2 nature-of-ethics
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•738 views
This document presents a decision tree for determining one's stance on the nature of ethics. It asks a series of yes or no questions that branch out to different ethical positions. If one believes anything can be right or wrong and we can know what is right or wrong, but also that what is right or wrong differs between individuals, the stance would be relativism. If instead one believes ethical judgments can be true or false, the stance would be cognitivism.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
The big five personality factors
The document discusses the Big Five personality factors: Extraversion concerns outgoingness and energy levels. Openness involves intellectual curiosity and preference for new experiences. Agreeableness relates to compassion and cooperation with others. Neuroticism is the tendency to experience negative emotions easily. Conscientiousness reflects organization, discipline and preference for planning over spontaneity.
Chapter 8
1. Deontological theories hold that the morality of an act depends on its nature, not its consequences.
2. Immanuel Kant was an influential philosopher who developed deontological moral theories based on pure reason and moral rules known through intuition.
3. Kant proposed the Categorical Imperative as a universal moral law, including acting only according to maxims that could become a universal law of nature and treating humanity as an end in itself, never merely as a means.
Chapter 13
This chapter discusses moral realism and skepticism. It introduces the concepts of moral realism, which claims that moral facts exist independently of human thought, and moral skepticism, which denies the existence of objective moral values or facts. It outlines John Mackie's argument for moral skepticism, including his arguments from relativity, queerness, and projection. It also summarizes Gilbert Harman's defense of moral nihilism and the response that moral observation can be analogous to scientific observation. Finally, it notes that the chapter considers defenses of moral realism based on moral facts about happiness and suffering.
Chapter 10
This document discusses different perspectives on gender and ethics. It describes how traditional male-centered ethics have ignored the female perspective and marginalized women. It also examines key debates around whether men and women differ psychologically and morally, including views that women are naturally subordinate, that they exist to please men, or that basic human capacities are gender-neutral. More recent approaches emphasize an ethics of care that values relationships and context over impartial rules.
Chapter 7
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences. It calls for maximizing happiness and minimizing suffering for the greatest number of people. There are two main types: act-utilitarianism assesses individual acts, while rule-utilitarianism evaluates acts based on the utility of rules. Utilitarianism aims to provide a single principle to determine right and wrong, but it faces criticisms around measuring consequences, relativism, end justifying means, and violating integrity or justice.
Boss2 ppt ch13
The document discusses the foundations of the American legal and political system. It focuses on social contract theory, which influenced the development of the US system. According to social contract theory, government is formed through an implicit agreement between citizens to protect natural rights in exchange for obedience to laws. The document also discusses checks and balances built into the US Constitution to limit government power, including separation of powers among the executive, legislative and judicial branches.
5 utilitarianism
The ultimatum game involves a proposer giving money to a decider. The proposer can offer any amount between $1-$10 to the decider, keeping the rest. If the decider accepts the offer, they get the amount offered and the game ends. If the decider rejects it, neither player receives anything.
Chapter 11: Metaethics
The document discusses several concepts in metaethics, including ethical naturalism, moral intuitionism, non-cognitivism, and moral realism. It also discusses the ideas of supervenience, universalizability, and the role of moral principles. Key concepts are ethical naturalism, which defines value in terms of natural facts; moral intuitionism, which holds moral facts are discovered through intuition; and non-cognitivism, which claims moral judgments do not have truth values but express attitudes.
Recommended
The big five personality factors
The document discusses the Big Five personality factors: Extraversion concerns outgoingness and energy levels. Openness involves intellectual curiosity and preference for new experiences. Agreeableness relates to compassion and cooperation with others. Neuroticism is the tendency to experience negative emotions easily. Conscientiousness reflects organization, discipline and preference for planning over spontaneity.
Chapter 8
1. Deontological theories hold that the morality of an act depends on its nature, not its consequences.
2. Immanuel Kant was an influential philosopher who developed deontological moral theories based on pure reason and moral rules known through intuition.
3. Kant proposed the Categorical Imperative as a universal moral law, including acting only according to maxims that could become a universal law of nature and treating humanity as an end in itself, never merely as a means.
