The document summarizes key aspects of psychological disorders as presented in Chapter 16 of the 8th edition of the psychology textbook by David Myers. It covers perspectives on psychological disorders such as defining, understanding, and classifying them. It also summarizes several specific disorder types including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, and dissociative identity disorder. For each it outlines characteristic symptoms, perspectives on causes and explanations, examples, and statistics.
The first lecture for a semester-long introductory psychology unit of study (tertiary-level). This is one half of a year long unit. Approx. 1/3rd of the lectures are on slideshare. Others were by guest lecturers.
Week 5 nursing 350 board discussion
Week 5 Discussion Prompt
COLLAPSE
Top of Form
Visit the Center for Disease Control website, and go to the Diseases and Conditions pages .
Choose a topic of interest and review any data or statistics provided under that topic. Discuss how evidence-based practice and epidemiology is used to improve prevention and health promotion in your chosen topic.
Bottom of Form
III. Theories of ForgettingEncoding Failure
Fail to encode the information; information is never transferred to LTM (p. 317)Storage Decay:
Forgetting curve: initially rapid, then levels off with time (pp 317-318)Retrieval Failure:
We cannot retrieve the information. (pp 318 - 319)
Absence of cues.
Importance of cues (context effects, mood-congruent memory, & déjà vu) pp 312 - 314
*
III. Theories of ForgettingMotivated Forgetting theory: pp 320 - 326
Remembering our past is often revising it.
We forget things that run counter to our self-view.
We remember things that correspond to how we view ourselves or that enhance us.
Blocking (repressing) painful, unpleasant memories is extremely rare.
Can we recover these memories?
Beware! It is very easy to create false memories.
*
III. Theories of ForgettingCreation of false memories:
“mousetrap on finger study (Ceci & Bruck, 1993, 1995) pp 325 - 326
58% of preschoolers produced false memories
Professional psychologists could not distinguish the real from the false memories
*
III. Theories of ForgettingRepressed or Constructed Memories of Abuse?Conclusions: p 325
Incest and sexual abuse happens. (all too often!)
There are false convictions.
Some people do forget traumatic events although it is much more likely that a person can’t forget them.
The recovery of some memories is possible, but recovery of repressed memories is questionable.
Use of hypnosis or drugs to recover memories is questionable.
Memories of events before age 3 and a half are highly questionable. (Remember infantile amnesia.)
Even false memories are emotionally traumatic.
*
Outline for Psychological Disorders
Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Mood Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders
IV. Psychological DisordersA. Anxiety Disorders: characterized by . . .
distressing persistent anxiety (a feeling and a cognition)
maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
5 types:
Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic Disorder
Phobias
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
IV. Psychological DisordersA. Anxiety Disorders (cont.)
Generalized anxiety disorder: characterized by .
Continuous feelings of tension or unease
worried thoughts about bad things happening
autonomic nervous system arousal
the inability to identify or explain its cause (free-floating)
Persists for 6 months or more
Women are more likely to suffer from this disorder. Two-thirds of the sufferers are women.
(Why the gender difference? Be a good critical thinker! It doesn’t have to be biology! (Wo ...
lecture 12 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes DSM-IV TR psychiatric disorders including Post-traumatic stress disorder, phobias, Generalized Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, anterior cingulate
Need to be at least 250 words; APA format; see chapter 11 textbooTatianaMajor22
Need to be at least 250 words; APA format; see chapter 11 textbook content attachment
Use textbook and 2 other scholarly sources. Assignment will be submitted for plagiarism
Videos:
Kimberly Huber, Ph.D., on Understanding Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Autism:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p6cUARufs80
Counseling Diagnostic Assessment Vignette #33 - Symptoms of Brief Psychotic Disorder:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q58A-IM8iUs
Living With Schizophrenia:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=48YJMOcykvc&t=3s
Include each of the following items in your discussion post. don't forget to cite and source!
Please put the answer under each one
a. Describe the symptoms, causes, and prognosis for a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
b. Discuss how other psychotic disorders differ from schizophrenia.
c. Comment on the importance of cultural awareness in the diagnosis of schizophrenia.
