SlideShare a Scribd company logo
Setae morphology and the
phylogeny of ground spiders
(Araneae, Gnaphosidae)
By Amanda Tsang
LaGuardia Community College
March 10, 2014
Introduction
 Gnaphosids (commonly known as ground spiders) are
one of the biggest families of spiders. The group
includes 122 genera and 2,162 species (Platnik, 2013).
 This study aims to provide an updated description of
the morphology of ground spider setae, integumentary
accessory organs located on the cuticle. Previous
studies have demonstrated that these structures differ
among gnaphosids and may give researchers cues for
the ground spiders classification on the generic and
subfamily level (Ovtsharenko, 1983, 1985, 1989;
Murphy, 2007).
Research Goals
 To demonstrate morphological differences of setae in
each genera.
 To provide necessary key characteristics for more
precise genera description and subfamilies delineation.
 To gather data for a future cladistic analysis that will
allow us to draw a phylogenic tree of the gnaphosid
group for the first time.
Methods
 Descriptions are based on
specimens preserved in
75% ethanol. To prepare
the specimens for
examination, the abdomen
of each specimen was
desiccated using the
critical point drying
technique, and then coated
with gold and palladium.
Specimens were then imaged using a Hitachi S-4700 Field
Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) at a 5 kv
beam voltage, and 15 mA probe current.
The Hitachi Scanning Electron Microscope
Findings
Anzacia gemmea
Squamous setae with
brachia close to the
root. Serrated with
one spine on the top,
and three to four
brachia at the root.
Apopyllus silvestri
Plumose setae
with roughly
seven brachia on
the first half of
the stem.
Berlandina caspica
Approximately
eleven flattened
brachia covering
almost the entire
stem.
Drassodes lapidosus
Plumose setae
with brachia
covering the
lower half of the
stem. Brachia
consists of five to
seven branches
of different
lengths.
Notiodrassus distinctus
Plumose setae
with two paired
brachia at the
base.
Gnaphosa muscorum
Flattened setae with
a longitudinal groove
in the stem. Very
short, spine-like
apophysis of uniform
size running from the
bottom to top of the
stem on each side.
Gnaphosa taurica
Flattened setae with
a longitudinal groove
in the stem. Very
short, spine-like
apophysis of uniform
size running from the
bottom to top of the
stem on each side.
Herpyllus propinqus
(2 types of setae)
1. Saber-shaped
setae, serrated on
the concave side
and flat on the
convex side.
2. Plumose setae
with two to three
brachia at the base.
Hypodrassodes maoricus
Squamous setae with
two pairs of brachia at
the base, and a single
spine at the top. Two
rows of scaly
outgrowths on the top
half.
Litopyllus temporarius
Elongated saber-
shaped setae, serrated
on one side and flat
on the other. Three to
five pairs of brachia
close to the base.
Leptodrassus sp.
Plumose setae with
four long brachia
almost the same
length as the stem,
located on the first
half of the stem.
Micaria lenzi
Squamous with
a serrated top
and no brachia.
Nomisia ausseri
Plumose setae with
six to seven brachia
of the same length
on the first half of
the stem.
Parasyrisca caucasica
Plumose setae with
first one third of
stem brachiated
with four to five
unpaired brachia.
Pterotricha sp.
Plumose with
three to five short
unpaired brachia.
Sosticus loricatus
Plumose setae with
on average seven
brachia, mostly
located on first two
thirds of the stem.
Results
 The plumose setae of Apopyllus, Drassodes, Leptodrassus, and
Nomisia all have lateral appendages covering the first half of
