 452 students who were randomly selected
from middle level colleges in Nakuru County. The questionnaire was validated through piloting in one college outside
Nakuru. Reliability coefficient for questionnaire was estimated through test-retest method and Cronbach’s alpha stood
at R=84. Data was analyzed using qualitative and quantitative data. Study findings indicate that 258 or 57% of the
respondents were liberal about premarital sex and viewed it as a normal act that should not attract criticism. A total of
194 or 43% were conservative and believed that it is against the norms of society and the teachings of the church.
Factors associated with premarital sex, include love, peer pressure, drug abuse and economic factors. Counselling was
seen as the best strategic to handle sex issues, but was not effective due to stigma associated with premarital sex. The
study recommended the college administrators step up strategies to supervise both the social and academic life of the
students. By providing them with information, to make informed consent on sexual matters.
Adolescence is a key period for intervention among at-risk populations of youth, as this is when risk-taking behaviors tend to emerge. The Sustainable Development Goals for achieving 2030 youth health targets outline two issues central to reduce risks of gendered violence, sexual violence (SV) and adolescent sexual risk taking: (1) gender equity and (2) mental health promotion education. Only half of women reported having the autonomy to make their own decisions regarding sexual relations, usage of contraception and access to health care services. In developing countries women and children are extremely vulnerable to sexual violence which thereby places them at increased risk for contracting STIs from the perpetrator, as well as pregnancy as a result of SV. Undocumented minors; unaccompanied minors; refugees; child soldiers; youth post natural disasters; orphans; street-involved youth; and youth without parental care or financial means who are exposed to dangerous people or places are most vulnerable to sexual violence. UNICEF states that ending cases of new HIV infections by 2030 is unlikely, due to large concentrations of new infections occurring in areas where transactional sex, child sexual exploitation, drug use, street involved youth and SV are prevalent. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), which include forms of childhood maltreatment, increase the risk of contracting STIs. In particular, sexual abuse is linked with increased likelihood for risky sexual behavior, making victims vulnerable to poor sexual health outcomes.7 Protecting youth from exposure to SV and providing adolescents with sexual and mental health education are central to promoting resilience in youth.
CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT 2
Child Abuse and Neglect
Introduction
Child welfare is one of the special areas of practice in social work. It is special in the context in which the principles and values that govern the social work profession align with policies that guide child welfare organizations. Child abuse is one of the major universal social problems that impact children from all types and levels of society. Child abuse can have a significant impact on the child's personality growth. More so, it can affect the child's adult behavior in later life. Therefore, it the role of the social workers to study the causes of abuse and treatment. Underlaying the efforts is the belief that all societies are responsible for creating an abuse-free society (Zeanah & Humphreys, 2018). This study aims to evaluate factors related to childhood abuse and neglect and social workers' role in alleviating the problem.
Nature and scope of child abuse and neglect
Child abuse is a devastating social problem in society. While the legal definition of child abuse and neglect may vary across different states, there are four recognized classifications of child abuse and neglect. They are sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional maltreatment, and neglect. They neglect medical, educational, and other forms of neglect. Almost 700 000 children are abused every year in the United States. That is about 1 percent of the total number of kids. In 2019, it was estimated that 1770 children in the United States died because of child abuse and neglect. However, the data is incomplete because there are likely to be a lot of unreported cases (Krugman & Poland, 2019). The most prone victims of abuse and neglect are the youngest children. That is children who are in the first year of their life. WWW points out that in 2019 children of 3 years and below experienced a mistreatment rate of 16 per 1000. For children aged 4 to 7 years, the mistreatment rate was 12 per 1000 population. For 8 to 11 years, the mistreatment rate was at 8 per 1000 population. The mistreatment rate goes on decreasing as the children age up. It is the responsibility of child welfare authorities to ensures the safety of children in the country.
Historical Background
For a long time, children have been considered as the property of their parents. Therefore, this notion assumes that parents hold the power of life and death over their children. Throughout history, there have been social provisions that seek to protect orphans and the abandoned children from abuse and neglect. The provisions covered only the orphans and the disabled. However. It is in the last 150 years that the state has made efforts to protect the rights of children by overriding the rights of parents. That means that during the era of the industrial revolution and the invention and introduction of compulsory education attendan ...
College Students' Attitude towards Premarital Sex: Implication for Guidance a...AJSERJournal
In many African countries, discussing sexuality still remains a taboo, despite the increasing number of
sexual activities among college students. The study sought to find out college students attitude towards premarital sex
and the implication of guidance and counselling. It was guided by the social learning theory. Using a descriptive survey
design data was collected through personally delivered questionnaire to 452 students who were randomly selected
from middle level colleges in Nakuru County. The questionnaire was validated through piloting in one college outside
Nakuru. Reliability coefficient for questionnaire was estimated through test-retest method and Cronbach’s alpha stood
at R=84. Data was analyzed using qualitative and quantitative data. Study findings indicate that 258 or 57% of the
respondents were liberal about premarital sex and viewed it as a normal act that should not attract criticism. A total of
194 or 43% were conservative and believed that it is against the norms of society and the teachings of the church.