Textbook:
Sue, D., Sue, D. W., Sue, D., & Sue, S. (2014). Essentials of understanding abnormal behavior (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Chapter 1111-1Symptoms of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
The symptoms associated with schizophrenia spectrum disorders fall into four categories: positive symptoms, psychomotor abnormalities, cognitive symptoms, and negative symptoms.11-1aPositive Symptoms
Case Study
Over a month before he committed the Navy yard shooting, Aaron Alexis called police to report that three people—two males and a female—were following him. He explained that he was unable to sleep because these people talked to him through the walls, ceiling, and floors of his hotel room. He also reported that they were using a microwave to send vibrations into his body (Winter, 2013).
Positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia spectrum disorders involve delusions, hallucinations, disordered thinking, incoherent communication, and bizarre behavior. The term “positive symptoms” refers to behaviors or experiences associated with schizophrenia that are new to the person. These symptoms can range in severity, and can persist or fluctuate. In the case above, Alexis experienced two positive symptoms: auditory hallucinations (hearing voices) and a delusion that three people were following him, keeping him awake and sending vibrations into his body. Many people with positive symptoms do not understand that their symptoms are the result of mental illness (Islam, Scarone, & Gambini, 2011).
Delusions
Many individuals with psychotic disorders experience delusions. Delusions are false beliefs that are firmly and consistently held despite disconfirming evidence or logic. Individuals experiencing delusions are not able to distinguish between their private thoughts and external reality. Lack of insight is particularly common among individuals experiencing delusions; in other words, they do not recognize that their thoughts or beliefs are extremely illogical. In the following case study, therapists confront a graduate student’s delusion that rats were inside his head ...
6 panic, anxiety, obsessions, and their disorderslearning ob.docxsleeperharwell
6 panic, anxiety, obsessions, and their disorders
learning objectives 6
· 6.1 What are the essential features of anxiety disorders?
· 6.2 Describe the clinical features of specific and social phobias.
· 6.3 Why do anxiety disorders develop?
· 6.4 What are the clinical features of panic disorder?
· 6.5 What factors are implicated in the development of panic disorder?
· 6.6 Describe the clinical aspects of generalized anxiety disorder.
· 6.7 How are anxiety disorders treated?
· 6.8 What are the clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder and how is this disorder treated?
· 6.9 Describe three obsessive-compulsive related disorders.
Leni: Worried About Worrying So Much Leni is a 24-year-old graduate student. Although she is doing exceptionally well in her program, for the past year she has worried constantly that she will fail and be thrown out. When her fellow students and professors try to reassure her, Leni worries that they are just pretending to be nice to her because she is such a weak student. Leni also worries about her mother becoming ill and about whether she is really liked by her friends. Although Leni is able to acknowledge that her fears are excessive (she has supportive friends, her mother is in good health, and, based on her grades, Leni is one of the top students in her program), she still struggles to control her worrying. Leni has difficulty sleeping, often feels nervous and on edge, and experiences a great deal of muscle tension. When her friends suggested she take a yoga class to try and relax, Leni even began to worry about that, fearing that she would be the worse student in the class. “I know it makes no sense,” she says, “But that’s how I am. I’ve always been a worrier. I even worry about worrying so much!”
Anxiety involves a general feeling of apprehension about possible future danger, and fear is an alarm reaction that occurs in response to immediate danger. Today the DSM has identified a group of disorders—known as the anxiety disorders—that share obvious symptoms of clinically significant fear or anxiety. Anxiety disorders affect approximately 25 to 29 percent of the U.S. population at some point in their lives and are the most common category of disorders for women and the second most common for men (Kessler et al., 1994; Kessler, Berglund, Delmar, et al., 2005). In any 12-month period, about 18 percent of the adult population suffers from at least one anxiety disorder (Kessler, Chiu, et al., 2005c). Anxiety disorders create enormous personal, economic, and health care problems for those affected. Some years ago several studies estimated that the anxiety disorders cost the United States somewhere between $42.3 billion and $47 billion in direct and indirect costs (about 30 percent of the nation’s total mental health bill of $148 billion in 1990; Greenberg et al., 1999; Kessler & Greenberg, 2002). The figure is no doubt even higher now. Anxiety disorders are also associated with an increased prevale.
Fear The emotional response to real or perceived imminent
threat
Anxiety A feeling of apprehension or fear. The source of this is not always known or recognized
Phobias
Fear about a specific object or situation that is out of proportion
Agoraphobia Condition in which the patient fears places from
which escape might be dificult
Similar to Chapter 16 (psychological disorders) (20)
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
7. 7
Psychological Disorders
I felt the need to clean my room … spent four to five
hour at it … At the time I loved it but then didn't want
to do it any more, but could not stop … The clothes
hung … two fingers apart …I touched my bedroom
wall before leaving the house … I had constant anxiety
… I thought I might be nuts.