Chapter 13
This chapter discusses moral realism and skepticism. It introduces the concepts of moral realism, which claims that moral facts exist independently of human thought, and moral skepticism, which denies the existence of objective moral values or facts. It outlines John Mackie's argument for moral skepticism, including his arguments from relativity, queerness, and projection. It also summarizes Gilbert Harman's defense of moral nihilism and the response that moral observation can be analogous to scientific observation. Finally, it notes that the chapter considers defenses of moral realism based on moral facts about happiness and suffering.
Chapter 10
This document discusses different perspectives on gender and ethics. It describes how traditional male-centered ethics have ignored the female perspective and marginalized women. It also examines key debates around whether men and women differ psychologically and morally, including views that women are naturally subordinate, that they exist to please men, or that basic human capacities are gender-neutral. More recent approaches emphasize an ethics of care that values relationships and context over impartial rules.
Chapter 7
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences. It calls for maximizing happiness and minimizing suffering for the greatest number of people. There are two main types: act-utilitarianism assesses individual acts, while rule-utilitarianism evaluates acts based on the utility of rules. Utilitarianism aims to provide a single principle to determine right and wrong, but it faces criticisms around measuring consequences, relativism, end justifying means, and violating integrity or justice.
Boss2 ppt ch13
The document discusses the foundations of the American legal and political system. It focuses on social contract theory, which influenced the development of the US system. According to social contract theory, government is formed through an implicit agreement between citizens to protect natural rights in exchange for obedience to laws. The document also discusses checks and balances built into the US Constitution to limit government power, including separation of powers among the executive, legislative and judicial branches.
5 utilitarianism
The ultimatum game involves a proposer giving money to a decider. The proposer can offer any amount between $1-$10 to the decider, keeping the rest. If the decider accepts the offer, they get the amount offered and the game ends. If the decider rejects it, neither player receives anything.
Chapter 11: Metaethics
The document discusses several concepts in metaethics, including ethical naturalism, moral intuitionism, non-cognitivism, and moral realism. It also discusses the ideas of supervenience, universalizability, and the role of moral principles. Key concepts are ethical naturalism, which defines value in terms of natural facts; moral intuitionism, which holds moral facts are discovered through intuition; and non-cognitivism, which claims moral judgments do not have truth values but express attitudes.
1111298173 282417 9
This document discusses virtue theory, which focuses on having virtuous character traits rather than judging actions based on rules. It emphasizes becoming an excellent person through virtues like honesty, courage, and justice. Aristotle's view placed importance on having proper social institutions to develop virtues through living well. Virtue ethics considers motives and character in addition to actions. While a pure virtue approach derives rules from virtues, other views see virtues and rules as complementary aspects of morality.
3 ethical-analysis
The document summarizes three main approaches to ethics: virtue/vice, deontology, and consequentialism. It provides taxonomies of ethical theories within deontology and consequentialism, such as divine command theory, rights-based ethics, and different forms of utilitarianism. The document also includes a chart showing possible configurations of ethical theories and the scope of entities or groups they consider as having moral standing.
Chapter 4
This document discusses different views on what constitutes value and the good life. It outlines intrinsic and instrumental values, and different theories around the value of pleasure, including hedonism, sensualism, and satisfactionism. It also discusses objectivist and subjectivist views of values, and how value theory relates to morality. Views from Aristotle, John Rawls, and a moderate objectivism perspective are presented on what constitutes the good life, noting ingredients like action, freedom, character, and relationships.
Chapter1
This chapter introduces the concepts of ethics and morality. It discusses what ethics is, the nature of morality, and why morality is needed. It explores different ethical theories regarding the basis of morality and how morality relates to concepts like religion, law, and social etiquette. Key aspects of morality discussed include moral principles, how actions, consequences, character, and motives are evaluated, and the purposes and goals of having a system of morality.
Chapter 3
The document discusses different theories of moral objectivism, including absolutism, natural law theory, and moderate objectivism. It examines Aquinas' view of natural law theory and the doctrine of double effect. It argues that if at least one objective moral principle can be established as binding for all people, then relativism is probably false and a limited form of objectivism is true. Core morality principles that are necessary for a flourishing human community and social cohesion are proposed as examples of objective moral rules.
Chapter 12
This chapter discusses the fact-value problem in metaethics and different theories that have attempted to address it. It introduces Hume's view that one cannot derive ought from is, Moore's naturalistic fallacy that you cannot define goodness in natural terms, and Ayer's emotivism which holds that moral statements express attitudes rather than having truth values. It also covers prescriptivism proposed by Hare which sees moral judgments as having both descriptive and prescriptive elements.