the stem. The number of brachia varies per genus. In
Leptodrassus and Nomisia, the brachia are almost the same
length as the stem, while in Apopyllus and Drassodes, the
brachia are shorter and vary in length along the stem.
 Parasyrisca, Pterotricha and Sosticus also have plumose setae
with unpaired brachia. Parasyrisca typically has 4 to 5 brachia,
while Pterotricha has 3 to 5 short brachia and Sosticus has
approximately 7 brachia. The plumose setae of Berlandina has
approximately 11 pairs of flattened brachia covering almost
the entire stalk, while Notiodrassus only has two paired brachia
at the base.
Results
 Anzacia has squamous setae with 3-4 brachia close to the root.
The top is serrated with one spine. Hypodrassodes also has
squamous setae, with two pairs of brachia at the base, and a
single spine at the top. Two rows of scaly outgrowths
characterize the top half. Micaria is characterized by squamous
setae with a serrated top and no brachia.
 The Gnaphosa genus is characterized by a very special type of
setae which were not found among other spiders of the family.
Such a peculiar characteristic needs explanation which may be
found in the specifics of the family evolution.
 Litopyllus and Herpyllus exhibited a peculiar type of saber-
shaped setae that points to their close evolutionary relation.
Conclusions
 Our study shows that all ground spiders, with only a
few exclusions, possess setae that cover their abdomen.
There are different types of covering setae
characteristics for different gnaphosid genera and
groups of genera, which makes setae a valuable
characteristic for the ground spiders’ classification on
subfamily level and establishing of their evolutionary
relationship. Our study supports previous studies
(Ovtsharenko, 1983, 1985, 1989; Murphy, 2007) that
setae of gnaphosid spiders greatly vary in shape and
demonstrate genus specific characteristics.
References
 Hill, D.E. 1979. The scales of salticid spiders. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 65: 193-218.
 Lehtinen, P.T. 1967. Classification of the Cribellate spiders and some allied families, with notes on the
evolution of the suborder Araneomorpha. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 4: 199-468.
 Lehtinen, P.T. 1975. The significance of hair ultrastructure in phylogenetic classification of spiders.
Journal of Ultrastructure Research 50: 362-395.
 Murphy, J. 2007. Gnaphosid genera of the World. British Arachnological Society, St. Neots, Cambs. 2
volumes, The Dorset Press, Dorchester, UK.
 Ovtsharenko, V.I. 1983. Spiders of the family Gnaphosidae of the European part of the USSR and
Caucasus. Zoological Institute of the Academy of Science of the USSR, Leningrad.
 Ovtsharenko V.I. 1985. Cuticular microstructure of the spider family Gnaphosidae (Aranei) and its use
in the systematics. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Science 139: 27-35.
 Ovtsharenko, V. I. 1989. Microstructures on the cuticle of the spiders of the family Gnaphosidae
(Arachnida, Aranei). Fauna and ecology of spiders and scorpions, Nauka Publishers, Moscow: 5-13.
 Platnick, N.I. 2013. The world spider catalog, version 13.5, American Museum of Natural History, NY,
online at: http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html.
Acknowledgements
 Thank you to Dr. Boris Zakharov who has mentored and
guided me through the entire research process.
 Many thanks to Dr. Vladmir Ovtsharenko for his
suggestions and support.
 Thank you to Henry Towbin and Morgan Hill at the
American Museum of Natural History Microscopy and
Imaging Facility for their technical support with the SEM.