Marc, diagnosed with
obsessive-compulsive disorder
(from Summers, 1996)
8. 8
Psychological Disorders
People are fascinated by the exceptional, the
unusual, and the abnormal. This fascination
may be caused by two reasons:
1. During various moments we feel, think, and act like
an abnormal individual.
2. Psychological disorders may bring unexplained
physical symptoms, irrational fears, and suicidal
thoughts.
9. 9
Psychological Disorders
To study the abnormal is the best way of
understanding the normal.
1. There are 450 million people suffering from
psychological disorders (WHO, 2004).
2. Depression and schizophrenia exist in all cultures
of the world.
William James (1842-1910)
10. 10
Defining Psychological Disorders
Mental health workers view psychological
disorders as persistently harmful thoughts,
feelings, and actions.
When behavior is deviant, distressful, and
dysfunctional psychiatrists and psychologists
label it as disordered (Comer, 2004).
11. 11
Deviant, Distressful & Dysfunctional
1. Deviant behavior
(going naked) in one
culture may be
considered normal,
while in others it may
lead to arrest.
2. Deviant behavior must
accompany distress.
3. If a behavior is
dysfunctional it is
clearly a disorder.
In the Wodaabe tribe men
wear costumes to attract
women. In Western society
this would be considered
abnormal.
CarolBeckwith
12. 12
Understanding Psychological
Disorders
Ancient Treatments of psychological disorders
include trephination, exorcism, being caged like
animals, being beaten, burned, castrated,
mutilated, or transfused with animal’s blood.
Trephination (boring holes in the skull to remove evil forces)
JohnW.Verano
14. 14
Medical Model
When physicians discovered that syphilis led to
mental disorders, they started using medical models
to review the physical causes of these disorders.
1. Etiology: Cause and development of the
disorder.
2. Diagnosis: Identifying (symptoms) and
distinguishing one disease from another.
3. Treatment: Treating a disorder in a psychiatric
hospital.
4. Prognosis: Forecast about the disorder.
16. 16
Classifying Psychological Disorders
The American Psychiatric Association rendered
a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM) to describe psychological
disorders.
The most recent edition, DSM-IV-TR (Text
Revision, 2000), describes 400 psychological
disorders compared to 60 in the 1950s.
17. 17
Multiaxial Classification
Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems
(school or housing issues) also present?
Axis IV
What is the Global Assessment of the person’s
functioning?Axis V
Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes,
hypertension or arthritis etc) also present?
Axis III
Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation
present?
Axis II
Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety,
mood disorders [16 syndromes]) present?
Axis I
20. 20
Goals of DSM
1. Describe (400) disorders.
2. Determine how prevalent the
disorder is.
Disorders outlined by DSM-IV are reliable.
Therefore, diagnoses by different professionals are
similar.
Others criticize DSM-IV for “putting any kind
of behavior within the compass of psychiatry.”
21. 21
Labeling Psychological Disorders
1. Critics of the DSM-IV argue that labels may
stigmatize individuals.
Asylum baseball team (labeling)
ElizabethEckert,Middletown,NY.FromL.Gamwelland
N.Tomes,MadnessinAmerica,1995.CornellUniversityPress.
23. 23
Labeling Psychological Disorders
3. “Insanity” labels
raise moral and
ethical questions
about how society
should treat people
who have
disorders and have
committed crimes.
Theodore Kaczynski
(Unabomber)
ElaineThompson/APPhoto
25. 25
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
1. Persistent and uncontrollable tenseness and
apprehension.
2. Autonomic arousal.
3. Inability to identify or avoid the cause of
certain feelings.
Symptoms
26. 26
Panic Disorder
Minute-long episodes of intense dread which
may include feelings of terror, chest pains,
choking, or other frightening sensations.
Anxiety is a component of both disorders. It
occurs more in the panic disorder, making
people avoid situations that cause it.
Symptoms
27. 27
Phobia
Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an
object or situation that disrupts behavior.
28. 28
Kinds of Phobias
Phobia of blood.Hemophobia
Phobia of closed spaces.Claustrophobia
Phobia of heights.Acrophobia
Phobia of open places.Agoraphobia
30. 30
A PET scan of the brain
of a person with
Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder (OCD). High
metabolic activity (red)
in the frontal lobe areas
are involved with
directing attention.
