This document discusses 3D printing, including its history and various methods such as selective laser sintering, stereolithography, and fused deposition modeling. It describes how 3D printing works and some business impacts like reduced inventory and just-in-time production. The document also covers new developments like 3D printed cars and buildings, as well as challenges involving health impacts, material properties, and potential economic effects.

1. CHETAN GOYAL
SOE,RAFFLES UNIVERSITY
March 15, 2013

2. contents
 What is 3D printing?
 Different methods of 3D printing
 Business impact
 New developments
 Challenges and limitations
 Conclusion

3. 3D 2D D
 3D computer graphics are graphics which
are using three dimensional representation
of geometric data.

4. Printing process
 Printing is a
process for
reproducing text
and images,
typically with ink
on paper using a
print press.

5. 3D + Printing = 3D Printing
 3D Printing is a phrase
used to describe the
process of creating
three dimensional
objects from digital file
using a materials
printer, in a manner
similar to printing
images on paper.

6. The Inventor
 The technology for printing physical 3D objects
from digital data was first developed by Charles
Hull in 1984. He named the technique
stereolithography and obtained a patent for the
technique in 1986. The same year, he founded
3D Systems and developed the first commercial
3D Printing machine.

7. Prototyping technologies and
their base materials
 3D Printing (3DP): Various materials, including resins
 3D Ceramic Printing: Various clay and ceramic materials
 Selective laser sintering (SLS): Thermoplastics, metals, sand
and glass
 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM): Thermoplastics
 Stereolithography (SL): Photopolymer
 Laminated object manufacturing: Laminate sheets, often paper,
and glue
 Electron Beam Melting (EBM): Titanium alloys

8. Different methods
 Selective laser sintering (SLS)
 Stereolithography
 Fused deposition modeling (FDM)
 Laminated object manufacturing
 Electron Beam Melting (EBM)

9. SLS method
 Selective laser sintering (SLS) is
an additive manufacturing
technique that uses a high power
laser (for example, a carbon
dioxide laser) to fuse small
particles of plastic, metal (direct
metal laser sintering),ceramic or
glass powders into a mass that
has a desired 3-dimensional
shape.

10. SLS method

11. STEREOLITHOGRAPHY
 Stereolithography
is an additive
manufacturing
process using a
liquid which is UV-
curable
photopolymer ”resi
n” and a UV laser
to build parts a
layer at a time.

12. The Stereolithography Apparatus

13. FDM
 Fused deposition
modeling (FDM)
is an additive
manufacturing
technology
commonly used
for modeling,
prototyping, and
production
applications.

14. Laminated object manufacturing
 Laminated object
manufacturing (LOM)
is a rapid prototyping
system developed by
Helisys Inc. In it, layers
of adhesive-coated paper,
plastic or metal laminates
are successively glued
together and cut to shape
with a knife or laser
cutter.

15. Electron Beam Melting
 Thissolid freeform fabrication method produces fully
dense metal parts directly from metal powder. The
EMB machine reads data from a 3-D CAD model and
lays down successive layers of powdered material.
The layers are melted together with the help of a
computer controlled electron beam. This way it
builds up the parts. The process takes place under a
vacuum, which makes it suited to manufacture parts
made out of reactive materials.

16. Equipment types
Dimension 3D printer

17. Business impact
 just-in-time
 Less/no inventory
 No need to get spare parts delivered at home
 Each part of object can be just catalogued
instead of mass produced.

18. New Developments
 First ever 3-D printed car.
 Urbee is the first prototype car ever to have its entire body
3D printed with an additive process. All exterior
components, including the glass panel prototypes, were
created using Dimension 3D Printers..
 3-D printed Buildings?
Architect Enrico Dini is planning to build the first ever
3-D printed building.

19. Urbee

20. SUCCESS STORIES
 Auto parts: for example, parts of "Formula 1" car
engines, are made by direct laser sintering of metal.
 Aircraftparts: F-18 (fight aircraft) tube for the control
system environment.
 Individual orthodontics: the company Align
Technology uses the 3D Printing to
generate accurate individual dental braces for
hundreds of thousands Of patients worldwide by
stereolithography from 3D-scans of the mouth.
 Individualhearing devices manufactured by Siemens
based on 3D-scan of the ear canal.

21. SUCCESS STORIES
 3D printed Jaw

22. What will be in the future?
 For many products the
standard conveyors
can be greatly
reduced or
completely replace by
3D-printer, because
the end product - for
example, a car - will
not be collected from
hundreds or thousand
process.

23. Risks
 Health impact
 fine powders
 New and unknown characteristics
of materials:
Material science unknown
Quality control in complex
structures
 Weapons: no limits?
 Ethical issues: organ printing
 New levels of Piracy.
 Security

24. Challenges and
limitations
 Next automation step in
manufacturing
Job losses.
 Economies:
economic value of things
produced in 3D printers.
economy of scale for printers?
Additional step e.g. production
of titanium powder
Slow and complicated process.

26. Conclusions
The current manufacturing business model will
soon become obsolete which will imply:
Important disruptions to the economy of
emerging countries and therefore to the
world economy
Manufacturing will go local again.
The democratization of manufacturing will
stimulate major leaps forward in technology.
As more people will have easy access to
design and experiments.

27. ANY QUERIES
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28. THANK YOU