Running head: CHILD ABUSE Child Abuse Larita Settles Liberty University Aboul-Hagag, K., & Hamed, A. (2013). Prevalence and pattern of child sexual abuse. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2(3), 89-96. Doi: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2012.05.001 This study aimed at determining the prevalence and pattern of child sexual abuse among samples selected from college students. The researchers employed a cross-sectional survey of 450 undergraduates at Sohag University, Egypt. It was found out that the overall prevalence of sexual abuse on children was at 29.8% of the sample with higher rates in females compared to males. Male children aged nine years and female children aged 10years were found to be victims of child sexual abuse. The study also found out that a big number of child sexual abuse perpetrators were male and mainly from outside families of the victims. This study sets a phase of child sexual abuse, and it’s important in my research as it improves the scope of child abuse. Al Odhayani, A., Watson, W. J., & Watson, L. (2016). Behavioral consequences of child abuse. Canadian family physician, 59(8), 831-836. Authors of the article aimed at examining the consequences of childhood abuse on behavior development, identify behavioral indicators of child abuse and evaluate the role of family physicians in the social problem. Sources of information for the article included a systematic search of relevant research, clinical review articles, and child protection agency information. It was found out that childhood abuse results in disordered psychological development and behavioral concerns. Also, the authors found out that family physicians have an essential role in identifying indicators of child abuse. This article was important as it provided a wide range of information on behavioral indicators of abused children. Cuadra, L., Jaffe, A., Thomas, R., & DiLillo, D. (2014). Child maltreatment and adult criminal behavior: Does criminal thinking explain the association? Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(8), 1399-1408.Doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.02.005 The research examined the correlations between child abuse and adult criminal behaviors. Information was gathered from 338 men who had been adjudicated. Results of the study showed that there were relationships between child sexual abuse and sexual offenses and a grownup. Child physical abuse was also found to endorse proactive and reactive criminal thinking behaviors. The outcomes indicate that child abuse is directly related to criminal behaviors. This article was essential as it provides information on the long-term effects of child maltreatment. Hong, S., Rhee, T., & Piescher, K. (2018). Longitudinal association of child maltreatment and cognitive functioning: Implications for child development. Child Abuse & Neglect, 84, 64-73.Doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.026 .

1. Running head: CHILD ABUSE
Child Abuse
Larita Settles
Liberty University
Aboul-Hagag, K., & Hamed, A. (2013). Prevalence and pattern
of child sexual abuse. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences,
2(3), 89-96. Doi: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2012.05.001
This study aimed at determining the prevalence and
pattern of child sexual abuse among samples selected from
college students. The researchers employed a cross-sectional
survey of 450 undergraduates at Sohag University, Egypt. It was
found out that the overall prevalence of sexual abuse on
children was at 29.8% of the sample with higher rates in
females compared to males. Male children aged nine years and
female children aged 10years were found to be victims of child
sexual abuse. The study also found out that a big number of
child sexual abuse perpetrators were male and mainly from
outside families of the victims. This study sets a phase of child
sexual abuse, and it’s important in my research as it improves
the scope of child abuse.
Al Odhayani, A., Watson, W. J., & Watson, L. (2016).
Behavioral consequences of child abuse. Canadian family
physician, 59(8), 831-836.
Authors of the article aimed at examining the
consequences of childhood abuse on behavior development,
identify behavioral indicators of child abuse and evaluate the
role of family physicians in the social problem. Sources of
information for the article included a systematic search of
relevant research, clinical review articles, and child protection
agency information. It was found out that childhood abuse