Factors associated with premarital sex, include love, peer pressure, drug abuse and economic factors. Counselling was
seen as the best strategic to handle sex issues, but was not effective due to stigma associated with premarital sex. The
study recommended the college administrators step up strategies to supervise both the social and academic life of the
students. By providing them with information, to make informed consent on sexual matters.
Adolescence is a key period for intervention among at-risk populations of youth, as this is when risk-taking behaviors tend to emerge. The Sustainable Development Goals for achieving 2030 youth health targets outline two issues central to reduce risks of gendered violence, sexual violence (SV) and adolescent sexual risk taking: (1) gender equity and (2) mental health promotion education. Only half of women reported having the autonomy to make their own decisions regarding sexual relations, usage of contraception and access to health care services. In developing countries women and children are extremely vulnerable to sexual violence which thereby places them at increased risk for contracting STIs from the perpetrator, as well as pregnancy as a result of SV. Undocumented minors; unaccompanied minors; refugees; child soldiers; youth post natural disasters; orphans; street-involved youth; and youth without parental care or financial means who are exposed to dangerous people or places are most vulnerable to sexual violence. UNICEF states that ending cases of new HIV infections by 2030 is unlikely, due to large concentrations of new infections occurring in areas where transactional sex, child sexual exploitation, drug use, street involved youth and SV are prevalent. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), which include forms of childhood maltreatment, increase the risk of contracting STIs. In particular, sexual abuse is linked with increased likelihood for risky sexual behavior, making victims vulnerable to poor sexual health outcomes.7 Protecting youth from exposure to SV and providing adolescents with sexual and mental health education are central to promoting resilience in youth.
CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT 2
Child Abuse and Neglect
Introduction
Child welfare is one of the special areas of practice in social work. It is special in the context in which the principles and values that govern the social work profession align with policies that guide child welfare organizations. Child abuse is one of the major universal social problems that impact children from all types and levels of society. Child abuse can have a significant impact on the child's personality growth. More so, it can affect the child's adult behavior in later life. Therefore, it the role of the social workers to study the causes of abuse and treatment. Underlaying the efforts is the belief that all societies are responsible for creating an abuse-free society (Zeanah & Humphreys, 2018). This study aims to evaluate factors related to childhood abuse and neglect and social workers' role in alleviating the problem.
Nature and scope of child abuse and neglect
Child abuse is a devastating social problem in society. While the legal definition of child abuse and neglect may vary across different states, there are four recognized classifications of child abuse and neglect. They are sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional maltreatment, and neglect. They neglect medical, educational, and other forms of neglect. Almost 700 000 children are abused every year in the United States. That is about 1 percent of the total number of kids. In 2019, it was estimated that 1770 children in the United States died because of child abuse and neglect. However, the data is incomplete because there are likely to be a lot of unreported cases (Krugman & Poland, 2019). The most prone victims of abuse and neglect are the youngest children. That is children who are in the first year of their life. WWW points out that in 2019 children of 3 years and below experienced a mistreatment rate of 16 per 1000. For children aged 4 to 7 years, the mistreatment rate was 12 per 1000 population. For 8 to 11 years, the mistreatment rate was at 8 per 1000 population. The mistreatment rate goes on decreasing as the children age up. It is the responsibility of child welfare authorities to ensures the safety of children in the country.
Historical Background
For a long time, children have been considered as the property of their parents. Therefore, this notion assumes that parents hold the power of life and death over their children. Throughout history, there have been social provisions that seek to protect orphans and the abandoned children from abuse and neglect. The provisions covered only the orphans and the disabled. However. It is in the last 150 years that the state has made efforts to protect the rights of children by overriding the rights of parents. That means that during the era of the industrial revolution and the invention and introduction of compulsory education attendan ...
Running head IDENTIFYING THE POLICY PROBLEM1IDENTIFYING THE .docxwlynn1
Running head: IDENTIFYING THE POLICY PROBLEM 1
IDENTIFYING THE POLICY PROBLEM 5Identifying the Policy Problem
Unit 3 Assignment 1
January 30, 2020
Identifying the Policy Problem
Child abuse takes place in all parts of the world and has been a common problem that can be mentally, emotionally, sexually, and even physically. Indiana has been one of the most common states that report child abuse in the year 2017. Indiana has been among the many states that have reported the high rates of child abuse. There were around 29,000 cases of child abuse in Indiana. Old people in Indiana were reported to have molested their granddaughters, and other many cases still under investigation. The interviews that have been conducted on both male and female suspects showed that the warrant had been issued for their arrest. Many have been arrested and charged with the issue of child abuse. Many have been however building shortly after they have been arrested.
The victims advocate that they been kept safe since the crimes that they have been charged with being exposed. The forensic interview that they have been subjected to entailed a detailed conversation about the entire alleged crime, which is either to corroborate or disprove the entire case or the allegations (Clark, 2017). The interview that took place in the Indiana Department of the children's service entails speaking with the immediate family so that they can be able to talk about the safety of the children molested.
