This document provides information about Raja Rosenani binti Raja Abdullah, a student in Class 5A at her school. It outlines the topics and pages covered in her Chemistry textbook, including soap and detergent manufacturing processes, food additives, and traditional and modern medicines. The key sections summarize the definitions of soap and detergent, the history of soap manufacturing, the saponification process for making soap, and the cleansing actions of soap and detergent in different water conditions.
Dr.Ir. Gatot Trimulyadi : The adsorption behavior of chitin and its concerns with various degree of deacetylization. This high adsorption capacity was ascribable primarily to its remarkable hydrophilicity in cooperation with the relatively high amino group content. It is indicate that the importance of hydrophlicity and suggest that, in order to develop adsorbents of high capacity, it is make indicate the importance of hydrophilicity essential to make chitin derivatives highly hydrophylic and yet insoluble in water.
Dr.Ir. Gatot Trimulyadi : The adsorption behavior of chitin and its concerns with various degree of deacetylization. This high adsorption capacity was ascribable primarily to its remarkable hydrophilicity in cooperation with the relatively high amino group content. It is indicate that the importance of hydrophlicity and suggest that, in order to develop adsorbents of high capacity, it is make indicate the importance of hydrophilicity essential to make chitin derivatives highly hydrophylic and yet insoluble in water.
Biodesulfurization in refineries and industriesAshin VK
For Chemical Engineers and Chemical Engineering College students, providing basic idea about biological removal of sulfer present in petroleum distillate.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
A vast range of semi-synthetic or totally synthetic morphine like derivatives. These are collectively referred to as opioids.
Many have similar narcotic and pain relieving properties as morphine. Other possess the cough relieving properties or both activities.
Some semi-synthetic derivatives of morphine
More than 90% of the morphine extracted from opium or poppy straw is currently processed to give other derivatives
1- Codeine 2- Dihydrocodeine 3-Pholcodine 4- Hydromorphone 5-nalorphine
6-apomorphine 7- Diamorphine (Heroin)
Synthetic drugs modelled on morphine
1-Alfentanil 2-Fentanyl 3- levomethorphan 4- dextromethorphan
5- Tramadol 6- Pentazocine 7- Dextropropoxyphene 8- Methadone
The combination of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl on the same carbon atom is called a carboxyl group. Compounds containing the carboxyl group are called carboxylic acids. The carboxyl group is one of the most widely occurring functional groups in organic chemistry.
Aromatic Carboxylic acids: Carboxylic acids have an aryl group bound to the carboxyl group is known as aromatic carboxylic acids. The general formula of an aliphatic aromatic carboxylic acid is Ar-COOH.
Acidity of carboxylic acid:
A carboxylic acid may dissociate in water to give a proton and a carboxylate ion. Dissociation of a carboxylic acid involves breaking an O-H bond gives a carboxylate ion with the negative charge spread out equally over two oxygen atoms, compared with just one oxygen atom in an alkoxide ion. The delocalized charge makes the carboxylate ion more stable therefore; dissociation of a carboxylic acid to a carboxylate ion is less endothermic.
Preparation Methods:
1. Oxidation:
The oxidation of aldehyde with oxidizing agents such as CrO3 to forms carboxylic acids containing the same numbers of carbon atoms with a oxidizing agents like chromic acid, chromium trioxide. The silver oxide (Ag2O) in aqueous ammonia solution (Tollen’s reagent) is mild reagent give good yield at room temperature. E.g. Acetaldehyde reacts with CrO3 in aqueous acid to give acetic acid.
2. Grignard reagents (from CO2):
Carboxylic acid can be prepared by the reaction of Grignard reagent (alkyl magnesium halide) with carbon dioxide (CO2) in presence of dry ether. Grignard reagents react with carbon dioxide to forms a magnesium carboxylates which on hydrolysis by dilute HCl produces carboxylic acids.
3. Hydrolysis of nitrile:
The hydrolysis of nitrile or cyanide in presence of dilute acid to forms a carboxylic acid. In this reaction –CN group is converted to a –COOH group.
4. Hydrolysis Reactions:
All the carboxylic acid derivatives can be hydrolyzed into the carboxylic acid in the acidic or basic media; the hydrolysis reaction is fast and occurs in presence of water with no acid or base catalyst.
