1. Morals are generally taught by society and relate to groups, while values come from within individuals and are personal principles. 2. Morals motivate good behavior and are deep-seated, whereas values can change with time and circumstances. 3. Ethics are codes or rules set by groups, focusing on duties, while values are individual beliefs about what is good or desirable.

1. VALUES AND ITS
FORMATION
- Dr. Karishma Chaudhary

2. ◦ J.R.D. Tata once said this when asked to define the House of Tatas and what links that forge the
Tata companies together: ‘I would call it a group of individually managed companies united by
two factors: First, a feeling that they are part of a larger group which carries the name and
prestige of Tatas, and public recognition of honesty and reliability—trustworthiness. The other
reason is more metaphysical. There is an innate loyalty, a sharing of certain beliefs. We all feel a
certain pride that we are somewhat different from others.’These several values that J.R.D. Tata
refers to have been derived from the ideals of the founder of the group, Jamsedji Tata.

3. ◦ Define Trust???????????

4. ◦ https://www.businessinsider.in/business/corporates/news/asian-paints-will-hike-salaries-and-
not-lay-off-to-boost-employee-morale/articleshow/75754451.cms

5. ◦ Morals vs Values
◦ Morals and values are a part of the behavioral aspect of a person.
◦ There is not much difference between morals and values but both are correlated to each
◦ Moral is a system of beliefs that is taught for deciding good or bad whereas values are
personal beliefs or something that comes from within. These are emotionally related for
deciding right or wrong.
◦ Morals have more social value and acceptance than values, therefore a person is judged more
for his moral character than the values.
◦ One is said to be immoral for a person without morals but no such term is there for the
person without values.
◦ Another difference between the morals and values is that moral is a motivation or a key for
leading a good life in right direction whereas value is imbibed within a person, it can be bad
good depending on the person’s choice. It can also be called as intuition or the call of the
◦ Morals do not determine the values but are formed because of the values. Morals contribute
to the system of beliefs and are the values which we get from the society.

6. ◦ Morals can be related to ones religion, political system or a business society.
◦ Business morals include prompt service, excellence, quality and safety. One practices all
morals while running a business, but the values may not coincide with them.
◦ Therefore these morals do not come from within a person but are taught by the social group
and has to be followed.
◦ On the other hand values are the standards to judge the right or wrong, good or bad, just or
unjust. They are the fundamental principles that give guidance to a person to evaluate the
merits and demerits of a thing.
◦ Values include courage, respect, patriotism, honesty, honor, compassion etc. All these are not
mandatory by society but depend on individual’s choice.

7. ◦ Lastly the difference between the morals and values is that morals are like commandments set
by the elders and to be followed by the descendants. They can be set by ones elders or religious
teachers or leaders of society who want to lead people away from immoral thoughts. One
always treasures the morals throughout his life and they never change with time or conditions.
◦ While on the other hand values are not set by the society or teachers, but are governed by an
individual. Values do not mean that it is always right to do so. Whatever is valuable for one
person may not be the same for the other. Hence it is personal aspect and changes according to
different situations with time and needs.

8. Summary
◦ 1.Morals are generally taught by the society to the individual whereas values come from within.
2.Morals act as a motivation for leading a good life while values can be called as an intuition.
3.Morals are related to ones religion, business or politics whereas values are personal
fundamental beliefs or principles.
4.Morals are deep seated whereas values keep on changing with time and needs.

9. Ethics vs Morals
◦ Many a time people forget to differentiate between ethics and morals. Ethics and morals are two
different things. There may be things which are both ethical and legal, but they can be against a
personal moral. There is a fine line dividing the two.
◦ Ethics
◦ Ethics is a code that points to the standards put forward by the society or the cultural group.
Ethics are more a code of conduct set forward by the community. These could be company
ethics, national ethics, social ethics, professional, or family ethics.
◦ Working ethics have stringent guidelines. An ethical behavior in the workplace requires constant
education which helps the people to follow the newest guidelines and may mould themselves
according to them. A strict follow-up of ethics is very important in the professional world. Ethics
educates the professionals what the rules to follow are and also the consequences that would
incur if they are defied.

10. Morals
◦ Morals are a more personal thing. It’s a person’s inner and peculiar character. An act which a
person thinks or assumes to be wrong or incorrect may be perfectly right and correct for
another one. Morals are the faith of a person rather than any set of rules to be followed. It is
essential to point out that ethics and legal issues have precedence to one’s beliefs and morals in
society.
◦ For instance, a doctor has his medical ethics to follow. It is ethical for a doctor to treat a person
be it a terrorist or a soldier from the opposite army. A doctor is bound with the Hippocratic
Oath which frames the structure of the working ethics of the medical world. He is bound to treat
even an enemy trying to kill him or his family or his fellow citizen. However, his morals may be
totally against it.

11. ◦ Similarly for morals, an example regarding abortion can be placed. Abortion is totally legal and
allowed in the medical ethics. However, it is against the morality of human kind. Citing another
example, a criminal defense lawyer will keep aside his morals when defending a criminal and
murderer in court.
◦ It does not matter whether he considers the killing of another person to be against a moral code
but, according to his ethics, he has to defend the client as strongly as possible. Here the lawyer
knows that his client is guilty and, if released on the charges, can repeat his crime. His morals
take a back seat as compared to his legal ethics.

12. ◦ Summary:
◦ 1.Morals are personal codes while ethics are codes followed by a group or culture.
2.Morals of a person do not change with time while his ethics can.
3.Morals differ from person to person while ethics are similar in the group.
4.Morals are based on religion whereas ethics are based on philosophy.