More Related Content

What's hot

Neuroptera
NeuropteraNeuroptera
Neuroptera
Haseeb Kamran
 
Arthropoda Hexapoda
Arthropoda HexapodaArthropoda Hexapoda
Arthropoda HexapodaMrsTabor
 
Siphonaptera & strepsiptera
Siphonaptera & strepsipteraSiphonaptera & strepsiptera
Siphonaptera & strepsiptera
RifadaKotta
 
Lepidoptera
 Lepidoptera  Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera
Jayantyadav94
 
Insect Orders- Odonata, orthoptera, dictyoptera and isoptera
Insect Orders- Odonata, orthoptera, dictyoptera and isopteraInsect Orders- Odonata, orthoptera, dictyoptera and isoptera
Insect Orders- Odonata, orthoptera, dictyoptera and isoptera
Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi
 
Insect Order : coleoptera
Insect Order  :  coleopteraInsect Order  :  coleoptera
Order strepsiptera, mecoptera and siphonaptera
Order strepsiptera, mecoptera and siphonapteraOrder strepsiptera, mecoptera and siphonaptera
Order strepsiptera, mecoptera and siphonaptera
Ranjeet Verma
 
Order neuroptera
Order neuropteraOrder neuroptera
Order neuroptera
Asmat Babar
 
Diversity of coleoptera
Diversity of coleopteraDiversity of coleoptera
Diversity of coleoptera
Aswathi Jinesh
 
4 Insect Orders
4 Insect Orders4 Insect Orders
4 Insect Orderssherylwil
 
Class Insecta - Order Leptidoptera and Order Odonata
Class Insecta - Order Leptidoptera and Order OdonataClass Insecta - Order Leptidoptera and Order Odonata
Class Insecta - Order Leptidoptera and Order Odonata
Eileen Aycardo
 
Order Diptera
Order DipteraOrder Diptera
Order Diptera
shahzaib Ali
 
siphonaptera
siphonapterasiphonaptera
siphonaptera
Dr. Manoj kumar
 
Classification of insects
Classification of insectsClassification of insects
Classification of insectsmayank_aau
 
Insect order by kotresh
Insect order by kotreshInsect order by kotresh
Insect order by kotresh
Kotresh Aloth
 
Order thysanura (silver fish)
Order thysanura (silver fish)Order thysanura (silver fish)
Order thysanura (silver fish)
MujahidHussain103
 
Recent taxonomic classification of lepidoptera
Recent taxonomic classification of lepidopteraRecent taxonomic classification of lepidoptera
Recent taxonomic classification of lepidoptera
TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
 
Insect Order: Dictyoptera
Insect Order: DictyopteraInsect Order: Dictyoptera

What's hot (20)

Neuroptera
NeuropteraNeuroptera
Neuroptera
 
Arthropoda Hexapoda
Arthropoda HexapodaArthropoda Hexapoda
Arthropoda Hexapoda
 
Siphonaptera & strepsiptera
Siphonaptera & strepsipteraSiphonaptera & strepsiptera
Siphonaptera & strepsiptera
 
Lepidoptera
 Lepidoptera  Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera
 
Insect Orders- Odonata, orthoptera, dictyoptera and isoptera
Insect Orders- Odonata, orthoptera, dictyoptera and isopteraInsect Orders- Odonata, orthoptera, dictyoptera and isoptera
Insect Orders- Odonata, orthoptera, dictyoptera and isoptera
 
Insect Order : coleoptera
Insect Order  :  coleopteraInsect Order  :  coleoptera
Insect Order : coleoptera
 
Order strepsiptera, mecoptera and siphonaptera
Order strepsiptera, mecoptera and siphonapteraOrder strepsiptera, mecoptera and siphonaptera
Order strepsiptera, mecoptera and siphonaptera
 
Order neuroptera
Order neuropteraOrder neuroptera
Order neuroptera
 
Diversity of coleoptera
Diversity of coleopteraDiversity of coleoptera
Diversity of coleoptera
 
4 Insect Orders
4 Insect Orders4 Insect Orders
4 Insect Orders
 
Class Insecta - Order Leptidoptera and Order Odonata
Class Insecta - Order Leptidoptera and Order OdonataClass Insecta - Order Leptidoptera and Order Odonata
Class Insecta - Order Leptidoptera and Order Odonata
 
Order Diptera
Order DipteraOrder Diptera
Order Diptera
 
siphonaptera
siphonapterasiphonaptera
siphonaptera
 
Classification of insects
Classification of insectsClassification of insects
Classification of insects
 
Insect order by kotresh
Insect order by kotreshInsect order by kotresh
Insect order by kotresh
 