Chapter 2
This chapter discusses ethical relativism and its two main forms: subjective and conventional relativism. Subjective relativism holds that morality depends on the individual, while conventional relativism asserts that moral principles are valid only due to their cultural acceptance. Critics argue that conventional relativism undermines important values, leads to subjectivism, and exaggerates moral diversity. The chapter also examines the diversity thesis, dependency thesis, and criticisms of conventional relativism.
Ethics: Chapter 10
The document discusses different perspectives on gender and ethics. It describes Alison Jaggar's view that traditional ethics has been biased towards a male perspective by relegating women to subservient roles and preferring masculine values. It also outlines classic views from Aristotle, Rousseau, and Wollstonecraft on gender differences and women's roles. The nature versus nurture debate on gender differences is discussed. More recently, some ethicists have focused on an ethics of care that emphasizes relationships and responsibility.
Chapter 11
This chapter discusses motivation and emotion. It covers drives and instincts that activate behavior like hunger. It explores theories of motivation like Maslow's hierarchy of needs. It examines the human sexual response cycle and influences on sexual behavior and orientation. It analyzes theories of emotion, like whether there are basic emotions. It looks at the subjective experiences of emotions like anger and happiness. It compares theories of the relationship between physiological arousal and emotional experience, such as the James-Lange theory.
Chapter 5
This document discusses social contract theory and why morality is justified according to philosophers like Thomas Hobbes. Hobbes believed that without common moral rules and laws, humanity would exist in a chaotic state of nature where life would be "solitary, poor, brutish and short." Rational self-interested individuals would therefore agree to social contracts establishing morality as a form of social control. Game theory models also show how morality and cooperation can be in individuals' long-term self-interest by resolving conflicts and allowing societies to function in an orderly way. However, there is a paradox between morality and self-interest, as moral acts are not always the most immediately advantageous choice.
Chapter 6
The document discusses different theories of egoism and altruism. It outlines psychological egoism, which holds that people always act in their own self-interest, and ethical egoism, which argues people should always act in their own interest. It also discusses arguments for and against ethical egoism, as well as theories about how altruism could evolve and be in one's long-term self-interest.
Chapter 1
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ethics. It discusses what ethics is, different views of morality, and relationships between morality, religion, law, and etiquette. It also examines domains of ethical assessment such as actions, consequences, character, and motives. Different ethical theories are outlined, including deontological theories that emphasize duties and teleological theories that focus on consequences.
Basic Moral Orientations
The document discusses several approaches to making moral decisions:
- Divine Command Theory says morality is doing what religious texts command.
- Ethics of Conscience follows one's inner moral sense of right and wrong.
- Ethical Egoism says to only consider one's own self-interest.
- Ethics of Duty is doing what reason and roles require, like a doctor caring for patients.
- Ethics of Respect means treating others with consideration for their culture.
- Ethics of Rights establishes basic human decency.
- Utilitarianism maximizes overall well-being and happiness.
- Ethics of Justice demands fairness for all.
- Virtue Ethics develops good character through practices like the Spiritual
The Death Penalty
The document discusses the history and current state of the death penalty globally and in specific countries. It notes that the death penalty dates back to ancient times and while some places like Canada have abolished it, others such as the US (where 32 states still have it) and Nigeria (659 executions in 2014) still practice executions regularly. Public opinion polls show support for the death penalty has increased in Canada but remains mixed in the US.
Ethical Models
This document provides an overview of ethical models and applied ethics. It discusses several key points:
1) Applied ethics focuses on the practical application of moral issues to clarify, organize, and refine moral ideas in order to enrich moral experience and guide judgment.
2) There are two main theoretical categories of ethics: consequential (e.g. utilitarianism) and non-consequential (e.g. Kant's categorical imperative).
3) All ethical models have limitations and weaknesses, and determining what is ethical in reality utilizes aspects of multiple models rather than just one alone.
