9. Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases Proton transfer reactions proceed from the stronger acid-base pair to the weaker acid-base pair. For the relative strengths of acids and bases refer to figure 16.4 on page 672 of Brown, LeMay, Bursten and Murphy. Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs between ammonium chloride and sodium carbonate. Decide if the equilibrium lies predominantly toward the reactants or the products.
12. The Values of K A large vaalue of K means that the reaction favors the formation of product (s). A small value of K means that the reaction favors the reactants. If Kais greater than 1, then the acid is strong and dissociates 100%. If Kb is greater than 1, then the base is strong and dissociates 100%.
13. The Values of K If Ka is 10-16 – 1, then the acid is weak. If Kb is 10-16 – 1, then the base is weak. If Ka is less than 10-16 , then the acid is very weak. If Kb is less than 10-16 , then the base is very weak. Refer to Appendix D, Aqueous Equilibrium Constants, page 1115-1116 for the values of K for acids and bases.
14. Cationic Acid (1) Auto ionization of water: (2) Ammonia acting as a Brønsted-Lowry base:
15. Cationic Acid equation (3) Add equation (1) and the reverse of equation (2) to obtain equation (3) equation (1) equation (2)
31. pH Solutions with pH less than 7.00 at 25oC are basic. Solutions with pH greater than 7.00 at 25oC are acidic. Solutions with pH equal to 7.00 at 25oC are neutral.
32. Application Calculate the pH of a solution made by dissolving 0.7000 g of NaOH in sufficient water to produce a volume of 500.0 mL.
33. NaOH, a strong base, is 100% ionized in aqueous medium t o form OH-(aq).
48. Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of the hydronium ion and the benzoate ion of a 0.020 M solution of benzoic acid. Calculate the pH a 0.020 M solution of benzoic. ao Ka = 6.3 x 10-5
51. Calculate the hydronium ion concentration and pH of a 0.010 M formic acid solution. (Ka = 1.8 x 10-4)
52.
53.
54. If the Acid is less than 15% ionized, then approximations can be made In the previous problem,
55. Therefore, we could have made the following Approximation: 0.010 is greater than x; consequently 0.010 – x = 0.010
56.
57. What if we change the initial concentration of the formic acid? Calculate the hydronium ion concentration and pH of a 0.010 M formic acid solution. (Ka = 1.8 x 10-4)
58. Let’s make an approximation: Assume 0.0010 is greater than x Therefore, the assumption cannot be made, and The quadratic equation must be used.
74. Calculate the pH of a 0.50 M solution of ammonium chloride, NH4Cl. The Ka for ammonia is 1.8 x 10-5)
75.
76.
77. Common Ion Effect Addition of a common ion to the equilibrium. Example: adding NaA to an acid solution of HA ao x x y y y
78.
79.
80. Calculating the pH and the Equilibrium Concentrations of Species in Solution form from the Reactions of Anionic Bases that Produce Multi-Species in Solution
88. Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of all species in solution for 0.10 M solution of Na2CO3. H2CO3+ H2O HCO3- + H3O+ Ka1 = 4.3 x 10-7 HCO3- + H2O CO32- + H3O+ Ka2 = 5.6 x 10-11