1. From Ester (Hydrolysis of ester): Ester can be hydrolyzed in either acidic or basic medium to yield carboxylic acid. The ester is heated with an excess of water contains strong acid or base catalyst.
Properties of Carboxylic Acids:
1. Low molecular weights carboxylic acids are colourless liquid at room temperature i.e. lower member ate liquid up to C9 and have characteristic odors whereas higher members are solid.
2. Carboxylic acids are polar organic compound. Low molecular weight carboxylic acids (first four members) are soluble in water whereas solubility in water decrease as molecular weight and chain lengthing increases.
3. Aromatic acids are insoluble in water.
4. Carboxylic acids have higher melting and boiling point due to their capacity to readily form stable hydrogen-bonded dimers.
Biodesulfurization in refineries and industriesAshin VK
For Chemical Engineers and Chemical Engineering College students, providing basic idea about biological removal of sulfer present in petroleum distillate.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
A vast range of semi-synthetic or totally synthetic morphine like derivatives. These are collectively referred to as opioids.
Many have similar narcotic and pain relieving properties as morphine. Other possess the cough relieving properties or both activities.
Some semi-synthetic derivatives of morphine
More than 90% of the morphine extracted from opium or poppy straw is currently processed to give other derivatives
1- Codeine 2- Dihydrocodeine 3-Pholcodine 4- Hydromorphone 5-nalorphine
6-apomorphine 7- Diamorphine (Heroin)
Synthetic drugs modelled on morphine
1-Alfentanil 2-Fentanyl 3- levomethorphan 4- dextromethorphan
5- Tramadol 6- Pentazocine 7- Dextropropoxyphene 8- Methadone
The combination of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl on the same carbon atom is called a carboxyl group. Compounds containing the carboxyl group are called carboxylic acids. The carboxyl group is one of the most widely occurring functional groups in organic chemistry.
Aromatic Carboxylic acids: Carboxylic acids have an aryl group bound to the carboxyl group is known as aromatic carboxylic acids. The general formula of an aliphatic aromatic carboxylic acid is Ar-COOH.
Acidity of carboxylic acid:
A carboxylic acid may dissociate in water to give a proton and a carboxylate ion. Dissociation of a carboxylic acid involves breaking an O-H bond gives a carboxylate ion with the negative charge spread out equally over two oxygen atoms, compared with just one oxygen atom in an alkoxide ion. The delocalized charge makes the carboxylate ion more stable therefore; dissociation of a carboxylic acid to a carboxylate ion is less endothermic.
Preparation Methods:
1. Oxidation:
The oxidation of aldehyde with oxidizing agents such as CrO3 to forms carboxylic acids containing the same numbers of carbon atoms with a oxidizing agents like chromic acid, chromium trioxide. The silver oxide (Ag2O) in aqueous ammonia solution (Tollen’s reagent) is mild reagent give good yield at room temperature. E.g. Acetaldehyde reacts with CrO3 in aqueous acid to give acetic acid.
2. Grignard reagents (from CO2):
Carboxylic acid can be prepared by the reaction of Grignard reagent (alkyl magnesium halide) with carbon dioxide (CO2) in presence of dry ether. Grignard reagents react with carbon dioxide to forms a magnesium carboxylates which on hydrolysis by dilute HCl produces carboxylic acids.
3. Hydrolysis of nitrile:
The hydrolysis of nitrile or cyanide in presence of dilute acid to forms a carboxylic acid. In this reaction –CN group is converted to a –COOH group.
4. Hydrolysis Reactions:
All the carboxylic acid derivatives can be hydrolyzed into the carboxylic acid in the acidic or basic media; the hydrolysis reaction is fast and occurs in presence of water with no acid or base catalyst.
1. From Ester (Hydrolysis of ester): Ester can be hydrolyzed in either acidic or basic medium to yield carboxylic acid. The ester is heated with an excess of water contains strong acid or base catalyst.
Properties of Carboxylic Acids:
1. Low molecular weights carboxylic acids are colourless liquid at room temperature i.e. lower member ate liquid up to C9 and have characteristic odors whereas higher members are solid.