Psychology 101 Plotnik chapter02-v03
This document provides an overview of the structures and processes involved in genetic transmission and the evolution of the human brain. It discusses genes, chromosomes, DNA, proteins, dominant and recessive genes, and the evolution of the human brain. It also summarizes neurons, their structure and function, communication between neurons, and reflex responses. The central and peripheral nervous systems and their subdivisions are outlined. Technologies for studying the living brain like MRI, fMRI, PET scans, EEG, stem cells research, and brain stimulation are described. The major parts and lobes of the brain are identified along with the limbic system and lateralization of brain functions. The key elements of the endocrine system are located and how hormones regulate behavior is discussed.
Chapter 9
Virtue theory focuses on developing good moral character and virtues. It emphasizes becoming an excellent person with trained dispositions towards moral goodness, such as honesty, courage, and kindness. Virtue ethics claims that morality is as much about one's character and motivations as about specific actions. It sees virtues like wisdom, justice, courage and temperance as developed through practice and habit over a lifetime. Aristotle believed virtues allow us to find a golden mean between deficiencies and excesses to act well.
Chapter 6: Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences, specifically whether they maximize happiness and well-being for the greatest number of people. There are two main types: act utilitarianism assesses individual actions, while rule utilitarianism evaluates actions based on whether they conform to rules that maximize overall well-being. Utilitarianism was developed by philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. While utilitarianism aims to promote well-being, it faces criticisms around how to measure happiness and whether consequences can truly be known, as well as objections regarding justice, integrity, and obligations to future generations.
The Moral Perspective
The document discusses the field of ethics and what constitutes a moral point of view. It addresses that ethics involves an ongoing reflection on moral beliefs from an impartial and compassionate perspective, with the goal of determining what nourishes and poisons moral health. The moral point of view considers duties, rights, welfare, character, and examines issues from an unbiased standpoint.
Chapter 2: Ethical Relativism
The document discusses several perspectives on morality including ethical relativism, which holds that moral principles are valid relative to culture rather than being universal. It also mentions moral skepticism, objectivism, absolutism, and nihilism. Additionally, it covers the diversity thesis, dependency thesis, subjectivism, conventionalism, and criticisms of ethical relativism regarding cultural changes over time and difficulties with determining moral truths across societies.
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch13
The document discusses the fact-value problem in ethics. It covers perspectives from philosophers such as Hume, Moore, Ayer, and Hare. The fact-value problem concerns whether moral values can be derived from factual statements or if there is an inherent difference between facts and values. The document also discusses metaethics and attempts to address the fact-value problem through non-cognitivist theories like emotivism and prescriptivism, as well as potential naturalist perspectives.
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch12
The document discusses the relationship between religion and morality. It examines the divine command theory, which claims morality originates with God, versus the independence thesis that morality does not depend on religion. The document also considers arguments that religion enhances morality by providing justification for moral truths, as well as counterarguments that religion has been used to justify immoral acts and threatens autonomy. In the end, the document concludes morality has independent validity whether God exists or not, but religion may still enhance morality by providing motivating reasons to be moral.
More Related Content
Viewers also liked
1111298173 282417 9
This document discusses virtue theory, which focuses on having virtuous character traits rather than judging actions based on rules. It emphasizes becoming an excellent person through virtues like honesty, courage, and justice. Aristotle's view placed importance on having proper social institutions to develop virtues through living well. Virtue ethics considers motives and character in addition to actions. While a pure virtue approach derives rules from virtues, other views see virtues and rules as complementary aspects of morality.
3 ethical-analysis
The document summarizes three main approaches to ethics: virtue/vice, deontology, and consequentialism. It provides taxonomies of ethical theories within deontology and consequentialism, such as divine command theory, rights-based ethics, and different forms of utilitarianism. The document also includes a chart showing possible configurations of ethical theories and the scope of entities or groups they consider as having moral standing.
Chapter 4
This document discusses different views on what constitutes value and the good life. It outlines intrinsic and instrumental values, and different theories around the value of pleasure, including hedonism, sensualism, and satisfactionism. It also discusses objectivist and subjectivist views of values, and how value theory relates to morality. Views from Aristotle, John Rawls, and a moderate objectivism perspective are presented on what constitutes the good life, noting ingredients like action, freedom, character, and relationships.
Chapter1
This chapter introduces the concepts of ethics and morality. It discusses what ethics is, the nature of morality, and why morality is needed. It explores different ethical theories regarding the basis of morality and how morality relates to concepts like religion, law, and social etiquette. Key aspects of morality discussed include moral principles, how actions, consequences, character, and motives are evaluated, and the purposes and goals of having a system of morality.
