Chapter 11: Metaethics
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The document discusses several concepts in metaethics, including ethical naturalism, moral intuitionism, non-cognitivism, and moral realism. It also discusses the ideas of supervenience, universalizability, and the role of moral principles. Key concepts are ethical naturalism, which defines value in terms of natural facts; moral intuitionism, which holds moral facts are discovered through intuition; and non-cognitivism, which claims moral judgments do not have truth values but express attitudes.
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The document discusses the fact-value problem in metaethics. It examines Hume's argument that one cannot derive an "ought" from an "is" and Moore's argument against identifying moral properties like "good" with natural properties. It also summarizes Ayer's view that moral statements are non-cognitive expressions of attitudes (emotivism) and Hare's view that moral judgments have both descriptive and prescriptive elements (prescriptivism). It notes criticisms of these theories and introduces naturalism as linking moral terms to natural properties found in human psychology and society.
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PHI 107 Module 1 NotesModule 1 Reading AssignmentWaller, B. N.docx
PHI 107: Module 1 Notes
Module 1 Reading Assignment
Waller, B. N. (2011). Consider ethics: Theory, readings, and contemporary issues (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson. Chapters 1 and 3.
NOTE: Bookmarking pages in this site, especially the resources you access with the link above, is not recommended.
Please view Part 1 of the Online Presentation for Module 1.
Please view Part 2 of the Online Presentation for Module 1.
Thinking about Ethics, Emotions, and Intuitions
Chapter 1 Lecture Notes: Thinking about Ethics
Ethics and Critical Thinking
Ethics requires that we have a definite grasp on the questions to which we seek answers. Understanding ethical questions requires being able to identify which premises are relevant to the conclusion. Changing one's beliefs in light of better arguments or new information is a sign of clear and honest thinking. We must therefore be aware of bad reasoning or fallacies when discussing ethical questions. Bad forms of reasoning include the following: red herring/irrelevant reason, ad hominem, principle of charity, strawman fallacy, and inconsistency. The red herring/irrelevant reason fallacy is a fallacy in which an irrelevant issue is given as a reason for accepting a certain conclusion. For example, if I say “We should ban rated-R movies because murder is wrong,” I have presented an irrelevant reason for banning R-rated movies, as the question is not whether murder is wrong, but whether such movies lead to murder. The ad hominem fallacy is an attack on the arguer as opposed to an attack on the argument itself. If I claim that someone is wrong because they are a bad person, I have committed an ad hominem because I have attacked the character of the arguer, not the reasoning of the argument itself. Arguments stand on their own, regardless of who presents them, and must be evaluated thusly.
When engaging in ethical discussions and philosophical discussions in general, it is important to remember the principle of charity. The principle of charity states that you should approach an opponent’s argument as generously and honestly as you can. This means that you should not misrepresent an argument in order to make it more easily defeated. Doing this is called a strawman fallacy, where you defeat an argument by distorting it.
Ethical reasoning also requires that one’s beliefs are consistent with each other. If I accept a belief, I must accept all accompanying implications of the belief as well; otherwise my beliefs will suffer from inconsistency, thus rendering them arbitrary and unreasonable.
Studying Ethics
It is not the intention of this course to make you a better person, but to examine a number of conflicting moral positions and help you see where your views might fit. What kinds of truths are ethical truths? Are they eternal, absolute and universal, and known only by some special power; or are they more common ordinary facts that are part of our world that can be known by ordinary means? Philos.
Introduction Ethics & Morals.pptx presentation on ethics of research
This document defines ethics and discusses several key concepts in ethical theory. It explains that ethics considers what makes acts and people good or bad, and how we should act. There are theoretical questions about concepts and practical questions about moral reasoning. Ethical issues often involve disagreement, and people may disagree fundamentally. Moral theories provide principles to guide ethics, while approaches consider cases individually or emphasize cultural context over universal rules. The document also outlines major moral theories and challenges to morality like egoism, relativism, and skepticism.
REGULARIAN PERSPECTIVETo gain a sense of why it is important to.docx
REGULARIAN PERSPECTIVE
“To gain a sense of why it is important to subject morality to philosophical inquiry, we should view morality, not as a collection of rules, but as a set of guidelines that we must apply to the very complex circumstances of our lives.” (Furrow, 2005)As such, each of the theories discussed in CRJU 250 have their strengths and weaknesses, and serve as base – not an absolute - for resolving ethical dilemmas.There does not appear to be one all-inclusive theory of moral reasoning.
The regularian perspective, at face value, appears simplistic. The only thing the person, making the decision regarding an ethical dilemma, needs to know is the rule(s). This perspective views that an act is morally good if it obeys the rules. If the rule(s) indicates the action is permissible then it is considered ethical; in contrast, if the rule(s) indicates the action is not permissible, then it is considered unethical. This perspective posits that the individual is obligated to follow the rules. Similar to other perspectives, with regularianism, the person making the decision must avoid desires and emotions, and act objectively. This is the most notable advantage of rule-based ethics. Sources for rules include commands, directives, policies and procedures, Code of Ethics, and laws.
Problems: What if it is a bad or immoral rule? An example of this is the Nuremberg Defense; where the individuals who perpetrated crimes against the Jews during WW II, claimed they did nothing wrong since they were following Hitler’s rules to murder them. What if there is not rule? Hmmm?! What if there are two rules that conflict each other? The hope is that the person who is making the decision will find another rule that clarifies the conflict!
STEPS:
1. Regardless of the possible options, what is (are) the rule(s)? I must follow the rule(s).
REFERENCES
Dreisbach, C. (2008). Ethics in Criminal Justice. New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education.
Furrow, D. (2005). Ethics: Key Concepts in Philosophy. New York: Continuum Books.
DEONTOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
“To gain a sense of why it is important to subject morality to philosophical inquiry, we should view morality, not as a collection of rules, but as a set of guidelines that we must apply to the very complex circumstances of our lives.” (Furrow, 2005)As such, each of the theories discussed in CRJU 250 have their strengths and weaknesses, and serve as base – not an absolute - for resolving ethical dilemma. There does not appear to be one all-inclusive theory of moral reasoning.
Deontologists believe that one’s action must conform to recognized duties, the consequences are not important. By conforming, one is “doing the right thing” not because it solely pleases the individual or promotes good consequences, but rather because the individual is adhering to the concepts of duty, obligation and rationality. The deontological perspective allows for one’s intentions/motives to be valued, regardless of the outcome.
Deontolog ...
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Module-1 provides an introduction to ethical philosophy, including definitions, nature, scope and branches. It discusses that philosophy is the study of general features of the world like mind, matter and reason. Philosophy can be understood as a set of beliefs about life and the universe, as well as a process of reflecting on and criticizing beliefs. There are several branches of philosophy including aesthetics, ethics, epistemology, metaphysics, logic, and philosophy of mind and language. The module also discusses basic ethical theories like deontology, utilitarianism, virtue theory and rights theory. It explores the relationship between ethics and philosophy and how ethics relies on philosophy to systematize values and explain various philosophical problems.
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