Brain Imaging
Brain image of an OCD
31. 31
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Four or more weeks of the following symptoms
constitute post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD):
1. Haunting memories
2. Nightmares
3. Social withdrawal
4. Jumpy anxiety
5. Sleep problems
Bettmann/Corbis
32. 32
Resilience to PTSD
Only about 10% of women and 20% of men
react to traumatic situations and develop PTSD.
Holocaust survivors show remarkable resilience
against traumatic situations.
All major religions of the world suggest that
surviving a trauma leads to the growth of an
individual.
34. 34
The Learning Perspective
Learning theorists
suggest that fear
conditioning leads to
anxiety. This anxiety
then becomes associated
with other objects or
events (stimulus
generalization) and is
reinforced.
JohnColetti/Stock,Boston
35. 35
The Learning Perspective
Investigators believe that fear responses are
inculcated through observational learning.
Young monkeys develop fear when they watch
other monkeys who are afraid of snakes.
36. 36
The Biological Perspective
Natural Selection has led our ancestors to learn
to fear snakes, spiders, and other animals.
Therefore, fear preserves the species.
Twin studies suggest that our genes may be
partly responsible for developing fears and
anxiety. Twins are more likely to share
phobias.
37. 37
The Biological Perspective
Generalized anxiety,
panic attacks, and even
OCD are linked with
brain circuits like the
anterior cingulate cortex.
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
of an OCD patient.
S.Ursu,V.A.Stenger,M.K.Shear,M.R.Jones,&C.S.Carter(2003).Overactiveaction
monitoringinobsessive-compulsivedisorder.PsychologicalScience,14,347-353.
38. 38
Dissociative Disorder
Conscious awareness becomes separated
(dissociated) from previous memories,
thoughts, and feelings.
Symptoms
1. Having a sense of being unreal.
2. Being separated from the body.
3. Watching yourself as if in a movie.
39. 39
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Is a disorder in which a person exhibits two or
more distinct and alternating personalities,
formerly called multiple personality disorder.
Chris Sizemore (DID)
LoisBernstein/GammaLiason
40. 40
DID Critics
Critics argue that the diagnosis of DID
increased in the late 20th
century. DID has
not been found in other countries.
Critics’ Arguments
1. Role-playing by people open to a
therapist’s suggestion.
2. Learned response that reinforces
reductions in anxiety.
42. 42
Major Depressive Disorder
Depression is the “common cold” of
psychological disorders. In a year, 5.8% of men
and 9.5% of women report depression
worldwide (WHO, 2002).
Chronic shortness of
breath
Gasping for air after a
hard run
Major Depressive DisorderBlue mood
43. 43
Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder occurs when signs of
depression last two weeks or more and are not
caused by drugs or medical conditions.
1. Lethargy and fatigue
2. Feelings of worthlessness
3. Loss of interest in family & friends
4. Loss of interest in activities
Signs include:
44. 44
Dysthymic Disorder
Dysthymic disorder lies between a blue mood
and major depressive disorder. It is a disorder
characterized by daily depression lasting two
years or more.
Major Depressive
Disorder
Blue
Mood
Dysthymic
Disorder
45. 45
Bipolar Disorder
Formerly called manic-depressive disorder. An
alternation between depression and mania
signals bipolar disorder.
Multiple ideas
Hyperactive
Desire for action
Euphoria
Elation
Manic Symptoms
Slowness of thought
Tired
Inability to make decisions
Withdrawn
Gloomy
Depressive Symptoms
46. 46
Bipolar Disorder
Many great writers, poets, and composers
suffered from bipolar disorder. During their
manic phase creativity surged, but not during
their depressed phase.
Whitman Wolfe Clemens Hemingway
Bettmann/Corbis
GeorgeC.Beresford/HultonGettyPicturesLibrary
TheGrangerCollection
EarlTheissen/HultonGettyPicturesLibrary
47. 47
Explaining Mood Disorders
Since depression is so prevalent worldwide,
investigators want to develop a theory of
depression that will suggest ways to treat it.
Lewinsohn et al., (1985, 1995) note that a theory
of depression should explain the following:
1. Behavioral and cognitive changes
2. Common causes of depression
49. 49
Theory of Depression
4. Depressive episodes self-terminate.
5. Depression is increasing, especially in
the teens.
Post-partum depression
DesireeNavarro/GettyImages
50. 50
Suicide
The most severe form of behavioral response to
depression is suicide. Each year some 1 million
people commit suicide worldwide.
