EUTHANASIA AND SUICIDE DYSTHANASIA ORTHOTHANASIA
ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS TO THE DYING
ADVANCE DIRECTIVES END OF LIFE CARE PLAN OR DNR
NURSING ROLES AND RESPONSIBILTIES
ETHICAL DECISION MAKING PROCESS
EUTHANASIA AND SUICIDE DYSTHANASIA ORTHOTHANASIA
ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS TO THE DYING
ADVANCE DIRECTIVES END OF LIFE CARE PLAN OR DNR
NURSING ROLES AND RESPONSIBILTIES
ETHICAL DECISION MAKING PROCESS
NBCC, NAADAC, CAADAC, and California Board of Behavioral Sciences approved Mental Health continuing education and addictions counselor training series. Narrated versions and CEUs available at http://www.allceus.com
transcultural nursing means being sensitive to cultural differences as you focus on individual patients, their needs, and their preferences. Show your patients your respect for their culture by asking them about it, their beliefs, and related health care practices.
It is a healthcare practice that seeks to learn about other cultures and beliefs to care for patients in the best way possible. Some cultures might have beliefs that go against certain health practices.
1.1.6 AWHN Conference 6 2010 Federation:
What Works? Services for Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Women with Co-occurring Mental Health and Drug and Alcohol Issues
2.1.7 AWHN Conference 6 2010 Federation:
What Works? Services for Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Women with Co-occurring Mental Health and Drug and Alcohol Issues
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. Gender Characteristics
• Interaction of genetics and environment
• Brain structure in males and females
• Brain functioning in males and females
– Affective responses
– Cognitive processing
3. Gender Characteristics (cont’d)
• Gender-related cognitive abilities
–
–
–
–
–
–
General intelligence
Verbal ability
Mathematical ability
Spatial ability
Problem solving
School achievement
4. Gender Characteristics (cont’d)
• Gender-related personality traits
–
–
–
–
–
Aggression
Conformity and dependence
Emotional adjustment
Values and life goals
Achievement orientation
5. Sexual Orientation and Gender
Identity
• LGBT population
–
–
–
–
Over 8 million people in the United States
Not represented in U.S. Census
Underrepresented in health research
Institute of Medicine is writing first federal
report on LGBT health issues.
6. Sexual Orientation and Gender
Identity (cont’d)
• Problems contributing to LGBT health
disparities
– Social stigma contributes to negative health
behavior (e.g., alcohol, drug use) and high
incidence of depression, anxiety.
– Structural barriers decrease access to
healthcare (e.g., no insurance for same-sex
domestic partners).
7. Sexual Orientation and Gender
Identity (cont’d)
• Problems contributing to LGBT health
disparities (cont’d)
– Lack of culturally appropriate care results in
limited or ineffective use of healthcare
services.
• In recent years there has been greater
awareness and acceptance of LGBT
lifestyle.
8. Sexual Orientation and Gender
Identity (cont’d)
• Teaching Strategies
– Create an environment welcoming to all men
and women
– Avoid making assumptions about family
structure, sexual preference, lifestyle
– Adjust admission or intake forms to be more
inclusive
9. Socioeconomic Characteristics
• Variables affecting health status and
health behaviors
– Educational level
– Family income
– Family structure
• All three variables affect health beliefs,
health practices, and readiness to learn.
10. Socioeconomic Characteristics (cont’d)
• Social Class
– Types of indices for measurement
– Occupation of parents
– Income of family
– Location of residence
– Educational level of parents
11. Socioeconomic Characteristics (cont’d)
• Social Class (cont’d)
– Poverty circle, low education level results in
occupations with lower levels of pay,
prestige, and intellectual demand; families
living at this level become part of the cycle
that does not allow one to easily change a
pattern of life.
12. Socioeconomic Characteristics (cont’d)
• Impact of socioeconomics on health
– Lack of financial resources has a negative impact on
prevention of illness, compliance with treatment,
and motivation to learn; focus is on
day-to-day survival.
• Impact of illness on socioeconomics
– The cost of medical care and supplies can negatively
impact a person’s/family’s financial well-being,
especially if socioeconomic level is already low.
13. Socioeconomic Characteristics (cont’d)
• Teaching Strategies
– Directed toward attaining and maintaining
health
– Focus on
– Avoiding health risks
– Reducing illness episodes
– Establishing healthful environmental
conditions
– How to access healthcare services
14. Cultural Characteristics
Definitions of Terms
• Acculturation
• Assimilation
• Cultural awareness
• Cultural competence
• Cultural diversity
• Cultural relativism
• Culture
15. Definitions of Terms
• Ethnic group
• Ethnocentrism
• Ideology
• Subculture
• Transcultural
• Worldview
16. Purnell Model for Cultural Competence
Macro level of the paradigm:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Global society (outermost sphere)
Community (second sphere)
Family (third sphere)
Individual (innermost sphere)
17. Giger & Davidhizar’s Model
Six cultural phenomena:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Communication
Personal space
Social organization
Time
Environmental control
Biological variations
18. Price & Cordell’s Nurse-Client Negotiations
Model
Four steps:
1. Examine personal culture
2. Familiarity with client culture
3. Identify adaptations made by client
4. Modify client teaching based on data
from earlier steps.
