The document discusses chemical equilibrium, including:
- Equilibrium is reached when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal.
- At equilibrium, the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant.
- The equilibrium constant, K, can be expressed as a ratio involving concentrations or pressures at equilibrium.
- Le Châtelier's principle states that if a system at equilibrium experiences a change, it will shift its position to counteract the change.
The fundamentals of chemical equilibrium including Le Chatier's Principle and solved problems for heterogeneous and homogeneous equilibrium.
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The fundamentals of chemical equilibrium including Le Chatier's Principle and solved problems for heterogeneous and homogeneous equilibrium.
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and
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Chemical equilibrium: law of mass action, determination of equilibrium constant,
heterogeneous equilibrium and homogenous equilibrium, le chateliar principle and vant
hoff equation
Simultaneous determination of chromium and cobalt in a solution by visible sp...Haydar Mohammad Salim
If two or more absorbing species are present in the solution, the Beer-Lambert law predicts that for a given wavelength, values of individual absorbances sum up, as shown below:
A = A1+A2+A3+.....+An = (ε1·c1+ε2·c2+ε3·c3+.....+ε n·cn)·
Equilibrium and types of equilibrium,Physical Equilibrium ,Chemical Equilibrium ,Law of Mass Action,The Equilibrium Constant (K),Relationship between Kc and Kp
Solutions: types and properties of solutions. Units of concentration, ideal and real
solutions. Henry’s law, distribution of solids between two immiscible liquids, distribution
law. Partition coefficient and solvent extraction.
Chemical equilibrium: law of mass action, determination of equilibrium constant,
heterogeneous equilibrium and homogenous equilibrium, le chateliar principle and vant
hoff equation
Simultaneous determination of chromium and cobalt in a solution by visible sp...Haydar Mohammad Salim
If two or more absorbing species are present in the solution, the Beer-Lambert law predicts that for a given wavelength, values of individual absorbances sum up, as shown below:
A = A1+A2+A3+.....+An = (ε1·c1+ε2·c2+ε3·c3+.....+ε n·cn)·
Equilibrium and types of equilibrium,Physical Equilibrium ,Chemical Equilibrium ,Law of Mass Action,The Equilibrium Constant (K),Relationship between Kc and Kp
Solutions: types and properties of solutions. Units of concentration, ideal and real
solutions. Henry’s law, distribution of solids between two immiscible liquids, distribution
law. Partition coefficient and solvent extraction.
English chapter we are going to discuss about the reduction in the oxidation their heat evolution changes occurrence and about their reducing agent and oxidization
I Hope You all like it very much. I wish it is beneficial for all of you and you can get enough knowledge from it. Clear and appropriate objectives, in terms of what the audience ought to feel, think, and do as a result of seeing the presentation. Objectives are realistic – and may be intermediate parts of a wider plan.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
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2. Fast Initial Step
• Because Ratef = Rater ,
Solving for [NOBr2] gives us
Can also write as:
Equilibrium
3. Equilibrium
The Concept of Equilibrium
Chemical equilibrium occurs when a
reaction and its reverse reaction proceed at
the same rate.
4. The Concept of Equilibrium
• As a system
approaches equilibrium,
both the forward and
reverse reactions are
occurring.
• At equilibrium, the
forward and reverse
reactions are
proceeding at the same
rate.
Equilibrium
5. A System at Equilibrium
Once equilibrium is
achieved, the
amount of each
reactant and product
remains constant.
Equilibrium
6. A System at Equilibrium
Rates become equal Concentrations become constant
Equilibrium
7. Depicting Equilibrium
In a system at equilibrium, both the
forward and reverse reactions are
running simultaneously. We write the
chemical equation with a double arrow:
Equilibrium
13. The Equilibrium Constant
The ratio of the rate constants is a
constant (as long as T is constant).
The expression becomes
Equilibrium
14. The Equilibrium Constant
To generalize, the reaction:
Has the equilibrium expression:
This expression is true even if you don’t know the elementary
reaction mechanism. Equilibrium
15. SAMPLE EXERCISE 15.1 Writing Equilibrium-Constant Expressions
Write the equilibrium expression for Kc for the following reactions:
Equilibrium
17. SAMPLE EXERCISE 15.1 Writing Equilibrium-Constant Expressions
Write the equilibrium expression for Kc for the following reactions:
Solution
Analyze: We are given three equations and are asked to write an equilibrium-constant expression for each.
Plan: Using the law of mass action, we write each expression as a quotient having the product concentration
terms in the numerator and the reactant concentration terms in the denominator. Each term is raised to the power
of its coefficient in the balanced chemical equation.
Solve:
PRACTICE EXERCISE
Write the equilibrium-constant expression, Kc for
Equilibrium
18. Equilibrium Can Be Reached from Either
Direction
Kc, the final ratio of [NO2]2 to [N2O4], reaches a
constant no matter what the initial concentrations
of NO2 and N2O4 are (with constT).
Equilibrium
19. Equilibrium Can Be Reached from
Either Direction
This graph shows data
from the last two trials
from the table.
QuickTime™ and
TIFF (LZW) decompre
e needed to see this pi
Equilibrium
20. Equilibrium
Equilibrium Can Be Reached from Either
Direction
It does not matter whether we start with N2 and H2 or
whether we start with NH3. We will have the same
proportions of all three substances at equilibrium.
What is the equilibrium expression?
21. What Does the Value of K Mean?
• If K >> 1, the reaction
is product-favored;
product predominates
at equilibrium.
Equilibrium
22. What Does the Value of K Mean?
• If K >> 1, the reaction
is product-favored;
product predominates
at equilibrium.