13. ◦ Ethics vs Values
◦ Every person has certain set values and a certain code of ethics which are very much valued.
Some people who do not know the exact difference between ‘values’ and ‘ethics’ often use the
two words interchangeably. Though these two are different, these two together form the basis
for making decisions.
◦ What are values?
◦ They are the basic beliefs that an individual thinks to be true. Every individual has a set of values
through which he looks at all things and also at the world. It can be said that most of the people
will never deviate from their values.
◦ The values can be said to be the guiding principles in one’s life. ‘Value’ can be defined as a
bridge by which an individual makes a decision regarding good and bad, right or wrong, and
most important or less important.

14. ◦ Ethics is guidelines or rules that are set for a society or an organization rather than for an
individual.
◦ Ethics can be defined as a set of rules formulated by a country or a company or some
institutions. Ethics is mainly based on moral values.
◦ Ethics is not that it is set for any particular society, but it is mainly based on virtues, rights, and
obligations.
◦ For example, the obligation to refrain from crimes, killings, and rape is an ethical aspect. Ethics
has also been built on loyalty, honesty, and compassion.

15. ◦ Values are very much personal while ethics is very much societal.
◦ One can also see that values and ethics sometimes can be in conflict. Even if one has certain
values, he will not be able to entertain certain decisions based on the ethical codes.
◦ Though abortion is considered to be legal, most people do not approve of it morally.

16. ◦ Summary:
◦ 1. Values are the basic beliefs that an individual thinks to be true. Every individual has a set of
values through which he looks at all things and also at the world.
2. Ethics is guidelines or rules that are set for a society or an organization rather than for an
individual.
3. Values can be said to be the guiding principles in one’s life. ‘Value’ can be defined as a bridge
by which an individual makes a decision regarding good and bad, right or wrong, and most
important or less important.
4. Ethics can be defined as set of rules formulated by a country or a company or some
institutions. Ethics is mainly based on the moral value

17. Concept of Values, Types and
Formation of Values
◦ According to M. Haralambos (2000), “a value is a belief that something is good and desirable”.
For R.K. Mukerjee (1949) (a pioneer Indian sociologist who initiated the study of social values),
“values are socially approved desires and goals that are internalised through the process of
conditioning, learning or socialisation and that become subjective preferences, standards and
aspirations”.
◦ A value is a shared idea about how something is ranked in terms of desirability, worth or
goodness.
◦ Familiar examples of values are wealth, loyalty, independence, equality, justice, fraternity and
friendliness.
◦ These are generalised ends consciously pursued by or held up to individuals as being
worthwhile in themselves.
◦ It is not easy to clarify the fundamental values of a given society because of their sheer
breadth.

18.  Values are specific:
• principles
• beliefs
• standards
• ideals
that one holds as
- important
- right
 Values exert major influence:
These shape:
• our attitudes
• motivate actions
What are Values
?

19.  Values are the rules by which
one makes decisions:
- about right and wrong
- should and shouldn't do
- good and bad
 They are more than words-
they are:
- moral
- ethical
- professional attributes
of character - certain
core values that must be instilled
in us

20. My Values Give Me Direction
• Incredible damage that can be done
when individuals lose direction as
they forget to practice values
• Values give us a moral compass
• We need them to make good and
wise decisions, especially when we
face tempting circumstances

21. These values should:
- determine our character
- be central to our profession
-guide our lives as we serve
our Nation

22. ???
???
???
???
YOUR

23. Respect
Compass
-ion
Fair
ness
Citizen-
ship

24. • Be honest to the least bit
– don’t deceive, cheat or steal
• Be reliable
— do what you say
• Be convincing
— have the courage to do /say the
right thing
• Be loyal
— stand by your family, friends,
organization, and country
1. Be Trustworthy

25. • Take charge
– Do what you are supposed to do
• Give your best
—never settle for anything less than
the best that you have
• Be self-disciplined
— practice responsive behavior as a
rule, and exercise self-control in
difficult situations
• Be accountable for your choices
— think about the consequences
before you act
2. Be Responsible

30. Value
 Then values provide the basic foundation
for understanding a person’s personality
perception and attitudes.
Value Beliefs Perception Attitudes Behavior interest and
personality

31. Formulation of Our Value
 40% value is genetically determined
 Balance is given by the environmental factors
Culture
Parental dictates
Teachers
Friends and other situations

32. Theoretical
Economic
Aesthetic
Social
political

33. Values don’t just reflect what we want
they specify what we “ought” to do.
Values contain a judgmental element.
Values are emotionally charged priorities
and passionately defended.
They are moralistic in nature.
They are relatively permanent and
resistant to change.

34. TERMINAL VALUES
INSTRUMENTAL VALUES

35. TERMINAL VALUES
The reflect a person’s preferences
regarding the “ends” to be achieved.
For e.g – prosperity,achivement,world-
peace,freedom,equality,wisdom etc.

36. They are the goals individuals would
like to achieve during their life time.

37. INSTRUMENTAL VALUES
They represent the “means” foe achieving
desired ends.
For e.g – ambition & hard work,open-
mindness,competence,cheertulness,coura
ge,honesty,resopnsibility etc.

38. They indicate how you might go about achieving your
important end-states depending on the relative
importance your attached to the instrumental values.

39. ROOTS OF
UNETHICAL
BEHAVIOR

41. WHY SHOULD
BUSINESSES
ACT
ETHICALLY?
◦ to protect its own interest;
◦ to protect the interests of the business community as a whole so that
the public will have trust in it;
◦ to keep its commitment to society to act ethically;
◦ to meet stakeholder expectations;
◦ to prevent harm to the general public;
◦ to build trust with key stakeholder groups;
◦ to protect themselves from abuse of unethical employees and
competitors;
◦ to protect their own reputations;
◦ to protect their own employees; and
◦ to create an environment in which workers can act in ways consistent
with their values.