The law enforcement agencies are issuing a warrant to the suspects, while the victims are advocating for them to put place by the DCS. They will need to have developed the safety plan for all the children that are abused. They are also expected to answer some of the questions that are in regard to the case from the family and what action is to be taken in regard to the interventions that are required to the victims. The crime takes the easy target, or the victims who are ready to abuse or they lack parents or do not have the guardian.
In most cases, the granddaughters are mostly the good target from their grandfathers. No one can be sensing there is a danger, or there is anything that is happening to the children. The old people perceive them as the vulnerable target, and they are also accessible to them any time. The many grandfathers who abuse the children have the opportunity and the motivation to offend the victims that are lacking parental care at the same time looking for the girls whom they abuse. From the studies that are being done, it shows that the abuse that is done on the children is random and they are premediated.
Because of the nature of the abuse, it shows that the people who abuse the children are the people who know very well about the children and their parent's routine as well (Clark, 2017). They know when the children are alone and when they can know them, and hence that makes them conduct such acts. They can be able to relate to the patterns that they .
Running head IDENTIFYING THE POLICY PROBLEM1IDENTIFYING THE .docxjeanettehully
Running head: IDENTIFYING THE POLICY PROBLEM 1
IDENTIFYING THE POLICY PROBLEM 5Identifying the Policy Problem
Unit 3 Assignment 1
January 30, 2020
Identifying the Policy Problem
Child abuse takes place in all parts of the world and has been a common problem that can be mentally, emotionally, sexually, and even physically. Indiana has been one of the most common states that report child abuse in the year 2017. Indiana has been among the many states that have reported the high rates of child abuse. There were around 29,000 cases of child abuse in Indiana. Old people in Indiana were reported to have molested their granddaughters, and other many cases still under investigation. The interviews that have been conducted on both male and female suspects showed that the warrant had been issued for their arrest. Many have been arrested and charged with the issue of child abuse. Many have been however building shortly after they have been arrested.
The victims advocate that they been kept safe since the crimes that they have been charged with being exposed. The forensic interview that they have been subjected to entailed a detailed conversation about the entire alleged crime, which is either to corroborate or disprove the entire case or the allegations (Clark, 2017). The interview that took place in the Indiana Department of the children's service entails speaking with the immediate family so that they can be able to talk about the safety of the children molested.
The law enforcement agencies are issuing a warrant to the suspects, while the victims are advocating for them to put place by the DCS. They will need to have developed the safety plan for all the children that are abused. They are also expected to answer some of the questions that are in regard to the case from the family and what action is to be taken in regard to the interventions that are required to the victims. The crime takes the easy target, or the victims who are ready to abuse or they lack parents or do not have the guardian.
In most cases, the granddaughters are mostly the good target from their grandfathers. No one can be sensing there is a danger, or there is anything that is happening to the children. The old people perceive them as the vulnerable target, and they are also accessible to them any time. The many grandfathers who abuse the children have the opportunity and the motivation to offend the victims that are lacking parental care at the same time looking for the girls whom they abuse. From the studies that are being done, it shows that the abuse that is done on the children is random and they are premediated.
Because of the nature of the abuse, it shows that the people who abuse the children are the people who know very well about the children and their parent's routine as well (Clark, 2017). They know when the children are alone and when they can know them, and hence that makes them conduct such acts. They can be able to relate to the patterns that they ...
Sex Education to Indian Adolescents – Need of the Houriosrjce
Sex is very sensitive subject and public discussion on sexual matters is considered as a taboo Indian soc
iety. Most of us do not talk openly about the topic in presence of our elders. But there are certain things that the
youth of our country need to know
Running head CHILD ABUSE Child Abuse Larita SettlesLibe.docxtodd271
Running head: CHILD ABUSE
Child Abuse
Larita Settles
Liberty University
Aboul-Hagag, K., & Hamed, A. (2013). Prevalence and pattern of child sexual abuse. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2(3), 89-96. Doi: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2012.05.001
This study aimed at determining the prevalence and pattern of child sexual abuse among samples selected from college students. The researchers employed a cross-sectional survey of 450 undergraduates at Sohag University, Egypt. It was found out that the overall prevalence of sexual abuse on children was at 29.8% of the sample with higher rates in females compared to males. Male children aged nine years and female children aged 10years were found to be victims of child sexual abuse. The study also found out that a big number of child sexual abuse perpetrators were male and mainly from outside families of the victims. This study sets a phase of child sexual abuse, and it’s important in my research as it improves the scope of child abuse.
Al Odhayani, A., Watson, W. J., & Watson, L. (2016). Behavioral consequences of child abuse. Canadian family physician, 59(8), 831-836.
