Chapter11 -- networking with tcpip and the internet
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This chapter discusses TCP/IP network design including subnetting, CIDR, and NAT. It describes protocols for email delivery and access like SMTP, POP, and IMAP. It also explains using TCP/IP networks for voice transmission (VoIP) and provides details on TCP/IP utilities like netstat, nslookup, traceroute, and ifconfig that can be used for network discovery and troubleshooting.
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If the number of spine switches were to be merely doubled, the effect of a single switch failure is halved. With 8 spine switches, the effect of a single switch failure only causes a 12% reduction in available bandwidth. So, in modern data centers, people build networks with anywhere from 4 to 32 spine switches. With a leaf-spine network, every server on the network is exactly the same distance away from all other servers – three port hops, to be precise. The benefit of this architecture is that you can just add more spines and leaves as you expand the cluster and you don't have to do any recabling. Intuition Systems will also get more predictable latency between the nodes.
As a trend, disaggregation seems to be most useful for very large companies like Facebook and Google, or cloud providers. The technology does not necessarily have significant implications for small or medium sized businesses. Historically, however, technology has a way of trickling down from the pioneering phases of existing only within large companies with tremendous resources, to becoming more standardized across the board.
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The document discusses TCP/IP networking fundamentals including:
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The document provides an overview of the TCP/IP networking protocol suite, including details on the layers, protocols, and functions. It describes the link layer protocols including Ethernet, PPP, and ARP. At the network layer, it outlines IP and ICMP. For the transport layer, it explains UDP and TCP in detail. Finally, it discusses several example applications that use TCP/IP like FTP, Telnet, HTTP, and RTP.
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This document provides an overview of networking concepts including:
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Tcpdump, netstat, ifconfig, nslookup, and traceroute are network troubleshooting commands that can be used to analyze network traffic and examine the routing paths between hosts. Tcpdump captures and displays TCP/IP and other packets being transmitted or received over a network. Netstat displays active TCP connections, network interfaces, routing tables, and per-protocol statistics. Ifconfig displays network configuration like IP addresses and performs basic network interface configuration. Nslookup queries DNS servers to find information about internet servers. Traceroute tracks the route and measures transit delays of packets across an IP network between two hosts.
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Chapter11 -- networking with tcpip and the internet
- 1. Chapter 11: Networking with TCP/IP and the Internet Network+ Guide to Networks
- 6. Designing TCP/IP-Based Networks (continued)
- 8. Designing TCP/IP-Based Networks (continued)
- 9. Designing TCP/IP-Based Networks (continued)
- 10. Designing TCP/IP-Based Networks (continued)
- 13. Designing TCP/IP-Based Networks (continued)
- 14. Designing TCP/IP-Based Networks (continued)
- 16. Designing TCP/IP-Based Networks (continued)
- 18. Designing TCP/IP-Based Networks (continued)
- 19. Designing TCP/IP-Based Networks (continued)
- 20. Designing TCP/IP-Based Networks (continued)
- 22. Designing TCP/IP-Based Networks (continued)
- 24. Designing TCP/IP-Based Networks (continued)
- 32. Additional TCP/IP Utilities (continued)
- 35. Additional TCP/IP Utilities (continued)
- 38. Additional TCP/IP Utilities (continued)
- 40. Additional TCP/IP Utilities (continued)
- 42. Additional TCP/IP Utilities (continued)
- 44. Additional TCP/IP Utilities (continued)
- 46. Voice Over IP (VOIP) (continued)
- 47. Voice Over IP (VOIP) (continued)
- 48. Voice Over IP (VOIP) (continued)