This document provides an overview of the Science Prof Online (SPO) website, which offers free educational resources including virtual science classrooms, PowerPoints, articles, and images. The SPO virtual classrooms contain materials like practice questions, lectures, videos, and course information. New content is regularly added. Many PowerPoint files are available in different formats for ease of use and printing. Images are credited where possible. The site aims to be helpful for students, educators, and anyone interested in science.
🔬 Need a helping hand to conquer challenging chemistry assignments? Look no further! ChemistryAssignmentHelp.com is your ultimate academic ally. Our platform is dedicated to ensuring your success in chemistry coursework.
With a team of seasoned chemistry experts, we offer comprehensive support in various branches of chemistry, from General Chemistry to Organic Chemistry and beyond. Our 24/7 availability means assistance is just a click away, tailored to your schedule.
Why choose us? We provide not just answers but a deeper understanding of the subject. Our experienced tutors guide you through complex concepts, helping you grasp the fundamentals. We're committed to your success, and our track record of assisting thousands of students attests to that.
Don't let chemistry assignments stress you out; let us simplify your learning journey. Visit ChemistryAssignmentHelp.com today and unlock your potential in chemistry. Say goodbye to late-night struggles and hello to better grades and a profound appreciation for chemistry. Your academic success is our mission. Join us today! 🔗 https://www.chemistryassignmenthelp.com/
🔬 Need a helping hand to conquer challenging chemistry assignments? Look no further! ChemistryAssignmentHelp.com is your ultimate academic ally. Our platform is dedicated to ensuring your success in chemistry coursework.
With a team of seasoned chemistry experts, we offer comprehensive support in various branches of chemistry, from General Chemistry to Organic Chemistry and beyond. Our 24/7 availability means assistance is just a click away, tailored to your schedule.
Why choose us? We provide not just answers but a deeper understanding of the subject. Our experienced tutors guide you through complex concepts, helping you grasp the fundamentals. We're committed to your success, and our track record of assisting thousands of students attests to that.
Don't let chemistry assignments stress you out; let us simplify your learning journey. Visit ChemistryAssignmentHelp.com today and unlock your potential in chemistry. Say goodbye to late-night struggles and hello to better grades and a profound appreciation for chemistry. Your academic success is our mission. Join us today! 🔗 https://www.chemistryassignmenthelp.com/
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
1. About Science Prof Online
PowerPoint Resources
• Science Prof Online (SPO) is a free science education website that provides fully-developed Virtual Science Classrooms,
science-related PowerPoints, articles and images. The site is designed to be a helpful resource for students, educators, and
anyone interested in learning about science.
• The SPO Virtual Classrooms offer many educational resources, including practice test questions, review questions, lecture
PowerPoints, video tutorials, sample assignments and course syllabi. New materials are continually being developed, so check
back frequently, or follow us on Facebook (Science Prof Online) or Twitter (ScienceProfSPO) for updates.
• Many SPO PowerPoints are available in a variety of formats, such as fully editable PowerPoint files, as well as uneditable
versions in smaller file sizes, such as PowerPoint Shows and Portable Document Format (.pdf), for ease of printing.
• Images used on this resource, and on the SPO website are, wherever possible, credited and linked to their source. Any
words underlined and appearing in blue are links that can be clicked on for more information. PowerPoints must be viewed in
slide show mode to use the hyperlinks directly.
• Several helpful links to fun and interactive learning tools are included throughout the PPT and on the Smart Links slide,
near the end of each presentation. You must be in slide show mode to utilize hyperlinks and animations.
•This digital resource is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
Alicia Cepaitis, MS
Chief Creative Nerd
Science Prof Online
Online Education Resources, LLC
alicia@scienceprofonline.com
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Compound microscope objectives, T. Port
Tami Port, MS
Creator of Science Prof Online
Chief Executive Nerd
Science Prof Online
Online Education Resources, LLC
info@scienceprofonline.com
2. Inorganic
Chemistry
Image: Chemicals in Flasks, J. Sullivan, Wiki
For additional resources on this lecture topic, see
the Inorganic Chemistry Main Page on SPO.
3. Chemical Basis of Life:
Atoms, Molecules & Compounds
• _________ → Anything that occupies space and
has mass.