Authors of the article aimed at examining the consequences of childhood abuse on behavior development, identify behavioral indicators of child abuse and evaluate the role of family physicians in the social problem. Sources of information for the article included a systematic search of relevant research, clinical review articles, and child protection agency information. It was found out that childhood abuse results in disordered psychological development and behavioral concerns. Also, the authors found out that family physicians have an essential role in identifying indicators of child abuse. This article was important as it provided a wide range of information on behavioral indicators of abused children.
Cuadra, L., Jaffe, A., Thomas, R., & DiLillo, D. (2014). Child maltreatment and adult criminal behavior: Does criminal thinking explain the association? Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(8), 1399-1408.Doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.02.005
The research examined the correlations between child abuse and adult criminal behaviors. Information was gathered from 338 men who had been adjudicated. Results of the study showed that there were relationships between child sexual abuse and sexual offenses and a grownup. Child physical abuse was also found to endorse proactive and reactive criminal thinking behaviors. The outcomes indicate that child abuse is directly related to criminal behaviors. This article was essential as it provides information on the long-term effects of child maltreatment.
Hong, S., Rhee, T., & Piescher, K. (2018). Longitudinal association of child maltreatment and cognitive functioning: Implications for child development. Child Abuse & Neglect, 84, 64-73.Doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.026 .
Running Head Teen Pregnancy 1Teen Pregnancy .docxtoltonkendal
Running Head: Teen Pregnancy 1
Teen Pregnancy 2
Teen Pregnancy
Name
Institution
Date
Teen Pregnancy
Introduction
Early sexual activity is one of the major issues in the development of adolescents. Different surveys such as Youth Risk Behavior Survey and National Survey of Family Growth have established that most adolescents engage in sexual activities at earlier ages. However, older adolescents aged 15 years and older have recorded a reduction in sexual activity whereas those that are younger have recorded increased sexual activity. There are different factors that make adolescents engage in sexual activities. Some of these factors include peer pressure to engage in sexual activity, adolescents that mature earlier and the influence of the new media. The use of drugs as well as alcohol leads to reduced inhibitions hence, influencing unprotected sexual activity. Boys and girls that smoke or take alcohol are at risk of early sexual activity. This is because the use of these substances influences their decision making in social contexts.
Fake references According Peters, 2017, early sexual activity is associated with teen pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy has been a national concern for many decades. Teenage pregnancy in most cases complicates the development of adolescents and it leads to a difficultshift to young adulthood. This leads to potential limited economic and most important educational opportunities. There has been a significant teenage pregnancy decline in the last three decades. However, based on the National Campaign aimed at preventing teen pregnancy shows that out of ten girls, four of them get pregnant before they are twenty years old. Compared to other industrialized countries, United States has the highest teen pregnancy, abortion and birth rates (Peters, 2017).
Population Impacted and how they are affected.
Sexual risk behavior among adolescents in the United States is a major health concern. According to Rebecca et al, 2011, approximately 800,000 girls aged between fifteen and nineteen years get pregnant every year. In recent years, the proportion of sexually experienced adolescents has decreased. However, 34 percent of the ninth graders and 61 percent of the 12th graders agree to having had sexual intercourse. Of those that go to high school, 7 percent agree to have sex before their thirteenth birthday. Fake data
In 2015, 229,715babies were born to mothers aged between 15 years and 19 years. This represented a birth rate of approximately 22 per 1,000 girls in the 15-19 age group. This was a record low showing a drop of 8 percent from the previous year, 2014. There was also a significant drop of 9% for girls aged 15 to 17 and 7% for women between 18 years and 19 years. The decline was attributed to abstinence of teens from sexual activity and those that are were sexually active using birth control ...
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Need questions 1-3 answered with a paragraph for each question. I co.docxgibbonshay
Need questions 1-3 answered with a paragraph for each question. I copied and pasted the findings at the bottom if the link doesnt work.
"Causation vs. Correlation." You have probably heard this before, at least in my own lectures or lecture slides for this course. When studies are performed and show that two or more variables share a relationship with each other can we be sure one is actually causing the other, or is it just correlation?
Terms and Considerations
Correlation
is a mutual relationship or connection between two or more variables.
Causation
occurs when changes in one variable
CAUSE
changes in another variable to occur in response.
The difference is that
correlation
is just an observed pattern between two or more variables and we cannot always pin down
causation
unless we do our studies in a carefully designed experiment that takes into account potential lurking and confounding variables.
Typically speaking, causation can only be declared when the cause and effect (1) makes sense, (2) is significantly strong, and (3) the cause occurs before the effect in time. However, because of many lurking variables
causation can never be derived from an OBSERVATIONAL study!
Discussion Tasks
For this discussion, first read the findings of this recent study from researchers at Ohio State University:
Click Here to Read the Findings of the Study (Links to an external site.)
In the study, researchers found an interesting link between absenteeism (missing class) in grade school (K-8) and measures of socio-economic status of students in their early twenties (22-23).
Read the study and then respond to the following three questions:
Do you believe that this study provides enough evidence to declare that absenteeism in grade school
causes
poorer socio-economic outcomes in student's early twenties? Or do you believe this is just an interesting correlation?