2. results in disordered psychological development and behavioral
concerns. Also, the authors found out that family physicians
have an essential role in identifying indicators of child abuse.
This article was important as it provided a wide range of
information on behavioral indicators of abused children.
Cuadra, L., Jaffe, A., Thomas, R., & DiLillo, D. (2014). Child
maltreatment and adult criminal behavior: Does criminal
thinking explain the association? Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(8),
1399-1408.Doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.02.005
The research examined the correlations between child
abuse and adult criminal behaviors. Information was gathered
from 338 men who had been adjudicated. Results of the study
showed that there were relationships between child sexual abuse
and sexual offenses and a grownup. Child physical abuse was
also found to endorse proactive and reactive criminal thinking
behaviors. The outcomes indicate that child abuse is directly
related to criminal behaviors. This article was essential as it
provides information on the long-term effects of child
maltreatment.
Hong, S., Rhee, T., & Piescher, K. (2018). Longitudinal
association of child maltreatment and cognitive functioning:
Implications for child development. Child Abuse & Neglect, 84,
64-73.Doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.026
The authors investigated cognitive functioning in
association with time variant child abuse patterns. They
investigated the relationship between child abuse timing and
cognitive functioning using multiple time-variant linear mixed
models. It was found out that child that experienced concurrent
child abuse had to fluctuate cognitive functioning while
cognitive functioning of children that experience abuse before
the testing year remained stable. The authors recommended
further research on the relationship between cognitive
functioning and the role of poverty on child abuse. This article
adds a lot of value to my research by extending the knowledge
of the effects of child abuse.

3. Lin, P., Bai, H., Sun, J., Guo, W., Zhang, H., & Cao, F. (2017).
Association between child maltreatment and prospective and
retrospective memory in adolescents: The mediatory effect of
neuroticism. Child Abuse & Neglect, 65, 58-67. Doi:
10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.010
The researchers aimed at examining the relationship
between child abuse and prospective and retrospective memory
children by investigating the linking role or neuroticism.
Adolescents were recruited from a middle school and tasked to
complete a questionnaire on the subject. It was found out that
the extent of abuse was associated with the magnitude of
memory impairment in adolescents. Neuroticism was also found
to be prevalent in children that were exposed to childhood
abuse. It was recommended that early intervention would
contribute to the reduction of neuroticism on adolescents. The
importance of this study to my research was that it contributed
to a large information base on the effects of child abuse.
Maholmes, V. (2017). Federal research priorities in child abuse
and neglect research: A commentary on multi-site research
networks. Child Abuse & Neglect, 70, 408-410. Doi:
10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.03.026
The purpose of this study was to lay the groundwork for
prevention research, development and testing of therapeutic
interventions. This was because of the long history of the
national institute of health to support the investigation of child
abuse research. The study results were that the establishments
under the institute provided an opportunity for a greater
collaboration among researchers focused on creating awareness
for the need to treat and care for abused children. This study
was instrumental to my research as it offered a lot of
information on child abuse and neglect.
Medina, S. P., Sell, K., Kavanagh, J., Curtis, C., & Wood, J. N.
(2014). Tracking child abuse and neglect: The role of multiple
data sources in improving child safety.
The aim of this study was to provide an overview of data
collection systems thus identifying strategies for improving the

4. tracking of child abuse and neglect cases. The results of the
study were that improved systems would systematically collect,
analyze and interpret data to inform an effective response to
child abuse. This study was important in my research because
monitoring of child abuse activity can inform the development
of policies that respond to the concerns of the affected children.
Moraes, C., Sampaio, P., Reichenheim, M., & Veiga, G. (2018).
The intertwined effect of lack of emotional warmth and child
abuse and neglect on common mental disorders in adolescence.
Child Abuse & Neglect, 83, 74-82. Doi:
10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.008
The study aimed to evaluate the risk factors of child
abuse and neglect and explore the effects of various types of
child abuse according to levels of parent-child relationships on
mental impairments in adolescents. The study found out that
emotional abuse and neglect, low-level parent-child relationship
and physical abuse are essential risk factors for common mental
disorders in youths. However, families with high child-parent
relationship experience reduced child abuse negative effects.
Enhancing parental practices could prevent common mental
disorders in adolescents.
Perrigo, J., Berkovits, L., Cederbaum, J., Williams, M., &
Hurlburt, M. (2018). Child abuse and neglect re-report rates for
young children with developmental delays. Child Abuse &
Neglect,83,1-9. Doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.05.029
This research was used to show the relationship of abuse
between children who have delayed development, compared to
children who have developed properly. The outcomes according
to the authors were that children with developmental concerns
were abused more than the control group. It was recommended
that child welfare resources should be directed to strategies that
reduce abuse among children with developmental issues. The
study contributed to a wide spectrum of information about child
abuse about other psychological issues.
Young, J., & Widom, C. (2017). Long-term effects of child
abuse and neglect on emotion processing in adulthood. Child