Insects Order hymenoptera
Insects Order  hymenopteraInsects Order  hymenoptera
Insects Order hymenoptera
 
Diptera
DipteraDiptera
Diptera
 
Order thysanura (silver fish)
Order thysanura (silver fish)Order thysanura (silver fish)
Order thysanura (silver fish)
 
Recent taxonomic classification of lepidoptera
Recent taxonomic classification of lepidopteraRecent taxonomic classification of lepidoptera
Recent taxonomic classification of lepidoptera
 
Insect Order: Dictyoptera
Insect Order: DictyopteraInsect Order: Dictyoptera
Insect Order: Dictyoptera
 

Similar to Setae morphology and the phylogeny of ground spiders (Araneae, Gnaphosidae)

Arthropod Phylogeny
Arthropod PhylogenyArthropod Phylogeny
Arthropod Phylogeny
Muzna Kashaf
 
Position of insects in animal kingdom and their relationship with other arthr...
Position of insects in animal kingdom and their relationship with other arthr...Position of insects in animal kingdom and their relationship with other arthr...
Position of insects in animal kingdom and their relationship with other arthr...
krishnachaitanyatiru2
 
Study of hymenopteran Parasitoids.pptx
Study of hymenopteran Parasitoids.pptxStudy of hymenopteran Parasitoids.pptx
Study of hymenopteran Parasitoids.pptx
Tusar Ghosal
 
Beneficials insects
Beneficials insectsBeneficials insects
Beneficials insects
Narendra Manwar
 
Taxonomy of different orders of an insect.pptx
Taxonomy of different orders of an insect.pptxTaxonomy of different orders of an insect.pptx
Taxonomy of different orders of an insect.pptx
anitaento25
 
arthropod phylogeny and classification
arthropod phylogeny and classificationarthropod phylogeny and classification
arthropod phylogeny and classification
Muzna Kashaf
 
Jumping cockroaches (Blattaria, Skokidae fam. n.) from the Late Jurassic of K...
Jumping cockroaches (Blattaria, Skokidae fam. n.) from the Late Jurassic of K...Jumping cockroaches (Blattaria, Skokidae fam. n.) from the Late Jurassic of K...
Jumping cockroaches (Blattaria, Skokidae fam. n.) from the Late Jurassic of K...
GeoCommunity
 
Plant Phylogenetic Description
Plant Phylogenetic DescriptionPlant Phylogenetic Description
Plant Phylogenetic DescriptionThornork
 
Arthropods
ArthropodsArthropods
ArthropodsGreg
 
Devonian gametophytes by Anurag Yadav
Devonian gametophytes by Anurag YadavDevonian gametophytes by Anurag Yadav
Devonian gametophytes by Anurag Yadav
AnuragsinghYadav3
 
Maslova O.O., Negrobov O.P., Fursov V.N. A new species of Dolichopus Latreill...
Maslova O.O., Negrobov O.P., Fursov V.N. A new species of Dolichopus Latreill...Maslova O.O., Negrobov O.P., Fursov V.N. A new species of Dolichopus Latreill...
Maslova O.O., Negrobov O.P., Fursov V.N. A new species of Dolichopus Latreill...
Viktor Fursov
 
Arthropods
ArthropodsArthropods
Arthropods
cabinganrowena08
 
Taxonomy and Biology of Cultivable Crustaceans B.pptx
Taxonomy and Biology of Cultivable Crustaceans B.pptxTaxonomy and Biology of Cultivable Crustaceans B.pptx
Taxonomy and Biology of Cultivable Crustaceans B.pptx
B. BHASKAR
 
Siphunculata classification
Siphunculata classificationSiphunculata classification
Siphunculata classification
Dr. Manoj kumar
 
Characteristics And Characteristics Of The Species
Characteristics And Characteristics Of The SpeciesCharacteristics And Characteristics Of The Species
Characteristics And Characteristics Of The Species
Mary Brown
 
photo of moss by Angie Jane Gray (1).pdf
photo of moss by Angie Jane Gray (1).pdfphoto of moss by Angie Jane Gray (1).pdf
photo of moss by Angie Jane Gray (1).pdf
FamilyGray1
 