What other
lurking variables
may be able to explain the correlation found in this study?
Give your own personal opinion. Do you think absenteeism in grade school causes poorer outcomes in students early twenties? Or do you believe there are other factors at play?
Kids who miss a lot of school from kindergarten to eighth grade may suffer unexpected costs as young adults, a new study finds.
Researchers found that those who were more regularly absent in these early years of school were less likely to vote, reported having greater economic difficulties and had poorer educational outcomes when they were 22 to 23 years old.
The results suggest early school absenteeism should be taken more seriously, said
Arya Ansari
, lead author of the study and assistant professor of
human sciences at The Ohio State University
.
“There’s this misconception, especially among parents, that it doesn’t matter as much if kids miss school early on – that it only becomes important when they get to middle or high school,” said Ansari, who is also a researcher at Ohio State’s
Crane Center for.
Housing Problems of Climate Migrant Poor People: A Study in Dhaka CityKarisma Amjad
Attended “Third Annual National Conference on Urban Resilience to Climate: Building Climate- Resilient, Migrant-Friendly Cities and Towns”, 18 to 20 November 2018 presented research paper on “Housing Problems of Climate Migrant Poor People: A Study in Dhaka City” organized by ICCCAD.
Educational conditions of climate migrants: A Study on Slum Children in Dhaka...Karisma Amjad
Attended “National Conference on Achieving Sustainable Development Goals in Bangladesh: Educational Responses, Challenges and Possibilities”, 31 March-1 April 2018 presented research paper on “Educational Condition of Climate Migrants: A Study on Slum Children in Dhaka City”. IER, University of Dhaka Bangladesh.
Socio economic condition among climate migrant older womenKarisma Amjad
Attended WSWD 2018: 1st International Conference on “Promoting Community and Environmental Sustainability” 20-21 March, presented a research paper on “Socio-economic Condition among Climate Migrant Older Women: A Study on Slum Dwellers in Dhaka City” organized by CSWPD and PUB.
Level of knowledge about climate changeKarisma Amjad
Attended “Bali International Business and Social Science Research Conference 2017” held at Grand Mirage Hotel, Bali, Indonesia on the research paper title of “Level of Knowledge about Climate Change: A Study on the People of Dhaka City”.
Living conditions of the climate migrant in urban slams implication for the f...Karisma Amjad
iv) Attended “International Conference on South Asian Sociology & Beyond 2018” 19-20 January, presented research paper on “Living Conditions of the Climate Migrant in Urban Slums: Implication for the Food Security”. 60th Foundation Anniversary of the department of Sociology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Nasreen Anwar Khan
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Business Administration
Asian University of Bangladesh
Karisma Amjad
Lecturer
Dept. of Social Work
Asian University of Bangladesh
Aysha Ashraf
Lecturer
Dept. of Business Administration
Asian University of Bangladesh
3. Child sexual abuse (CSA) is not a new one
phenomenon. It began to be noted as a significant
form of child abuse in the 1970s.
Child is a human being below the age of 18 years
unless under the law applicable to the
child, majority is attained earlier (Convention on
the Rights of the Child, 1989).
Forms of CSA can be contact and non-contact.
Contact abuse involves touching activities engaging
in sexual activities with a child, and non-contact
abuse involves non-touching activities, such as
grooming, persuading children to perform sexual
acts over the internet (Martin, et al, 1993).
4. CSA has been addressed in Bangladesh since the
early 1990s. (Slugget, C., 2003).
21% CSA occur because of close relatives including
father, 47% CSA occur by neighbors, friends and
community figures and rest 32% occur by house
tutors in Bangladesh (Shahin, N., 2014).
This rate is also increasing with the increasing rate
of women’s job involvement. The rate of increase
in labour force of women is becoming higher.
Women participation in the labour force at the
national level has increased from 23.9 percent in
1999-2000 to 36.0 percent in 2010 with an annual
rate of 5.06 percent in Bangladesh (Ali, M. A.,
2013).
5. The role of woman being a mother is very important
(Almani, D. A. S., et. al., 2012). Just as the childcare
deficit is worst for the poorest countries, within
countries children in poorer households are usually
left alone more than those in richer households.
Poor countries face a hidden crisis of children left
alone, with the poorest children at the highest risk.
This represents a failure of public policy – not
enough is being done to support families in
balancing the demands of work and childcare
(Samman, E., et. al., 2016).
6. The objectives are:
To find out the reason of job involvement of
mothers and its effect on their children
To analyze the relationship between mother’s
profession and child sexual abuse,
To give recommendations how to lessen
sexual abuse.
7. These are some rationales which cannot ignore:
This study will be more useful for academic
purpose in worldwide.
This research will be helpful for taking
preventive measurement against CSA.
This study will be helpful for the working
mothers to safe their children from CSA.
The policy makers of Bangladesh may be
benefited from this study for developing policy
against CSA.
8. Many international and national researches have
been conducted on Mother’s Profession and
Childs sexual abuse separately.