5. Abuse & Neglect, 38(8), 1369-1381. Doi:
10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.03.008
The purpose of this study was to examine whether child
abuse has long-term effects on emotional processing abilities in
adulthood. A prospective cohort design was used to match
children with documented cases of neglect and abuse with non-
abused children, and a follow-up was made to adulthood. It was
found out that individuals that were exposed to child abuse were
less accurate in emotional processing than their peers. The
authors recommended consideration of the role of IQ in research
and interventions purposed at enhancing emotional processing
challenges in abused children. The research provided important
information on the relationship between childhood abuse and
emotional processing in later years.
Running head: CHILD ABUSE
Child Abuse
Larita Settles
Liberty University
Aboul-Hagag, K., & Hamed, A. (2013). Prevalence and pattern
of child sexual abuse. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences,
2(3), 89-96. Doi: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2012.05.001
This study aimed at determining the prevalence and
pattern of child sexual abuse among samples selected from
college students. The researchers employed a cross-sectional
survey of 450 undergraduates at Sohag University, Egypt. It was
found out that the overall prevalence of sexual abuse on
children was at 29.8% of the sample with higher rates in
females compared to males. Male children aged nine years and
female children aged 10years were found to be victims of child
sexual abuse. The study also found out that a big number of
child sexual abuse perpetrators were male and mainly from

6. outside families of the victims. This study sets a phase of child
sexual abuse, and it’s important in my research as it improves
the scope of child abuse.
Al Odhayani, A., Watson, W. J., & Watson, L. (2016).
Behavioral consequences of child abuse. Canadian family
physician, 59(8), 831-836.
Authors of the article aimed at examining the
consequences of childhood abuse on behavior development,
identify behavioral indicators of child abuse and evaluate the
role of family physicians in the social problem. Sources of
information for the article included a systematic search of
relevant research, clinical review articles, and child protection
agency information. It was found out that childhood abuse
results in disordered psychological development and behavioral
concerns. Also, the authors found out that family physicians
have an essential role in identifying indicators of child abuse.
This article was important as it provided a wide range of
information on behavioral indicators of abused children.
Cuadra, L., Jaffe, A., Thomas, R., & DiLillo, D. (2014). Child
maltreatment and adult criminal behavior: Does criminal
thinking explain the association? Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(8),
1399-1408.Doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.02.005
The research examined the correlations between child
abuse and adult criminal behaviors. Information was gathered
from 338 men who had been adjudicated. Results of the study
showed that there were relationships between child sexual abuse
and sexual offenses and a grownup. Child physical abuse was
also found to endorse proactive and reactive criminal thinking
behaviors. The outcomes indicate that child abuse is directly
related to criminal behaviors. This article was essential as it
provides information on the long-term effects of child
maltreatment.
Hong, S., Rhee, T., & Piescher, K. (2018). Longitudinal
association of child maltreatment and cognitive functioning:
Implications for child development. Child Abuse & Neglect, 84,