• _________→ Substances that can’t be broken down any
further. [Living things are composed of 24 elements. More than 100 in
the periodic table.]
• Atom → The smallest unit of an element.
[atoms = protons (+) and neutrons in the nucleus orbited by electrons (-)]
● __________ → Atoms chemically bonded with
other atoms.
● __________ → Molecules composed of two or more
different kinds of elements.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
4. Reminder… Molecule vs. Compound
• Q: What do we call two or more atoms
joined together chemically?
• Q: What do we call a molecule containing at
least two different elements?
• All compounds are molecules but not all
molecules are compounds.
• Examples of molecules: Carbon dioxide (CO2)
and methane (CH4) , molecular hydrogen (H2),
molecular oxygen (O2) and molecular nitrogen
(N2).
• Examples of compounds: Only molecules
containing two or more elements, such as
carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4).
Image: Water Molecule, Wiki From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
5. Chemical Shorthand
Chemical __________
- Begins with one or two letters based on
elements name.
- Q: What if there is more than one element that
starts with the same letter?
- Example: Carbon (C), Calcium (Ca), Chlorine (Cl)
Chemical _________
- “Shorthand” for a compound.
- Contains chemical symbols of the elements that make up the molecule.
- Numerical subscripts represent number of atoms of each element in molecule.
Example: H20 = water; has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen.
- More than one molecule of same type…the group of letters is preceded by number.
Example 2H20 = two water molecules.
Image: Periodic Table of Elements, NASA
Follow this link to see Daniel Radcliff
(Harry Potter) sing “The Element Song”.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
6. The Structure of an Atom
Atoms are the basis for everything in the universe.
Q: What are the three basic parts of an atom?:
• _________ = "-" negative charge
• _________ = "+" positive charge
• _________ = neutral (a charge of zero)
The thing that makes each element unique is the number of
protons, since the number of neutrons and electrons can vary.
Protons and neutrons always in the center of atom (the nucleus).
Electrons are found whizzing around nucleus in areas called
orbitals.
Q: If there is an equal number of electrons and protons in an
atom, what is it’s charge?
NERDY SCIENCE JOKE: A neutron walks into a bar and asks “How much for a drink?”
Q: What does the bartender tell him?
Images: Structure of Atom, Chem4Kids
Website; Carbon, Universe Today Website From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
7. Chemical Bonding and Electron Valences
The electrons in an atom are located at different energy
levels.
Electrons in the highest energy level are called valence
electrons.
Number of valence electrons governs an atom’s bonding
behavior.
Q: What is the max number of valence electrons for a
full valence shell?
Atoms are much more stable, or less reactive, with a full
valence shell.
This stability can be achieved one of two ways:
- ________ bond
- ________ bond
By moving electrons, the two atoms become linked. This is
known as chemical bonding.
Images: Carbon, Universe Today Website From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
8. Three Main Types
of Chemical
Bonds:
1. _______
2. _______
3. _______
Image: Formation of ionic sodium fluoride, Wdcf; Methane Covalent
Bonds, Dynablast, Wiki; DNA Chemical Structure, Madprime, Wiki From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
9. _______ Bonds
Involves transfer of electrons between two atoms.
Found mainly … inorganic compounds.
Images: Sodium Chloride, University of Winnepeg
Ion = an atom or group of atoms which have lost or gained one or more electrons,
making them negatively or positively charged.
Q: What are positively charged ions (+) called? __________
Q: What are negatively charged ions (-) called? __________
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
10. Ions: Acids & Bases
An _____ is any ionic
compound that
releases ________
_____ (H+) in
solution.
A _____ is any ionic
compound that
releases _______
_____ (-OH) in
solution.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
11. Acidity of a solution > measured
by concentration of hydrogen
ions (H+).
pH ranges: 0 (very _______) to 14
(very ________).
Change in just one unit of scale
= tenfold change in H+
concentration.
If concentration of H+ = OH -
… neutral.
Measurements of Acidity & Alkalinity
(pH)
Images: pH scale, Edward Stevens, Wiki From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
12. An acid is any ionic compound that
releases hydrogen ions (H+) in
solution.
Weak acids have a sour taste.
Strong acids are highly corrosive (So
don’t go around taste-testing acids.)