Phylum Arthropoda M.Ishaq ICP
Phylum Arthropoda M.Ishaq ICPPhylum Arthropoda M.Ishaq ICP
Phylum Arthropoda M.Ishaq ICP
Muhammad Ishaq
 
Arthropoda
 Arthropoda Arthropoda
Arthropoda
Angel Little Angel
 

Similar to Setae morphology and the phylogeny of ground spiders (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) (20)

Arthropod Phylogeny
Arthropod PhylogenyArthropod Phylogeny
Arthropod Phylogeny
 
Position of insects in animal kingdom and their relationship with other arthr...
Position of insects in animal kingdom and their relationship with other arthr...Position of insects in animal kingdom and their relationship with other arthr...
Position of insects in animal kingdom and their relationship with other arthr...
 
Study of hymenopteran Parasitoids.pptx
Study of hymenopteran Parasitoids.pptxStudy of hymenopteran Parasitoids.pptx
Study of hymenopteran Parasitoids.pptx
 
Beneficials insects
Beneficials insectsBeneficials insects
Beneficials insects
 
Taxonomy of different orders of an insect.pptx
Taxonomy of different orders of an insect.pptxTaxonomy of different orders of an insect.pptx
Taxonomy of different orders of an insect.pptx
 
arthropod phylogeny and classification
arthropod phylogeny and classificationarthropod phylogeny and classification
arthropod phylogeny and classification
 
Jumping cockroaches (Blattaria, Skokidae fam. n.) from the Late Jurassic of K...
Jumping cockroaches (Blattaria, Skokidae fam. n.) from the Late Jurassic of K...Jumping cockroaches (Blattaria, Skokidae fam. n.) from the Late Jurassic of K...
Jumping cockroaches (Blattaria, Skokidae fam. n.) from the Late Jurassic of K...
 
Plant Phylogenetic Description
Plant Phylogenetic DescriptionPlant Phylogenetic Description
Plant Phylogenetic Description
 
Arthropods
ArthropodsArthropods
Arthropods
 
Devonian gametophytes by Anurag Yadav
Devonian gametophytes by Anurag YadavDevonian gametophytes by Anurag Yadav
Devonian gametophytes by Anurag Yadav
 
Maslova O.O., Negrobov O.P., Fursov V.N. A new species of Dolichopus Latreill...
Maslova O.O., Negrobov O.P., Fursov V.N. A new species of Dolichopus Latreill...Maslova O.O., Negrobov O.P., Fursov V.N. A new species of Dolichopus Latreill...
Maslova O.O., Negrobov O.P., Fursov V.N. A new species of Dolichopus Latreill...
 
Arthropods
ArthropodsArthropods
Arthropods
 
Taxonomy and Biology of Cultivable Crustaceans B.pptx
Taxonomy and Biology of Cultivable Crustaceans B.pptxTaxonomy and Biology of Cultivable Crustaceans B.pptx
Taxonomy and Biology of Cultivable Crustaceans B.pptx
 
Siphunculata classification
Siphunculata classificationSiphunculata classification
Siphunculata classification
 
Characteristics And Characteristics Of The Species
Characteristics And Characteristics Of The SpeciesCharacteristics And Characteristics Of The Species
Characteristics And Characteristics Of The Species
 
photo of moss by Angie Jane Gray (1).pdf
photo of moss by Angie Jane Gray (1).pdfphoto of moss by Angie Jane Gray (1).pdf
photo of moss by Angie Jane Gray (1).pdf
 
Phylum Arthropoda M.Ishaq ICP
Phylum Arthropoda M.Ishaq ICPPhylum Arthropoda M.Ishaq ICP
Phylum Arthropoda M.Ishaq ICP
 