2. Carboxylic acids are polar organic compound. Low molecular weight carboxylic acids (first four members) are soluble in water whereas solubility in water decrease as molecular weight and chain lengthing increases.
3. Aromatic acids are insoluble in water.
4. Carboxylic acids have higher melting and boiling point due to their capacity to readily form stable hydrogen-bonded dimers.
Comprehensive overview of the detergent industry. The slides include the manufacturing process, different types of detergent, market trends and shifts.
This was a presentation based on the Science of Soaps and Detergents....
I made it in 3 days as it was on a short-notice...!!
Hope you guyss like it :) :) :) :) :)
Manufacturing of sodium carbonate using solvay processrita martin
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Name; Hasnain Nawaz
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There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
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Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
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Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
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O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
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Chem f5 (print,label)
1. NAME: RAJA ROSENANI BINTI RAJA ABDULLAH
CLASS: 5 ADIODA
SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY
TEACHER’S NAME:
2. BIL. TOPICS PAGES
1. SOAP AND DETERGENT
a) Definition of soap and examples of soap
b) History of soap manufacturing
c) Preparation of soap through saponification
d) Definition of detergent and examples of detergent
e) Preparation of detergent
f) The cleansing of soap and detergent
g) Comparison of the effectiveness of cleansing action of soap and
detergent in hard water
h) The purpose of adding detergent additives
i) Survey of soap and detergent used
2. FOOD ADDITIVES
a) Purpose of using food additives
b) Types, examples and functions of food additives
c) Survey on additives in food
d) Disadvantages of using food additives
3. MEDICINES
a) Examples of traditional medicines, their sources and uses
b) Types, functions and examples of modern medicines
c) The possible side effects of using modern and traditional medicines
including examples
d) The correct usage of modern and traditional medicines
e) Drug abuse
i. List of drugs that are normally abused
ii. Reasons why teenagers take drugs
iii. The side effects of the drugs on health
iv. The impacts of drug abuse on our society
v. Ways to prevent the drug abuse
3.
4. DEFINITION OF SOAP
1. Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids.
2. The general formula of a soap can be written as RCOO-Na+ or RCOO-K+, where R is an
alkyl group usually containing 12 or 18 carbon atoms. R can be saturated or unsaturated.
SOAP FORMULA
Sodium laurate CH3(CH2)10COO-Na+
Sodium palmitate CH3(CH2)14COO-Na+
Potassium stearate CH3(CH2)16COO-K+
Potassium oleate CH3(CH2)7CH=
CH(CH2)7COO-K+
Table 1.1 The formulae of some examples of soap
THE HISTORY OF SOAP MANUFACTURING
Large-scale commercial
soapmaking occured in
Twenty years
1791 when a French
later, Belgian chemist
chemist, Nicholas
Ernest Solvay
In the past, soap was Leblanc patented a
developed a process to
made by mixing animal process for making
further reduce the cost
fats with alkaline wood soda ash or sodium
of obtaining soda
ashes. carbonate from
ash, thereby reducing
common salt. The
the cost of soap
process yeilding large
manufacturing.
quantities of quality
soda ash.
5. SAPONIFICATION
1. Boiling fats or oils with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution or concentrated
potassium hydroxide solution to produce glycerol and the salts of fatty acids which are
the soaps. The general equation for this reaction is :
O O
II II
- - - -
CH2 O C R CH2 OH R-C-O-Na+
I
O O
II II
CH2-O- C-R + 3NaOH CHOH + R- C-O-Na+
O O
II II
- - -
CH2 O C R CH2OH R-C-O-Na+
Oil or fat alkali glycerol soaps
Where the three alkyl groups (R, R’ and R’’) can be the same or different group.
2. The fats and oils are hydrolyses first to form glycerol and fatty acids. The acid then reacts
with an alkali to form the corresponding sodium or potassium salts.
3. The following equation shows how soap, sodium palmitate, is prepared.
When concentrated
potassium
hydroxide is used
instead of
Potassium soaps concentrated
are softer, milder sodium hydroxide
than sodium solution, potassium
soaps and are soap, potassium
usually used for palmitate is
bathing. formed.
6. DEFINITION OF DETERGENT
1. Detergents are synthetic cleansing agents made from hydrocarbons obtained from
petroleum fractions. Thus, detergents are petrochemicals.