Examples:
• Ascorbic acid (C6H8O6, Vitamin C)
• Citric acid (C6H8O7, a weak organic acid
in citrus fruits)
• Phosphoric acid (H3PO4, in pop…this
stuff is also used to remove rust…hmmm)
Ions & Acids
Images: pH scale, Edward Stevens, Wiki From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
13. Images: Strong Acids, Department of Chemistry, CSU From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
14. From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
15. Ions & Bases
A base is an ionic compound that releases
hydroxyl ions (OH-) in solution.
Bases are also called _____________
substances.
Some general properties of bases include:
Taste: Bitter taste (opposed to sour taste of
acids and sweetness of aldehydes and ketones).
Touch: Slimy or soapy feel on fingers.
Reactivity: Strong bases are caustic on
organic matter, react violently with acidic
substances.
Examples:
• Sodium hydroxide, NaOH, of lye or caustic soda used
in oven cleaners.
• Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, also known as milk
of magnesia, a weak base used in antacids and laxatives.
Images: pH scale, Edward Stevens, Wiki From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
16. Ions & _______
Compounds that dissociate in water and
produce cations other than H+ and
anions other than OH- are called salts.
The most familiar salt is sodium chloride,
the principal component of common
table salt.
Other examples of salts:
Baking soda (NaHCO3)
Epsom Salts (MgSO4)
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
17. Salts: The Role of ________
• Certain salts, called buffers, can
combine with excess hydrogen (H+)
or hydroxyl (OH-) ions.
• Produce substances less acidic or
alkaline.
• Example: Antacids like Tums are
buffers made of the salt calcium
carbonate (CaCo3).
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
18. Reactions Involving Ions
Remember…Ion = an
atom which has lost or
gained one or more
electrons, so it’s
negatively or positively
charged.
The Principle of
_______ ________
is a common water
softening method.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
19. Lets use a Branganalogy to help us Understand
the Concept of Ion Exchange…
1. Brad Pitt is a negatively
charged resin bead
2. Jennifer Anniston is a
positively charged Sodium ion
3. Angelina Jolie is a positively
charged Calcium Ion
Na+
Ca++
Now lets say that
‘positiveness’
equates with
‘drop-dead
gorgeousness’
Negatively
charged
Brad is
attracted to
reasonably
positive
Jennifer.
Na+
Na+
Ca++
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Negatively charged Brad
lets go of reasonably
positive Jennifer in the
presence of insanely
positive Angelina.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
20. _________ Bonds
Covalent Bonds: Involve the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms.
Found mainly … organic compounds
Image: Methane Covalent Bonds, Dynablast, Wiki From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
21. Oxidation - Reduction Reaction
• Or Redox reaction =
chemical reactions in
which electrons are
gained, lost (Q: What kind of
bond?) or shared (Q: What kind of
bond?) in a chemical
reaction.
• ________ describes the
loss of electrons by a
molecule, atom or ion.
• _________ describes
the gain of electrons by a
molecule, atom or ion.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
22. Oil Rig
Image: Oil Rig Platform, Nasa From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
23. _________ Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds: When an atom of hydrogen is attracted to two atoms instead
of only one.
Hydrogen bonds attract molecules to each other, but do not technically bond atoms together.
Bonding electrons are shared unequally by the hydrogen and oxygen atoms:
• negative charge (-) forms at ______ end
• positive charge (+) forms at _______end
When the electrons in a covalent bond are not equally shared, the molecule is _____.
Found in water,
proteins & DNA
Image: DNA Chemical Structure, Madprime, Wiki; Water
Striders, Markus Gayda, Wiki From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
24. Neutrons
Image: Parts of Atom, Chem4Kids Website From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
25. What is an ________?
Normal Atoms
• Except for hydrogen (1 proton / no neutrons), every atomic nucleus in normal
matter is made of both protons and neutrons.
• Typically, the number of protons and neutrons is the same.
• Protons in the nucleus are positively charged, and repel each other.
• Neutrons are neutral. They separate the protons slightly, making the
atom stable.
Isotopes
• An isotope is a variant of an element, with a different # of
_________ than is typical.
• This makes a nucleus unstable.
Image: Isotope, GRAC From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
26. Isotopes & Radioactivity
• Isotope is ______________ if nucleus is unstable.