7. 64-73.Doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.026
The authors investigated cognitive functioning in
association with time variant child abuse patterns. They
investigated the relationship between child abuse timing and
cognitive functioning using multiple time-variant linear mixed
models. It was found out that child that experienced concurrent
child abuse had to fluctuate cognitive functioning while
cognitive functioning of children that experience abuse before
the testing year remained stable. The authors recommended
further research on the relationship between cognitive
functioning and the role of poverty on child abuse. This article
adds a lot of value to my research by extending the knowledge
of the effects of child abuse.
Lin, P., Bai, H., Sun, J., Guo, W., Zhang, H., & Cao, F. (2017).
Association between child maltreatment and prospective and
retrospective memory in adolescents: The mediatory effect of
neuroticism. Child Abuse & Neglect, 65, 58-67. Doi:
10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.010
The researchers aimed at examining the relationship
between child abuse and prospective and retrospective memory
children by investigating the linking role or neuroticism.
Adolescents were recruited from a middle school and tasked to
complete a questionnaire on the subject. It was found out that
the extent of abuse was associated with the magnitude of
memory impairment in adolescents. Neuroticism was also found
to be prevalent in children that were exposed to childhood
abuse. It was recommended that early intervention would
contribute to the reduction of neuroticism on adolescents. The
importance of this study to my research was that it contributed
to a large information base on the effects of child abuse.
Maholmes, V. (2017). Federal research priorities in child abuse
and neglect research: A commentary on multi-site research
networks. Child Abuse & Neglect, 70, 408-410. Doi:
10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.03.026
The purpose of this study was to lay the groundwork for
prevention research, development and testing of therapeutic

8. interventions. This was because of the long history of the
national institute of health to support the investigation of child
abuse research. The study results were that the establishments
under the institute provided an opportunity for a greater
collaboration among researchers focused on creating awareness
for the need to treat and care for abused children. This study
was instrumental to my research as it offered a lot of
information on child abuse and neglect.
Medina, S. P., Sell, K., Kavanagh, J., Curtis, C., & Wood, J. N.
(2014). Tracking child abuse and neglect: The role of multiple
data sources in improving child safety.
The aim of this study was to provide an overview of data
collection systems thus identifying strategies for improving the
tracking of child abuse and neglect cases. The results of the
study were that improved systems would systematically collect,
analyze and interpret data to inform an effective response to
child abuse. This study was important in my research because
monitoring of child abuse activity can inform the development
of policies that respond to the concerns of the affected children.
Moraes, C., Sampaio, P., Reichenheim, M., & Veiga, G. (2018).
The intertwined effect of lack of emotional warmth and child
abuse and neglect on common mental disorders in adolescence.
Child Abuse & Neglect, 83, 74-82. Doi:
10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.008
The study aimed to evaluate the risk factors of child
abuse and neglect and explore the effects of various types of
child abuse according to levels of parent-child relationships on
mental impairments in adolescents. The study found out that
emotional abuse and neglect, low-level parent-child relationship
and physical abuse are essential risk factors for common mental
disorders in youths. However, families with high child-parent
relationship experience reduced child abuse negative effects.
Enhancing parental practices could prevent common mental
disorders in adolescents.
Perrigo, J., Berkovits, L., Cederbaum, J., Williams, M., &
Hurlburt, M. (2018). Child abuse and neglect re-report rates for

9. young children with developmental delays. Child Abuse &
Neglect,83,1-9. Doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.05.029
This research was used to show the relationship of abuse
between children who have delayed development, compared to
children who have developed properly. The outcomes according
to the authors were that children with developmental concerns
were abused more than the control group. It was recommended
that child welfare resources should be directed to strategies that
reduce abuse among children with developmental issues. The
study contributed to a wide spectrum of information about child
abuse about other psychological issues.
Young, J., & Widom, C. (2017). Long-term effects of child
abuse and neglect on emotion processing in adulthood. Child
Abuse & Neglect, 38(8), 1369-1381. Doi:
10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.03.008
The purpose of this study was to examine whether child
abuse has long-term effects on emotional processing abilities in
adulthood. A prospective cohort design was used to match
children with documented cases of neglect and abuse with non-
abused children, and a follow-up was made to adulthood. It was
found out that individuals that were exposed to child abuse were
less accurate in emotional processing than their peers. The
authors recommended consideration of the role of IQ in research
and interventions purposed at enhancing emotional processing
challenges in abused children. The research provided important
information on the relationship between childhood abuse and
emotional processing in later years.