In the study of J.Dronkers (1995), In this article
the effects of paid work outside the home by the
mother in Netherland and of the level of her work
on her child’s educational attainment at the end
of primary school and found that Working in
laboring jobs has a negative effect on children’s
educational attainment compared to working as a
house wife; this in contrast to the positive effects
of working as a shopkeeper, farmer or employee.
9. In the study of BRAC (2013), during July 2007 to June
2010, a nongovernment organization in Bangladesh,
reported 713 incidents of rape and attempted rape of
children (< 18 years) in rural Bangladesh. Rape and
attempted rape, particularly of young girls, constituted
64% of all reported incidents of violence against children.
Children were found to be abused by men from all walks
of life, mainly by non-family-members (83%).
According to Dr. Almani, Abro and Mugheri(2012), It was
found that the trend of mothers’ employment is increasing
day by day. The children of mothers staying at home and
working do not have any significant difference. Children’s
view about mothers’ employment is found positive. There
is no significant difference between children of employed
and non-employed mothers. The attachment between
employed mothers and children is decreasing.
10. Tobey , McAuliff & Rocha (2013) ,examined
the relationship between employment status
and severity of symptoms in children abused
during a recession year. Participants included
154 females and 65 males between 2 and 17
years old referred to Dallas Children's
Advocacy Center after surviving child sexual
abuse, physical abuse, and/or neglect. The
paper concluded that child abuse survivors
whose mothers are unemployed have
increased risk for psychological symptoms.
11. The Main Research Method:
It was an empirical study carried out from June to November
2017 to review working pattern of victim’s mother, the
relationship between the mother’s profession and child
sexual abuse, socioeconomic living condition of victim’s
family.
The Research Site :
General information collected from the city of Dhaka. For this
research the target aged group of children has taken from 2
years to 10 years that is the vulnerable sexual abuse group.
A purposive sampling technique:
The sample size of 50 in various places like renowned
hospitals, reputed slams and purposive households in the
area of Dhaka City.
13. Poverty
Increasing Inflation
With the increasing rate of education of
women
Self-dignity
for the sake of better education and training
of their children.
14. The children of working mother learn how to fulfill
responsibilities, and the value of being a productive and self-
relying individual.
The mother and child relation becomes stronger by quality
time together, not quantity.
The children of mothers realize the importance of work in the
early part of life. They understand the value of time.
In the absence of mothers, children develop social
interactions with other people. They become socially strong,
mentally alert and physically strong.
The daughters of working mothers were found to set higher
goals for themselves (Gershaw, 1988). Children of working
mothers were also seen as feeling that they had control over
their environment (Gershaw, 1988).
Employed mothers make the children more independent.
15. The first five years are very crucial for the cognitive, affective
and psychomotor development of children. In this period if a
child don’t get his/her mother properly, it may be affect the
children negatively in his/her rest of the life.
The attachment between employed mothers and children is
decreasing. If the early attachment phase gets interrupted,
there will be a risk for children. They will become detached
from mothers and as a result they are emotionally disrupted
and unable to build true relationships.
Children’s home life may be very bad if they are kept under
the care of any person other than mother. And that case
psychological disorder and inferiority complex can take place.
Monitoring and supervision of children are not properly done
by employed mother. When children are unmonitored and
unsupervised they most likely show the negative effects in
conduct and behavior.
16. Source: field survey, 2017
During the study it has been shown that the number of female
children were more than the number of male children. On the study
we can see that the female children were 84.00% while the male
children were 16.00%.
84%
16%
Percentage
Distribution of the Sexual Abuse
Child according to their sex
Male Female
17. Source: field survey, 2017
Among the respondents only 26% have not involved on
profession and the other 74% have involved on
profession.
Percentage
74%
26%
Respondents according to
their Profession
Profession Non Profession
18. Source: field survey, 2017
Among the respondents, the greatest percentage that is
34% of the respondents work as a garments worker. At
the other end 24% respondents have to work as a
service holder and only 16% of them work as a maid
servant. And rest of them that is 26% of the
respondents have not involved herself in profession.
34%
16%
24%
26%
Varity of Respondents’ Profession
Garments worker
Maid servant in resident
Service holder
Home maker/non-profession mother
19. Source: field survey, 2017
During the study it has been shown that the majority
incident were occurred in lower class. On the other hand, 18%
incident were found in middle class and only 8% were in
higher class.
Higher Middle Lower
8%
18%
74%
Status of the Respondents
20. Source: field survey, 2017
The above chart represents that the majority of the respondents
(54%) agreed that they kept their children in their residential place.
Besides, 28% of children have to stay with relatives. Whereas, 18% of
the children who stayed with the maid servant only.
Home with Servant Home with
Relative
In residential place
18%
28%
54%
Information of Victim Stayed
Generally at Respondent’s Work Time
21. Source: field survey, 2017
During the study period 74% of the respondents mentioned that the
necessity of their job for her family was very much who were
basically belong to lower class. And 18% of the middle class
respondents mentioned that the importance of their job for their
family was medium. But higher class respondents (8%) said that the
job was not mandatory for their family.