Chapter 3
The document discusses different theories of moral objectivism, including absolutism, natural law theory, and moderate objectivism. It examines Aquinas' view of natural law theory and the doctrine of double effect. It argues that if at least one objective moral principle can be established as binding for all people, then relativism is probably false and a limited form of objectivism is true. Core morality principles that are necessary for a flourishing human community and social cohesion are proposed as examples of objective moral rules.
Chapter 12
This chapter discusses the fact-value problem in metaethics and different theories that have attempted to address it. It introduces Hume's view that one cannot derive ought from is, Moore's naturalistic fallacy that you cannot define goodness in natural terms, and Ayer's emotivism which holds that moral statements express attitudes rather than having truth values. It also covers prescriptivism proposed by Hare which sees moral judgments as having both descriptive and prescriptive elements.
Chapter 2
This chapter discusses ethical relativism and its two main forms: subjective and conventional relativism. Subjective relativism holds that morality depends on the individual, while conventional relativism asserts that moral principles are valid only due to their cultural acceptance. Critics argue that conventional relativism undermines important values, leads to subjectivism, and exaggerates moral diversity. The chapter also examines the diversity thesis, dependency thesis, and criticisms of conventional relativism.
Ethics: Chapter 10
The document discusses different perspectives on gender and ethics. It describes Alison Jaggar's view that traditional ethics has been biased towards a male perspective by relegating women to subservient roles and preferring masculine values. It also outlines classic views from Aristotle, Rousseau, and Wollstonecraft on gender differences and women's roles. The nature versus nurture debate on gender differences is discussed. More recently, some ethicists have focused on an ethics of care that emphasizes relationships and responsibility.
Chapter 11
This chapter discusses motivation and emotion. It covers drives and instincts that activate behavior like hunger. It explores theories of motivation like Maslow's hierarchy of needs. It examines the human sexual response cycle and influences on sexual behavior and orientation. It analyzes theories of emotion, like whether there are basic emotions. It looks at the subjective experiences of emotions like anger and happiness. It compares theories of the relationship between physiological arousal and emotional experience, such as the James-Lange theory.
Chapter 5
This document discusses social contract theory and why morality is justified according to philosophers like Thomas Hobbes. Hobbes believed that without common moral rules and laws, humanity would exist in a chaotic state of nature where life would be "solitary, poor, brutish and short." Rational self-interested individuals would therefore agree to social contracts establishing morality as a form of social control. Game theory models also show how morality and cooperation can be in individuals' long-term self-interest by resolving conflicts and allowing societies to function in an orderly way. However, there is a paradox between morality and self-interest, as moral acts are not always the most immediately advantageous choice.
Chapter 6
The document discusses different theories of egoism and altruism. It outlines psychological egoism, which holds that people always act in their own self-interest, and ethical egoism, which argues people should always act in their own interest. It also discusses arguments for and against ethical egoism, as well as theories about how altruism could evolve and be in one's long-term self-interest.
Chapter 1
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ethics. It discusses what ethics is, different views of morality, and relationships between morality, religion, law, and etiquette. It also examines domains of ethical assessment such as actions, consequences, character, and motives. Different ethical theories are outlined, including deontological theories that emphasize duties and teleological theories that focus on consequences.
Basic Moral Orientations
The document discusses several approaches to making moral decisions:
- Divine Command Theory says morality is doing what religious texts command.
- Ethics of Conscience follows one's inner moral sense of right and wrong.
- Ethical Egoism says to only consider one's own self-interest.
- Ethics of Duty is doing what reason and roles require, like a doctor caring for patients.
- Ethics of Respect means treating others with consideration for their culture.
- Ethics of Rights establishes basic human decency.
- Utilitarianism maximizes overall well-being and happiness.
- Ethics of Justice demands fairness for all.
- Virtue Ethics develops good character through practices like the Spiritual
The Death Penalty
The document discusses the history and current state of the death penalty globally and in specific countries. It notes that the death penalty dates back to ancient times and while some places like Canada have abolished it, others such as the US (where 32 states still have it) and Nigeria (659 executions in 2014) still practice executions regularly. Public opinion polls show support for the death penalty has increased in Canada but remains mixed in the US.