19. General Assessment and Teaching
Interventions
•
•
•
•
Identify client’s primary language
Observe interactions between client
and family members.
Listen to the client.
Consider communication abilities and
patterns.
20. General Assessment and Teaching
Interventions (cont’d)
•
•
•
•
Explore customs or taboos.
Determine the notion of time.
Be aware of cues for interaction
Assess client’s religious practices.
21. Four Major Subcultural Ethnic Groups
– Hispanic/Latino culture
– Black/African American culture
– Asian/Pacific Islander culture
– American Indian/Alaskan Native culture
22. Hispanic/Latino Culture
• Characteristics
–
–
–
–
–
Economically disadvantaged
Strong family ties
Much information obtained from mass media
Spanish or English may be primary language
Categorize disease into “hot” and “cold,”
magical origin, emotional origin, folkdefined, or “standard scientific”
23. Hispanic/Latino Culture (cont’d)
• Teaching Strategies
– Identify subgroup (e.g., Mexican, Cuban,
Puerto Rican)
– Encourage involvement in teaching/learning
– Provide space for extended family
– Incorporate religious beliefs into plan
– Respect cultural values
24. Hispanic/Latino Culture (cont’d)
• Teaching Strategies (cont’d)
–
–
–
–
–
–
Be considerate of feelings of modesty
Determine primary language
Avoid slang
Do not assume understanding
Use an interpreter
Provide written materials in Spanish
25. Black/African American Culture
• Characteristics
– Many acculturated into American “way of
life”
– Disadvantaged due to poverty and lack of
education
– Extended family important and elders hold
highest respect
– Strong religious values
26. Black/African American Culture
(cont’d)
• Characteristics (cont’d)
– Some believe in voodoo, witchcraft
– Some believe all animate and inanimate
objects have good or evil spirits
– Some use folk remedies
27. Black/African American Culture
(cont’d)
• Teaching Strategies
– Any folk practices or religious beliefs should
be respected and allowed (if not harmful)
and incorporated into the recommended
treatment.
28. Asian/Pacific Islander Culture
• Characteristics
– Blend of four philosophies
– Buddhism
– Confucianism
– Taoism
– Phi
– Male authority
29. Asian/Pacific Islander Culture (cont’d)
• Characteristics (cont’d)
– “Saving face” (conduct as a result of a sense
of pride)
– Strong family ties
– Respect for parents, elders, teachers, and
authority figures
30. Asian/Pacific Islander Culture (cont’d)
• Teaching Strategies
–
–
–
–
–
Friendly, nonthreatening approach
Give permission to ask questions
Consider language barriers
Learning style is passive
Learning by repetition and rote
memorization
31. Asian/Pacific Islander Culture (cont’d)
• Teaching Strategies (cont’d)
– Need reassurance
– Ask questions in different ways to assure
understanding
32. Native American Culture
• Characteristics
–
–
–
–
–
Spiritual attachment to the land
Intimacy of religion and medicine
Strong ties to family/tribe
View children as an asset, not a liability
Believe supernatural powers exist in
animate and inanimate objects
– Avoid acculturation
33. Native American Culture (cont’d)
• Characteristics (cont’d)
– Lack materialism, time consciousness, and
desire to share with others
– Believe witchcraft is cause of illness
– Not very future oriented
– Do not feel they have control over their
destiny
– Believe that looking into another’s eyes
reveals and may steal someone’s soul
34. Native American Culture (cont’d)
• Teaching Strategies
– Focus on giving information about diseases
and risk factors
– Emphasize teaching of skills related to
changes in diet and exercise
– Consider each tribe’s unique customs and
language
35. Preparing Nurses for Diversity Care
• Increase minority representation in
nursing.
• Strengthen multicultural perspective in
nursing curricula.
• Improve relationship between nurses
and clients from different cultural
backgrounds.
36. Stereotyping
• Nurse educators must relate to each
person as an individual.
• Use neutral language when teaching
• Confront bias by other healthcare
professionals
• Request information equally from clients
regardless of gender, socioeconomic
status, age, culture
37. Stereotyping (cont’d)
• Keep instructional materials free of
stereotypical terminology and
expressions
• Be a role model of equality
• Treat all clients with fairness, respect,
and dignity
38. Stereotyping (cont’d)
• Do not let appearance influence
expectations of quality of care
• Assess educational backgrounds,
attributes, and economic resources to
ensure appropriate teaching
• Be knowledgeable of the cultural
traditions of various groups
39. Summary
There is much more for nurses to know
about how gender, socioeconomics and
culture affect the teaching-learning
process before we can competently,
confidently, and sensitively deliver care
to satisfy the needs of our socially,
intellectually, and culturally diverse
clientele.