In essential Medium Very much
Percentage 8% 18% 74%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Axis
Title
Necessity of Respondent’s Job for the Family
22. Source: field survey, 2017
About 98% of respondents felt that their job involvement had an
impact on their child and family, however only 2% respondents
thought that there had no effect on their family for involving herself
in the job.
Yes , 98%
No , 2%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Percentage
Axis
Title
Effect on Respondent’s Family for Involving herself in the Job
23. [ More than one answers by one respondent] Source: field survey, 2017
During the study all professional mother agreed about the category
of effect on respondent’s family for involving herself in the job. Only
few mentioned job involvements make distance between mother and
children but every job holder mother mentioned that they did not
give quality time to the kids and it also made loneliness of kids.
37%
37%
26%
Category of Effect on Respondent’s Family for
Involving herself in the Job
Don’t give quality time to the kids
Loneliness of kinds
Distance between mother and
children
24. Source: field survey, 2017
Data collection from the field has been shown that maximum 48%
victims’ age was 8 to 10 years at incident time.
2 to 4, 24%
4 to 6, 12%
6 to 8, 16%
8 to 10, 48%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Age Level of Victim at Incident Time
25. Source: field survey, 2017
About 24% of the victim’s incident happened by the local people,
however around 7% incident happened by own or step father. On the
other hand, 10% of the incident happened by community leader.
Besides, other victim’s incident happened by maid servant (12%) and
relatives (16%).
0%
14%
48%
16%
12%
10%
22%
Child Sexual Abuse Happened by Whom
Father
Local people
Relatives
Maid servant
Community leader
26. Source: field survey, 2017
From the study, it has been found that the most of the incident that
was 34% were happened at residential place. 30% and 20% incidents
were occurred at outside of resident and at home respectively.
Whereas, 12% incident were happened at relatives house and only 4%
incident have been found in fair.
At home
Residential place
Outside of resident
In Fair
At relative house
20%
34%
30%
4%
12%
Place of the incident happened
27. Source: field survey, 2017
Particularly there are various thought about the Respondent’s
believe in the reason of this incident. Whatever they think the
incident happened because of job involvement. Besides they
mention insecure community place, Lack of implication of Law
and Increase immorality also the reason of happing this incident.
28. Source: field survey, 2017
In the study time it has been found that most of the
respondent (70%) have changed their place after incident.
However rest of 30% respondent did not change their place
after incident.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Change place Do not change
place
70%
30%
Change Resident After Incident
Percentage
29. Source: field survey, 2017
During the study it has been seen that the child of professional
mother sexually abused more than the number of child of
non professional mother. On the study we can see that the
professional mother’s child sexually abuse were 74.00% while
the non professional mother’s child sexually abuse were
26.00%. which ratio was also similar to the expertise opinion.
74% 26%
Percentage
Distribution of Child Sexual Abuse according to Mother’s
Profession
Professional mother’s child sexually abuse Non Professional mother’s child sexually abuse
30. Source: field survey, 2017
Based on survey data, 89 % mother still involved in job and
rest of them 11 % did not involve them in job after incident.
Whereas only 74% mother of victim’s involved in job. Though,
all most all mother of victim’s mentally anxious about the
child security and 96% of victim’s other present social status
lowers than before and 4% of them thought that their status
did not lose their status after the incident. Actually these 4%
respondents in the people of higher class.
89%
11%
98%
2%
96%
4%
Percentage Percentage
Present Condition of the Victim’s Mothers
Victim’s mother still involving in job
Victim’s mother mentally anxious about the child security
Victim’s mother present social status lower than before
31. [ More than one answers by one respondent] Source: field survey, 2017
All respondent’s emphasized of positive outlook towards the victim
and improving community security system. The highest percentage
of respondents (96%) gave solution to induce day care facility for the
child of professional mother by GO and NGO.
Credit facility by the Government
Improve community security system
Free medical treatment
Positive outlook towards the victim
Rehabilitation program for victim
Induce day care facility for the child of professional mother by
GO or NGO
Empathetic behavior of the family members with victim
Government and NGOs should come forward for the well being
of victim
24%
100%
80%
100%
92%
96%
70%
60%
Consider to Improve Respondent’s Livelihood for Victim
32. [ More than one answers by one respondent] Source: field survey, 2017
From this study, all respondents thought that to prevent such kind of accident,
a community awareness program according to the age level should be
established. The highest percentage of respondents (90%) thought that
babysitting arrangement, safer requirement practices by schools and
organizations and to make restrictions for their child to mix with people can
stop of happening such kind of accident.