Ethical Models
This document provides an overview of ethical models and applied ethics. It discusses several key points:
1) Applied ethics focuses on the practical application of moral issues to clarify, organize, and refine moral ideas in order to enrich moral experience and guide judgment.
2) There are two main theoretical categories of ethics: consequential (e.g. utilitarianism) and non-consequential (e.g. Kant's categorical imperative).
3) All ethical models have limitations and weaknesses, and determining what is ethical in reality utilizes aspects of multiple models rather than just one alone.
Psychology 101 Plotnik chapter02-v03
This document provides an overview of the structures and processes involved in genetic transmission and the evolution of the human brain. It discusses genes, chromosomes, DNA, proteins, dominant and recessive genes, and the evolution of the human brain. It also summarizes neurons, their structure and function, communication between neurons, and reflex responses. The central and peripheral nervous systems and their subdivisions are outlined. Technologies for studying the living brain like MRI, fMRI, PET scans, EEG, stem cells research, and brain stimulation are described. The major parts and lobes of the brain are identified along with the limbic system and lateralization of brain functions. The key elements of the endocrine system are located and how hormones regulate behavior is discussed.
Chapter 9
Virtue theory focuses on developing good moral character and virtues. It emphasizes becoming an excellent person with trained dispositions towards moral goodness, such as honesty, courage, and kindness. Virtue ethics claims that morality is as much about one's character and motivations as about specific actions. It sees virtues like wisdom, justice, courage and temperance as developed through practice and habit over a lifetime. Aristotle believed virtues allow us to find a golden mean between deficiencies and excesses to act well.
Chapter 6: Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences, specifically whether they maximize happiness and well-being for the greatest number of people. There are two main types: act utilitarianism assesses individual actions, while rule utilitarianism evaluates actions based on whether they conform to rules that maximize overall well-being. Utilitarianism was developed by philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. While utilitarianism aims to promote well-being, it faces criticisms around how to measure happiness and whether consequences can truly be known, as well as objections regarding justice, integrity, and obligations to future generations.
The Moral Perspective
The document discusses the field of ethics and what constitutes a moral point of view. It addresses that ethics involves an ongoing reflection on moral beliefs from an impartial and compassionate perspective, with the goal of determining what nourishes and poisons moral health. The moral point of view considers duties, rights, welfare, character, and examines issues from an unbiased standpoint.
Chapter 2: Ethical Relativism
The document discusses several perspectives on morality including ethical relativism, which holds that moral principles are valid relative to culture rather than being universal. It also mentions moral skepticism, objectivism, absolutism, and nihilism. Additionally, it covers the diversity thesis, dependency thesis, subjectivism, conventionalism, and criticisms of ethical relativism regarding cultural changes over time and difficulties with determining moral truths across societies.
Viewers also liked (20)
More from dborcoman
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch13
The document discusses the fact-value problem in ethics. It covers perspectives from philosophers such as Hume, Moore, Ayer, and Hare. The fact-value problem concerns whether moral values can be derived from factual statements or if there is an inherent difference between facts and values. The document also discusses metaethics and attempts to address the fact-value problem through non-cognitivist theories like emotivism and prescriptivism, as well as potential naturalist perspectives.
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch12
The document discusses the relationship between religion and morality. It examines the divine command theory, which claims morality originates with God, versus the independence thesis that morality does not depend on religion. The document also considers arguments that religion enhances morality by providing justification for moral truths, as well as counterarguments that religion has been used to justify immoral acts and threatens autonomy. In the end, the document concludes morality has independent validity whether God exists or not, but religion may still enhance morality by providing motivating reasons to be moral.
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch09
The document discusses virtue theory and compares it to action-based ethics. Virtue theory focuses on having good moral character and acting from virtue rather than duty. It argues virtues and moral character are just as or more important than following rules of right action. The document also presents a pluralistic view that both virtues and rules are necessary and complementary parts of morality.
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch10
The document discusses research on morality in animals and how it relates to human morality. It describes experiments that show animals displaying behaviors related to cooperation, fairness, and empathy. However, it notes we must be careful not to anthropomorphize animal behavior as truly moral. The document also discusses theories of how human morality may have evolved through natural selection as a way to promote cooperative social behaviors among early humans. There is an ongoing debate around whether morality is solely a product of evolution and social instincts or involves additional non-scientific philosophical factors.