Arthropoda
 Arthropoda Arthropoda
Arthropoda
 
Coleoptera
ColeopteraColeoptera
Coleoptera
 
organic evolution evidences
organic evolution evidencesorganic evolution evidences
organic evolution evidences
 

Recently uploaded

TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER  FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...TESDA TM1 REVIEWER  FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
EugeneSaldivar
 
Unit 2- Research Aptitude (UGC NET Paper I).pdf
Unit 2- Research Aptitude (UGC NET Paper I).pdfUnit 2- Research Aptitude (UGC NET Paper I).pdf
Unit 2- Research Aptitude (UGC NET Paper I).pdf
Thiyagu K
 
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
siemaillard
 
special B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdf
special B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdfspecial B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdf
special B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdf
Special education needs
 
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
Welcome to TechSoup   New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfWelcome to TechSoup   New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
TechSoup
 
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and ResearchDigital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
Vikramjit Singh
 
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfUnit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
Thiyagu K
 
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS Module
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleHow to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS Module
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS Module
Celine George
 
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
Sandy Millin
 
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve Thomason
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonThe Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve Thomason
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve Thomason
Steve Thomason
 
ESC Beyond Borders _From EU to You_ InfoPack general.pdf
ESC Beyond Borders _From EU to You_ InfoPack general.pdfESC Beyond Borders _From EU to You_ InfoPack general.pdf
ESC Beyond Borders _From EU to You_ InfoPack general.pdf
Fundacja Rozwoju Społeczeństwa Przedsiębiorczego
 
Fish and Chips - have they had their chips
Fish and Chips - have they had their chipsFish and Chips - have they had their chips
Fish and Chips - have they had their chips
GeoBlogs
 
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptx
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxPalestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptx
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptx
RaedMohamed3
 
1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx
1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx
1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx
JosvitaDsouza2
 
Cambridge International AS A Level Biology Coursebook - EBook (MaryFosbery J...
Cambridge International AS  A Level Biology Coursebook - EBook (MaryFosbery J...Cambridge International AS  A Level Biology Coursebook - EBook (MaryFosbery J...
Cambridge International AS A Level Biology Coursebook - EBook (MaryFosbery J...
AzmatAli747758
 
MARUTI SUZUKI- A Successful Joint Venture in India.pptx
MARUTI SUZUKI- A Successful Joint Venture in India.pptxMARUTI SUZUKI- A Successful Joint Venture in India.pptx
MARUTI SUZUKI- A Successful Joint Venture in India.pptx
bennyroshan06
 
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17
Celine George
 
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
siemaillard
 
Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46
Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46
Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46
MysoreMuleSoftMeetup
 
The geography of Taylor Swift - some ideas
The geography of Taylor Swift - some ideasThe geography of Taylor Swift - some ideas
The geography of Taylor Swift - some ideas
GeoBlogs
 

Recently uploaded (20)

TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER  FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...TESDA TM1 REVIEWER  FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
 
Unit 2- Research Aptitude (UGC NET Paper I).pdf
Unit 2- Research Aptitude (UGC NET Paper I).pdfUnit 2- Research Aptitude (UGC NET Paper I).pdf
Unit 2- Research Aptitude (UGC NET Paper I).pdf
 
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
 
special B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdf
special B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdfspecial B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdf
special B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdf
 
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
Welcome to TechSoup   New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfWelcome to TechSoup   New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
 
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and ResearchDigital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
 
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfUnit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
 
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS Module
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleHow to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS Module
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS Module
 
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
 
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve Thomason
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonThe Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve Thomason
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve Thomason
 
ESC Beyond Borders _From EU to You_ InfoPack general.pdf
ESC Beyond Borders _From EU to You_ InfoPack general.pdfESC Beyond Borders _From EU to You_ InfoPack general.pdf
ESC Beyond Borders _From EU to You_ InfoPack general.pdf
 
Fish and Chips - have they had their chips
Fish and Chips - have they had their chipsFish and Chips - have they had their chips
Fish and Chips - have they had their chips
 
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptx
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxPalestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptx
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptx
 
1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx
1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx
1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx
 
Cambridge International AS A Level Biology Coursebook - EBook (MaryFosbery J...
Cambridge International AS  A Level Biology Coursebook - EBook (MaryFosbery J...Cambridge International AS  A Level Biology Coursebook - EBook (MaryFosbery J...
Cambridge International AS A Level Biology Coursebook - EBook (MaryFosbery J...
 