• If K << 1, the reaction is
reactant-favored;
reactant predominates
at equilibrium.
Equilibrium
23. Manipulating Equilibrium Constants
The equilibrium constant of a reaction in the
reverse reaction is the reciprocal of the
equilibrium constant of the forward reaction.
Equilibrium
24. Manipulating Equilibrium Constants
The equilibrium constant of a reaction that has been
multiplied by a number is the equilibrium constant
raised to a power that is equal to that number.
Equilibrium
25. Manipulating Equilibrium Constants
The equilibrium constant for a net reaction made up
of two or more steps can be found from the
equilibrium constants for the individual steps.`
At 1565 K we have these equilibrium constants:
Equilibrium
ans=2.9
26. The Equilibrium Constant
Because pressure is proportional to
concentration for gases, the equilibrium
expression can also be written in terms of
partial pressures (instead of concentration):
Mixed versions are also used sometimes:
Equilibrium
27. Relationship between Kc and Kp
• From the ideal gas law we know that
= Pressure in terms of concentration
Equilibrium
28. Relationship between Kc and Kp
Equilibrium
Substituting P=[A]RT into the expression for
Kp for each substance, the relationship
between Kc and Kp becomes
Kp = Kc (RT)n
Where:
n = (moles of gaseous product) – (moles of gaseous reactant)
Hint: ‗products–reactants‘ and ‗products over reactants‘
is a common theme in chemistry.
30. The Concentrations of Solids and
Liquids Are Essentially Constant
Concentrations of liquids and solids can be
obtained by dividing the density of the
substance by its molar mass—and both of
these are constants at constant temperature.
Equilibrium
31. The Concentrations of Solids and
Liquids Are Essentially Constant
Therefore, the concentrations of solids
and liquids do not appear in the
equilibrium expression
Pb2+
(aq) + 2 Cl−
(aq)
Kc = [Pb2+] [Cl−]2
PbCl2 (s)
Equilibrium
32. As long as some CaCO3 or CaO remain in
the system, the amount of CO2 above the
solid will remain the same.
CaCO3 (s) CO2 (g) + CaO(s)
Equilibrium
33. What Are the Equilibrium
Expressions for These Equilibria?
Equilibrium
34. The real scoop: units of equilibrium constants
Equilibrium constants are really defined in terms
of activity, not concentration.
becomes:
Activity is unitless, so K is unitless.
Equilibrium
36. Equilibrium Calculations
A closed system initially containing
1.000 x 10-3 M H2 and 2.000 x 10-3 M I2
At 448C is allowed to reach equilibrium.
Analysis of the equilibrium mixture shows
that the concentration of HI is 1.87 x 10-3 M.
Calculate Kc at 448C for the reaction:
H2 (g) + I2 (g) 2 HI (g)
Equilibrium
37. What Do We Know?
Equilibrium
[H2], M [I2], M [HI], M
Initially 1.000 x 10-3 2.000 x 10-3 0
Change
At
Equilibrium
1.87 x 10-3
ICE method:
38. [HI] Increases by 1.87 x 10-3 M
Equilibrium
[H2], M [I2], M [HI], M
Initially 1.000 x 10-3 2.000 x 10-3 0
Change +1.87 x 10-3
At
equilibrium
1.87 x 10-3
39. Stoichiometry tells us [H2] and [I2]
decrease by half as much
Equilibrium
[H2], M [I2], M [HI], M
Initially 1.000 x 10-3 2.000 x 10-3 0
Change -9.35 x 10-4 -9.35 x 10-4 +1.87 x 10-3
At
equilibrium
1.87 x 10-3
40. We can now calculate the equilibrium
concentrations of all three compounds…
Equilibrium
[H2], M [I2], M [HI], M
Initially 1.000 x 10-3 2.000 x 10-3 0
Change -9.35 x 10-4 -9.35 x 10-4 +1.87 x 10-3
At
equilibrium
6.5 x 10-5 1.065 x 10-3 1.87 x 10-3
41. …and, therefore, the equilibrium constant
c
K =
[HI]2
[H2] [I2]
= 51
=
(1.87 x 10-3)2
(6.5 x 10-5)(1.065 x 10-3)
Equilibrium
42. The Reaction Quotient (Q)
Equilibrium
• To calculate Q, one substitutes the
initial concentrations on reactants and
products into the equilibrium
expression.
• Q gives the same ratio the equilibrium
expression gives, but for a system that
is not at equilibrium.
43. If Q = K,
the system is at equilibrium.
Equilibrium
44. If Q > K,
there is too much product and the
equilibrium shifts to the left.
Equilibrium
45. If Q < K,
there is too much reactant, and the
equilibrium shifts to the right.
Equilibrium
47. Le Châtelier‘s Principle
Equilibrium
―
I
fa system at equilibrium is disturbed by
a change in temperature, pressure, or the
concentration of one of the components,
the system will shift its equilibrium
position so as to counteract the effect of
the disturbance.‖
Systems shift from ―
Q
‖towards ―
K
‖
.
48. What Happens When More of a
Reactant Is Added to a System?
Equilibrium
49. The Haber Process
The transformation of nitrogen and hydrogen into
ammonia (NH3) is of tremendous significance in
agriculture, where ammonia-based fertilizers are of
utmost importance.
Equilibrium
50. The Haber Process
If H2 is added to the
system, N2 will be
consumed and the
two reagents will
form more NH3.
Equilibrium
51. The Haber Process
This apparatus
helps push the
equilibrium to the
right by removing
the ammonia (NH3)
from the system as
a liquid.
Equilibrium