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch11
The document discusses different perspectives on gender and ethics throughout history. Aristotle viewed women as naturally subservient, while Rousseau saw women as objects of sexual desire for men. Wollstonecraft argued for a gender-neutral morality. More recently, Gilligan proposed an "ethics of care" perspective focused on relationships, in contrast to Kohlberg's justice perspective. There are debates around whether gender differences are innate or socially constructed. The document concludes that both male and female approaches to ethics are needed, balancing care for others with moral rules against unjust conduct.
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch08
This chapter discusses Kant and deontological moral theories. It provides an overview of Kant's moral philosophy and the categorical imperative. The categorical imperative states that moral rules and duties must be universal and exceptionless. However, critics argue that this absolutism is problematic. The chapter then discusses Ross's theory of prima facie duties as a potential solution that allows for exceptions when duties conflict. In conclusion, it notes attempts to reconcile deontological and utilitarian approaches to ethics.
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch07
Utilitarianism is a moral theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences. It holds that an action is right if it maximizes happiness or well-being for the greatest number of people. The document discusses the classic formulations of utilitarianism by philosophers like Bentham, Mill, and others. It also analyzes two versions - act and rule utilitarianism. While utilitarianism provides a systematic approach, it is subject to criticisms around the difficulty of measuring consequences and its apparent justification of normally impermissible means to achieve good ends.
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch06
The document discusses ethical egoism and arguments for and against it. It examines two types of egoism - psychological egoism, which claims we always act in self-interest, and ethical egoism, which claims one ought to always act in self-interest. It outlines arguments that have been made in favor of ethical egoism, such as from self-satisfaction, self-deception, Hobbes, Smith, and Rand. However, it also discusses several arguments that have been made against ethical egoism, such as the inconsistent outcomes argument, publicity argument, paradox of ethical egoism, counterintuitive consequences argument, and problem of future generations. In conclusion, it states that ethical egoism embraces self-ex
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch05
The document summarizes key points from Chapter Five of the book "Ethics: Discovering Right and Wrong". It discusses social contract theory and why individuals are motivated to be moral. Specifically, it covers how Thomas Hobbes believed people act in self-interest, which leads to conflict without rules, and that rational individuals accept rules and morality via a social contract to achieve order. It also examines why society needs moral rules to function and why individuals should be moral, even if sometimes disadvantaged, for long-term self-interest and advantage.
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch04
The document discusses different views on values and the good life. It outlines eight categories of basic values including material, economic, moral and aesthetic values. It also discusses whether values are intrinsic or instrumental and whether they are objective or subjective. The document explores different theories of happiness, including hedonism and Aristotle's view that true happiness comes from living a virtuous life. It analyzes the happiness machine thought experiment and concludes some key ingredients for a happy life are action, freedom, character and relationships.
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch03
The document discusses moral objectivism and different versions of this view. It examines Thomas Aquinas' view of natural law theory, which holds that objective moral principles can be discovered through human reason and nature. Aquinas was a moral absolutist who developed the doctrine of double effect. The document also discusses moderate objectivism and the idea of a universal core morality based on principles necessary for human flourishing. While moral principles may be objective, morality is also situational in how principles are applied.
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch02
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter Two of the book "Ethics: Discovering Right and Wrong" including ethical relativism, subjectivism, conventionalism, and criticisms of relativist positions. It discusses the diversity thesis that moral rules differ between societies and the dependency thesis that morality depends on cultural acceptance. While relativism acknowledges cultural diversity, it is criticized for undermining important values and for failing to allow for moral criticism and reform.
Pojman ethics 8e_ppt_ch01
The document is an excerpt from an ethics textbook that discusses the murder of Kitty Genovese and introduces some key concepts in ethics. It defines ethics as the study of morality and moral philosophy. It discusses descriptive morality, moral philosophy, applied ethics and the differences between morality, religion, law and etiquette. The document also outlines some traits of moral principles like prescriptivity, universalizability, overridingness, publicity and practicability. It concludes by noting the practical benefits of studying ethics.
Boss5 ppt ch10_ada (1)
This document provides an overview of marketing and advertising strategies. It discusses identifying target markets and consumer preferences through marketing research approaches like surveys, observation, and experimentation. After research, businesses develop strategic plans and use models like SWOT analysis to identify their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The document also covers evaluating advertising claims and the influence of advertising on consumer behavior.