MARUTI SUZUKI- A Successful Joint Venture in India.pptx
MARUTI SUZUKI- A Successful Joint Venture in India.pptxMARUTI SUZUKI- A Successful Joint Venture in India.pptx
MARUTI SUZUKI- A Successful Joint Venture in India.pptx
 
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17
 
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
 
Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46
Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46
Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46
 
The geography of Taylor Swift - some ideas
The geography of Taylor Swift - some ideasThe geography of Taylor Swift - some ideas
The geography of Taylor Swift - some ideas
 

Setae morphology and the phylogeny of ground spiders (Araneae, Gnaphosidae)

  • 1. Setae morphology and the phylogeny of ground spiders (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) By Amanda Tsang LaGuardia Community College March 10, 2014
  • 2. Introduction  Gnaphosids (commonly known as ground spiders) are one of the biggest families of spiders. The group includes 122 genera and 2,162 species (Platnik, 2013).  This study aims to provide an updated description of the morphology of ground spider setae, integumentary accessory organs located on the cuticle. Previous studies have demonstrated that these structures differ among gnaphosids and may give researchers cues for the ground spiders classification on the generic and subfamily level (Ovtsharenko, 1983, 1985, 1989; Murphy, 2007).
  • 3. Research Goals  To demonstrate morphological differences of setae in each genera.  To provide necessary key characteristics for more precise genera description and subfamilies delineation.  To gather data for a future cladistic analysis that will allow us to draw a phylogenic tree of the gnaphosid group for the first time.
  • 4. Methods  Descriptions are based on specimens preserved in 75% ethanol. To prepare the specimens for examination, the abdomen of each specimen was desiccated using the critical point drying technique, and then coated with gold and palladium. Specimens were then imaged using a Hitachi S-4700 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) at a 5 kv beam voltage, and 15 mA probe current. The Hitachi Scanning Electron Microscope
  • 6. Anzacia gemmea Squamous setae with brachia close to the root. Serrated with one spine on the top, and three to four brachia at the root.
  • 7. Apopyllus silvestri Plumose setae with roughly seven brachia on the first half of the stem.
  • 9. Drassodes lapidosus Plumose setae with brachia covering the lower half of the stem. Brachia consists of five to seven branches of different lengths.
  • 10. Notiodrassus distinctus Plumose setae with two paired brachia at the base.
  • 11. Gnaphosa muscorum Flattened setae with a longitudinal groove in the stem. Very short, spine-like apophysis of uniform size running from the bottom to top of the stem on each side.
  • 12. Gnaphosa taurica Flattened setae with a longitudinal groove in the stem. Very short, spine-like apophysis of uniform size running from the bottom to top of the stem on each side.
  • 13. Herpyllus propinqus (2 types of setae) 1. Saber-shaped setae, serrated on the concave side and flat on the convex side. 2. Plumose setae with two to three brachia at the base.
  • 14. Hypodrassodes maoricus Squamous setae with two pairs of brachia at the base, and a single spine at the top. Two rows of scaly outgrowths on the top half.
  • 15. Litopyllus temporarius Elongated saber- shaped setae, serrated on one side and flat on the other. Three to five pairs of brachia close to the base.
  • 16. Leptodrassus sp. Plumose setae with four long brachia almost the same length as the stem, located on the first half of the stem.
  • 17. Micaria lenzi Squamous with a serrated top and no brachia.
  • 18. Nomisia ausseri Plumose setae with six to seven brachia of the same length on the first half of the stem.
  • 19. Parasyrisca caucasica Plumose setae with first one third of stem brachiated with four to five unpaired brachia.