• Most isotopes disintegrate spontaneously with the release
of energy by processes of nuclear or radioactive decay.
• When the nucleus changes in structure, energy and/or subatomic particles are
given off.
• Other than radioactivity, isotopes behaves similarly to the natural variant.
• When controlled, radioactive isotopes can be valuable medical tools. (Ex. Gamma
camera can produce images of soft tissue when radiopharmaceuticals are injected into or ingested by
patient.)
1. Schizophrenic female
2. Female with depression
3. Healthy female
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
28. Synthesis, Decomposition & Exchange Reactions
__________ Reaction (Combination or Anabolic Reaction)
When two or more substances combine to form a single compound.
Requires energy in order to take place
The general form of a direct combination reaction is:
A + B → AB where A and B are elements or compounds, and AB is a compound
consisting of A and B.
Examples of combination reactions include:
2Na + Cl2 → 2 NaCl (formation of table salt)
4 Fe + 3 O2 → 2 Fe2O3 (iron rusting)
_____________ Reaction (Catabolic Reaction)
The opposite of a composition reaction. A compound is broken down.
The generalized reaction formula for chemical decomposition is:
AB → A + B
___________ Reactions (Transfer Reaction)
Atoms are moved from one molecule to another.
A + BC → AB + C
Images: Animation decomposition reaction, Armando-Martin; Rust, Later Keiwos From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
31. Mixtures & Compounds
__________ = Physical combination of two or more pure substances
(i.e., elements or compounds).
__________ = Chemical combination of two or more pure
substances in a fixed, definite proportion.
Examples:
Mixture - Iron & Sulfur
Iron filings may be mixed with powdered sulfur in any proportion.
The two components are easily separated by means of a magnet,
The magnet will draw out the iron from the mixture.
The components of a mixture usually can be separated by physical
means such as distillation, evaporation, etc.
Compound – Iron sulfide (Pyrite or Fools Gold)
However, if:
a. seven parts iron filings or powder are mixed with four parts
powdered sulfur
b. mixture is heated to a red glow
c. iron and sulfur form a compound - iron sulfide; chemically
combined, not readily separated.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
32. Solutions
Solutions are mixtures in which one substance is dissolved in another.
Solutions have two parts: solute and solvent
Q: Which is the substance that is dissolved?
So the substance that does the dissolving is called the _____.
(Remember water, the ‘universal solvent’?)
____________ - A measure of how much of a given substance will
dissolve in a liquid.
A substance that does not dissolve in water is called
insoluble.
Example: Oil is insoluble in water.
A substance that does dissolve in water
is called soluble.
Example: Sugar is soluble in water.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
33. Confused?
Here are some links to fun resources
that further explain Chemistry:
• Inorganic Chemistry Main Page on the Virtual Cell Biology
Classroom of Science Prof Online.
• “She Blinded Me With Science” music video Thomas Dolby.
• “What Kind of Bonds Are These?” song and slide show
by Mark Rosengarten.
• Chemical Bond Formation animated science tutorial.
• “Meet the Elements” music video by They Might Be Giants.
• Redox Reactions video lecture by Kahnacademy.
• Chem4Kids website by Rader.
• Neutron Dance …a so-bad-its-good ’80s music video by The
Pointer Sisters.
(You must be in PPT slideshow view to click on links.)
Want to see
me sing the
Element
Song?
Image: Daniel Radcliff by Joella Marano From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
34. Assignment
• At the end of most lectures,
I will give you some type of
in-class assignment or
homework to evaluate your
understanding of that day’s
topic.
• This assignment will always
be open-book.
• Today, if assigned, you will
be completing an essay
question on the topic of
Inorganic Chemistry.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
See the ScienceProfOnline Virtual Cell Biology
Classroom: Inorganic Chemistry Lecture for a
printable Word .doc of this assignment.
35. Are you feeling blinded by science?
Do yourself a favor. Use the…
Virtual Cell Biology
Classroom (VCBC) !
The VCBC is full of resources to help you succeed,
including:
• practice test questions
• review questions
• study guides and learning objectives
• PowerPoints on other topics
You can access the VCBC by going to the Science Prof Online website
www.ScienceProfOnline.com
Images: Blinded With Science album, Thomas Dolby; Endomembrane system, Mariana Ruiz, Wiki