Boss5 ppt ch13_ada
This chapter aims to help students learn to identify and evaluate the foundations of the American legal and political system. It discusses social contract theory and how it influenced the development of the US political system. In particular, it examines how social contract theory holds that people accept a government's authority in exchange for protection of their natural rights like freedom of speech. The chapter also outlines the three branches of government established by the US Constitution: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and their various powers and functions.
Boss5 ppt ch12_ada
This chapter aims to help the reader learn to identify and evaluate scientific methods and assumptions. It discusses what science is, including that it uses empirical evidence and testing of explanations. It outlines key assumptions of science like empiricism, objectivity, and predictability. It also discusses limitations of science and examines scientific paradigms and how new theories can replace existing ones. The overall goal is to help readers think critically about science.
Boss5 ppt ch11_ada
The document discusses mass media and provides tips for evaluating information from different media sources critically. It notes that Americans spend around 9 hours per day consuming mass media and are more influenced by media messages than they realize. As a result, it is important to learn how to think critically about what we see, hear and read from various media. The document outlines questions we should ask to thoughtfully evaluate news reports, scientific findings reported in media, social media posts, and other media messages. Developing media literacy skills like experience, interpretation and analysis can help us discern bias, reasoning, effects and other perspectives.
Boss5 ppt ch09_ada
This chapter discusses ethics and moral decision making. It aims to help readers identify and employ ethical approaches to morality and reasoning. The chapter examines different moral theories including utilitarianism which evaluates actions based on their consequences, deontology which focuses on duties and rules, natural rights ethics which considers individual rights, and virtue ethics which emphasizes good character. It also explores moral sentiments, stages of moral development, and debates around cultural relativism versus universal ethics.
Boss5 ppt ch08_ada
This document discusses deductive arguments and provides examples. It begins by stating the aim is to help recognize, analyze, and evaluate deductive arguments. It then provides definitions and examples of deductive arguments including syllogisms. The document examines different types of deductive arguments such as hypothetical and categorical syllogisms using diagrams and examples. It concludes by stating knowledge of deductive arguments is essential to function effectively and evaluate arguments critically.
Boss5 ppt ch07_ada (1)
This document provides an overview of inductive arguments. It discusses the three main types of inductive arguments: generalizations, analogies, and causal arguments. It explains that inductive arguments claim their conclusions probably follow from the premises rather than being absolutely true or false. It also provides guidance on evaluating each type of inductive argument.
More from dborcoman (20)
Recently uploaded
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/tacvl9ekroe9hqupdnjruiypvm9rdaneRHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
Physical pharmaceutics notes for B.pharm students
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/qhtvq32h4ybf9t49ku85x0n3xl4jhr15ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Lifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDF
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Event Link:- https://meetups.mulesoft.com/events/details/mulesoft-mysore-presents-mule-event-processing-models/
Agenda
● What is event processing in MuleSoft?
● Types of event processing models in Mule 4
● Distinction between the reactive, parallel, blocking & non-blocking processing
For Upcoming Meetups Join Mysore Meetup Group - https://meetups.mulesoft.com/mysore/YouTube:- youtube.com/@mulesoftmysore
Mysore WhatsApp group:- https://chat.whatsapp.com/EhqtHtCC75vCAX7gaO842N
Speaker:-
Shivani Yasaswi - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shivaniyasaswi/
Organizers:-
Shubham Chaurasia - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubhamchaurasia1/
Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
Priya Shaw - https://www.linkedin.com/in/priya-shaw
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف أحرف الخلاف للقراء العشرةأعد أحرف الخلاف بالتلوين وصلا سمير بسيوني غفر الله له
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Recently uploaded (20)
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Lifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDF
Lifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDF
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
2 nature-of-ethics
- 1. Decision tree on the nature of ethics Is anything right or wrong? NO Nihilism YES Can we know what is right or wrong? NO Sceptiism YES Is something right or wrong for everyone? NO Relativism YES Are ethical judgments true or false? NO Expressivism/Perscriptivism YES Cognitivism
- 2. Factual beliefs, expressions of emotion, and ethical judgments Motivationally inert factual belief with content Ethical judgment with content and action-guiding Expression of emotion with no content