  • 20. Pterotricha sp. Plumose with three to five short unpaired brachia.
  • 21. Sosticus loricatus Plumose setae with on average seven brachia, mostly located on first two thirds of the stem.
  • 22. Results  The plumose setae of Apopyllus, Drassodes, Leptodrassus, and Nomisia all have lateral appendages covering the first half of the stem. The number of brachia varies per genus. In Leptodrassus and Nomisia, the brachia are almost the same length as the stem, while in Apopyllus and Drassodes, the brachia are shorter and vary in length along the stem.  Parasyrisca, Pterotricha and Sosticus also have plumose setae with unpaired brachia. Parasyrisca typically has 4 to 5 brachia, while Pterotricha has 3 to 5 short brachia and Sosticus has approximately 7 brachia. The plumose setae of Berlandina has approximately 11 pairs of flattened brachia covering almost the entire stalk, while Notiodrassus only has two paired brachia at the base.
  • 23. Results  Anzacia has squamous setae with 3-4 brachia close to the root. The top is serrated with one spine. Hypodrassodes also has squamous setae, with two pairs of brachia at the base, and a single spine at the top. Two rows of scaly outgrowths characterize the top half. Micaria is characterized by squamous setae with a serrated top and no brachia.  The Gnaphosa genus is characterized by a very special type of setae which were not found among other spiders of the family. Such a peculiar characteristic needs explanation which may be found in the specifics of the family evolution.  Litopyllus and Herpyllus exhibited a peculiar type of saber- shaped setae that points to their close evolutionary relation.
  • 24. Conclusions  Our study shows that all ground spiders, with only a few exclusions, possess setae that cover their abdomen. There are different types of covering setae characteristics for different gnaphosid genera and groups of genera, which makes setae a valuable characteristic for the ground spiders’ classification on subfamily level and establishing of their evolutionary relationship. Our study supports previous studies (Ovtsharenko, 1983, 1985, 1989; Murphy, 2007) that setae of gnaphosid spiders greatly vary in shape and demonstrate genus specific characteristics.
  • 25. References  Hill, D.E. 1979. The scales of salticid spiders. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 65: 193-218.  Lehtinen, P.T. 1967. Classification of the Cribellate spiders and some allied families, with notes on the evolution of the suborder Araneomorpha. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 4: 199-468.  Lehtinen, P.T. 1975. The significance of hair ultrastructure in phylogenetic classification of spiders. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 50: 362-395.  Murphy, J. 2007. Gnaphosid genera of the World. British Arachnological Society, St. Neots, Cambs. 2 volumes, The Dorset Press, Dorchester, UK.  Ovtsharenko, V.I. 1983. Spiders of the family Gnaphosidae of the European part of the USSR and Caucasus. Zoological Institute of the Academy of Science of the USSR, Leningrad.  Ovtsharenko V.I. 1985. Cuticular microstructure of the spider family Gnaphosidae (Aranei) and its use in the systematics. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Science 139: 27-35.  Ovtsharenko, V. I. 1989. Microstructures on the cuticle of the spiders of the family Gnaphosidae (Arachnida, Aranei). Fauna and ecology of spiders and scorpions, Nauka Publishers, Moscow: 5-13.  Platnick, N.I. 2013. The world spider catalog, version 13.5, American Museum of Natural History, NY, online at: http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html.
  • 26. Acknowledgements  Thank you to Dr. Boris Zakharov who has mentored and guided me through the entire research process.  Many thanks to Dr. Vladmir Ovtsharenko for his suggestions and support.  Thank you to Henry Towbin and Morgan Hill at the American Museum of Natural History Microscopy and Imaging Facility for their technical support with the SEM.