2. Detergents can be classified into three main types, depending on the charge on the
detergent ion.
a) Anionic detergents where the head of the detergent particle contains a negatively
charged ion. Negatively
Example: R – O – SO3-Na+ (Sodium alkyl sulphate) charged ion
b) Cationic detergents where the head of the detergent particle contains a positively
charged ion.
Positively
Example: R – N (CH3)3+BR- charged ion
c) Non ionic detergents
Example: R – O – CH2CH2OH
There are two types of anionic detergents :
a) Detergent molecule with a benzene ring such as sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate.
Where R represents a long
hydrocarbon chain.
We can represent the detergent ion, alkylbenzene sulphonate ion, more simply as :
b) Detergent molecule without a benzene ring such as sodium alkyl sulphate.
We can represent the detergent ion, alkyl sulphate ion as:
R – OSO3-
7. PREPARATION OF DETERGENT
1. Production of lauryl hydrogen sulphate
CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OH + H₂SO₄ CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OSO₃H + H₂O
Lauryl alcohol Lauryl hydrogen sulphate
2. neutralization of lauryl hydrogen sulphate
CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OSO₃H + NaOH CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OSO₃Na + H₂O
Lauryl hydrogen sulphate Sodium lauryl sulphate
DETERGENT
THE CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP AND DETERGENT
8. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP AND DETERGENT
Condition Soap Detergent
Hard water Form an insoluble Detergent is effective
(contain calcium precipitate = soap scum cleaner. Form soluble
& magnesium (formation of soap scum substances = calcium or
ion) causes wastage of soap) magnesium salts (do
not form scum)
Soft water (do not Soap is effective Detergent is effective
contain calcium & cleaner. cleaner.
magnesium ion)
Acidic water Form insoluble long- Detergent is effective
(contain hydrogen chain fatty acids cleaner. Form soluble
ion) (reduces the amount of substances (Do not
soap used for cleaning) form scum)
Environment Soap is biodegradable Soap is non-
biodegradable
9. Biological enzymes
Biological enzymes in detergents can break down fat and
protein molecules in food stains. The fatty acids, glycerol and
amino acids produced are soluble in water and are removed
during washing.
Stabilisers Perfumes
The functions of Perfumes are
stabilizers is to added to make
prevents the clothes smell
formation of fresh and clean
foam
ADDITIVES AND
FUNCTIONS
Whitening /
Drying agents ; Sodium bleaching agents
sulphate and sodium : sodium
silicate perborate
Anhydrous sodium Bleaches
sulphate and sodium (bleaching
silicate (Na2S2O3) are agents) remove
used as drying agents to coloured stains
ensure that the by oxidation
detergent in powdered process. When
firm is always in a dry coloured stanis
condition. are oxidized, the
colour will
disappear
10.
11.
12. Preservatives:
to inhibit or
prevent the
growth of
moulds, yeast
and bacteria that
Thickeners spoil foods
Thickeners are
substances
which, when added Stabilisers and
to the thickeners: to
mixture, increase its improve the
viscosity without texture of foods
substantially
modifying its other
properties.
PURPOSES OF FOOD
PRESERVATIVES
Colouring
agents: to Flavouring
restore the agents: to
colour or to enhance the
enhance the taste of food
natural colour
Antioxidants: to
prevent spoilage of
food due to
oxidation by
oxygen
13. TYPES, EXAMPLES AND FUNCTIONS OF FOOD ADDITIVES
TYPES EXAMPLES FUNCTIONS
Preservatives sodium nitrite, sodium to inhibit or prevent the growth of moulds,
benzoate yeast and bacteria that spoil food
Stabilizer gelatin and acacia gum to improve the texture of foods
Thickener gelatin and acacia gum Thickeners are substances which, when
added to the mixture, increase its viscosity
without substantially modifying its other
properties.
Flavouring Monosodium to enhance the taste of food
agents glutamate(MSG), aspartame
Dye azo compounds, triphenyl added to food to replace colors lost during
compounds preparation, or to make food look more
attractive.
Antioxidants ascorbic acid to prevent spoilage of food due to
oxidation by oxygen
14.