Establish a community awareness program according to the age…
Baby sitter has trusted reference
Help children speak out
Schools and other organizations should follow safer requirement…
Arrange child protection training by schools
Create safer environment through place based approach
Parents make restriction for their child to mix with people
100%
90%
80%
90%
70%
60%
90%
Respondents think about the prevention of
such kind of incident
33. [ More than one answers by one respondent] Source: field survey, 2017
The above chart represents that the respondents’ perceptions regarding to what they consider for
environmental up gradation. Among the predefined recommendation highest uphold need to stop
sexual abuse by implementing National Law. It is noticeable that not only spread the awareness
through social media but also change the way the mother thinks about job and get proper information
from caretaker of the child after coming back from work. It is also point out in this study that
developing the consciousness through media and one day program (Seminar, Workshop, cultural
program) by GO and NGO can help to consider for environmental up gradation.
Change the
way you think
about job
Decentralizati
on of the
working
facilities
Develop the
consciousness
through media
Get proper
information
from caretaker
of the child
after stating
work
Spread the
awareness
through social
media
Stop sexual
abuse by
implementing
National Law
One day
program
(Seminar,
Workshop,
cultural
program) by
GO and NGO
Percentage 95% 90% 75% 90% 95% 98% 70%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Consider for Environmental Up Gradation
34. A girl age 10 years did not want to mention
her name studied in class four. Her mother
cannot give quality time because of
involvement of job as a garments worker .Her
father was a day labor. Her father touched her
sensitive body parts in absence of her
mothers and others. One of her school
teacher identified the problem because of her
mental disruption and absent mind in every
day at school. After disclosing the incident in
school she left from study.
35. Age of the girl was four years lived at Badda. Her
mother involved in a job and did not stay whole
day with her daughter. Once the girl played out
side of her house in residential place. Then one of
the older neighbor rapped the girl by cutting the
lower sensitive part of the body with blade. After
that incident the girl was admitted in hospital and
that was spread out by media. After disclosing the
incident the victim’s family changed their home
place and rapist was not caught by police, still now.
36. According to project director from department of
women affairs, Dr. Abul Hossain and Assistant
director of Aparajeyo-Bangladesh (NGO), Md.
Golam Mostafa---“The rate of child sexually abuse
is 70% whose mother’s are professionally involved.”
According to Additional Deputy Police
Commissioner from Dhaka Metropolitan Police
(Victim Support center), Asma Siddiqua Mili, “After
incident of sexually abuse the children have not
instant mental effect but they are affected socially
for the rest of life because of our social values.”
37. On the study we can see that the female children were 84.00%
while the male children were 16.00%.
26% respondents did not involve in work and rest 74%
respondents involved herself in profession.
The majority incident (74%) occurred in lower class. On the
other hand, 18% incident were found in middle class and only
8% were in higher class.
Lower class and middle class respondents mentioned the
necessity of respondent’s job for her family very much and
some of the middle class respondents mentioned about their
job not to essential for their family.
About 98% of respondents felt that their job involvement had
an impact on their child and family. job holder mother have
mentioned that they did not give quality time to the kids and it
also creates loneliness of kids.
38. 89.19% mother have still involved in job.
96% of Victim’s mother present social status
lowers than before.
Maximum 48% victims’ age was 8 to 10 years
at incident time.
About 24% of the victim’s incident happened
by the local people and other victim’s
incident happened by maid servant (12%).
The professional mother’s child sexually
abuse were 74.00% which ratio was also
similar to the expertise opinion.
39. All respondents emphasized for improving
respondent livelihood for victim by positive
outlook towards the victim and improving
community security system. The highest
percentage of respondents (96%) gave solution
to induce day care facility.
Most of the respondents agreed that to prevent
such kind of accident, a community awareness
program according to the age level should be
established.
All respondents considered for environmental up
gradation by developing the consciousness
through social media, and one day program
(Seminar, Workshop cultural program) by GO and
NGO for mothers and children
40. It was difficult to access to get information sometimes because
of giving respondents own suitable place and time.
The sample of the respondent were found non co-operative
and failed to adequately reveal the fact lying at times.
On the other hand, only fifty respondents are not enough for
representing the actual scenario of this study.
In this research, we did not represent the direct impact of
mother’s profession and child’s sexual abuse because of
unavailable data.
Finally, they study will be more efficient to represent various
aspect of community if we get enough time and money.
41. We should ensure that children are as safe as
possible wherever they spend their time.
Children can be vulnerable to sexual abuse
and inappropriate content in the online world.
Some preventive techniques should be applied
to keep online spaces safe for children.
Adults can make sure children are safe by
checking on areas that are infrequently used
or left unsupervised such as quiet corridors or
outdoor spaces.
42. Schools and other organizations like as baby
day care center should follow safer
recruitment practices and ensure everyone
working or volunteering with children should
have child protection training.
We should concern about our child are likely
to spend time in environments with proper
supervision.
43. We should also help and support our kids to
develop the confidence to identify abusive
behavior and to make controlling
relationships.
Through sex and relationships education,
schools can teach children about healthy
relationships and sexual consent.
44. We should increase the cooperative
organization of women and child affairs, NGO
to minimize child sexual abuse.
One stop crisis cell facility should be known
and spread out whole over the country by
media.