15. Effects on health
Allergy: MSG
Carcinogenic: NaNO₂
Brain damage: MSG
Hyperactivity: sodium benzoate
leukemia: Aspartame
Effects on environment
A
B
C
D
My advice:
Avoiding the different types of food additives can help improve many health problems.
Have a better understanding about preservatives in food and what they can do to you.
If you are on the road to improving your health, enjoy looking after yourself, to keep you
looking younger, you need to be familiar with some of the preservatives to avoid.
16.
17. Traditional medicines
Derived from plants and animals
Plant Local name Uses
Aloe vera Lidah buaya Sap used to relieved pain from burns
Betel Sireh Leaves relieved sore eyes
Bitter gourd Peria Fruit used to cure diabetes
Coconut Kelapa Young coconut water reduces fever
Garlic Bawang putih Reduces infection and hypertension
Ginger Halia Reduces inflammation and improves blood
circulation and digestion
Ginseng Ginseng Roots maintain good health
Hibiscus Bunga Raya Leaves relieves headache and hair loss
Turmeric Kunyit Cures pimples
Sea cucumber (gamat)
• To treat Japanese encephalitis
and hole in the heart
Centipede
• To treat lockjaw and convulsions
Ant
• To treat hepatitis B
19. TYPES EXAMPLES FUNCTIONS
ANALGESICS Paracetamol reduces fever, relieves flu
Aspirin symptoms and relieves pain
Codeine but it does not reduce
inflammation
Aspirin is used for relief,
particularly where there is
inflammation involved, such as
arthritic pain and dental pain.
used in headache tables and
cough medicines but cause
drowsiness
ANTIBOITICS Penicillin treat diseases, caused by
Streptomycin bacteria, such as pneumonia,
gonorrhea and syphilis
treat tuberculosis, whooping
cough and some forms of
pneumonia.
PSYCOTHERAPEUTIC 1. Stimulant to reduce fatigue
Methylphenidate, to reduce tension and anxiety
Dextroamphetamine, to treat psychiatric illness
Amphetamine
2. Antipsychotics
Barbiturates, Tranquilisers
3. Antidepressants
Chlorpromazine,
Haloperidol, Clozapine
20. Modern medicine
Example Side effects
Methylphenidate, High dose or excessive use of stimulants over long periods of
dextroamphetamine, time can lead to anxiety, hallucinations, severe depression, or
amphetamine physical and psychological dependence.
Tranquilisers Tranquilisers cause drowsiness, poor coordinationor
lightheadadness. Overdose of these drugs can lead to
respiratory difficulties, sleeplessness, coma and even death
Barbiturates Barbiturates cause addition. People who rely on barbiturates to
fight against insomnia sometimes kill themselves accidentally by
taking an overdose
Aspirin Can cause bleeding in the stomach because aspirin is
vey acidic. Can cause allergic reactions, skin rashes and
asthmatic attacks
Paracetamol Liver damage
Codeine Addiction, depression and nausea.
Morphine Addiction
Traditional medicine
Example Side effect
Quinine Hearing loss
Kava-kava liver damage
THE CORRECT USAGE OF OF MODERN AND TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
1. Self-medication
Do not prescribe medicines for yourself (self-medication) or for other people. Discuss
with your doctor and listen to him concerning the medicine to be taken.
2. Follow the instructions given
Follow the instructions given by your doctor or pharmacist concerning the dosage and
method of taking the medicine.
3. Medicines for adult and children
Medicines for adult should not be given to children and vice versa.
4. Side effects
Visit the doctor immediately if there are symptoms of allergy or other effects of the
drugs.
5. Expiry date
Like foods, medicines also have expiry date. Do not take medicines after their expiry
dates.
21. List the drugs that are normally abused.
Ecstasy
Morphine
Ice
Nicotine
Give reasons why teenagers take drugs
Stress
Poverty
Influenced by peers
The side effects of the drugs on health
Ecstasy can cause depression and anxiety
Morphine can cause addiction
Ice can cause stroke and injuries to the liver and kidneys
Nicotine can cause addiction
The impact of drug abuse to the society
The increase of drug addict in the society
Lead to grey society
Increase of crime rate in the society
Ways to prevent drug abuse
Use the correct amount of dosage
Use the drug for the correct purpose