1. National differences
2. Racial differences
3. Gender differences
4. Age differences
5. Other differences
Suicide Statistics
51. 51
Biological Perspective
Genetic Influences: Mood disorders run in
families. The rate of depression is higher in
identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%).
Linkage analysis and
association studies link
possible genes and
dispositions for depression.
JerryIrwinPhotography
53. 53
The Depressed Brain
PET scans show that brain energy consumption
rises and falls with manic and depressive
episodes.
CourtesyofLewisBaxteranMichaelE.
Phelps,UCLASchoolofMedicine
55. 55
Depression Cycle
1. Negative stressful events.
2. Pessimistic explanatory
style.
3. Hopeless depressed state.
4. These hamper the way the
individual thinks and acts,
fueling personal rejection.
57. 57
Schizophrenia
If depression is the common cold of
psychological disorders, schizophrenia is the
cancer.
Nearly 1 in a 100 suffer from schizophrenia, and
throughout the world over 24 million people
suffer from this disease (WHO, 2002).
Schizophrenia strikes young people as they
mature into adults. It affects men and women
equally, but men suffer from it more severely
than women.
58. 58
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
The literal translation is “split mind.” A group
of severe disorders characterized by the
following:
1. Disorganized and delusional
thinking.
2. Disturbed perceptions.
3. Inappropriate emotions and
actions.
59. 59
Other forms of delusions include, delusions of
persecution (“someone is following me”) or
grandeur (“I am a king”).
Disorganized & Delusional Thinking
This morning when I was at Hillside [Hospital], I was
making a movie. I was surrounded by movie stars …
I’m Marry Poppins. Is this room painted blue to get me
upset? My grandmother died four weeks after my
eighteenth birthday.”
(Sheehan, 1982)
This monologue illustrates fragmented, bizarre
thinking with distorted beliefs called delusions
(“I’m Mary Poppins”).
60. 60
Disorganized & Delusional Thinking
Many psychologists believe disorganized
thoughts occur because of selective attention
failure (fragmented and bizarre thoughts).
61. 61
Disturbed Perceptions
A schizophrenic person may perceive things
that are not there (hallucinations). Frequently
such hallucinations are auditory and lesser
visual, somatosensory, olfactory, or gustatory.
L.Berthold,Untitled.ThePrinzhornCollection,UniversityofHeidelberg
AugustNatter,WitchesHead.ThePrinzhornCollection,UniversityofHeidelberg
PhotosofpaintingsbyKrannertMuseum,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign
62. 62
Inappropriate Emotions & Actions
A schizophrenic person may laugh at the news
of someone dying or show no emotion at all
(apathy).
Patients with schizophrenia may continually
rub an arm, rock a chair, or remain motionless
for hours (catatonia).
63. 63
Subtypes of Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a cluster of disorders. These
subtypes share some features, but there are
other symptoms that differentiate these
subtypes.
64. 64
Positive and Negative Symptoms
Schizophrenics have inappropriate symptoms
(hallucinations, disorganized thinking, deluded
ways) that are not present in normal
individuals (positive symptoms).
Schizophrenics also have an absence of
appropriate symptoms (apathy, expressionless
faces, rigid bodies) that are present in normal
individuals (negative symptoms).
65. 65
Chronic and Acute Schizophrenia
When schizophrenia is slow to develop
(chronic/process) recovery is doubtful. Such
schizophrenics usually display negative
symptoms.
When schizophrenia rapidly develops
(acute/reactive) recovery is better. Such
schizophrenics usually show positive
symptoms.
67. 67
Understanding Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a disease of the brain exhibited
by the symptoms of the mind.
Dopamine Overactivity: Researchers found that
schizophrenic patients express higher levels of
dopamine D4 receptors in the brain.
Brain Abnormalities
68. 68
Abnormal Brain Activity
Brain scans show abnormal activity in the
frontal cortex, thalamus, and amygdala of
schizophrenic patients. Adolescent
schizophrenic patients also have brain lesions.
PaulThompsonandArthurW.Toga,UCLALaboratoryofNeuro
ImagingandJudithL.Rapport,NationalInstituteofMentalHealth
69. 69
Abnormal Brain Morphology
Schizophrenia patients may exhibit
morphological changes in the brain like
enlargement of fluid-filled ventricles.
BothPhotos:CourtesyofDanielR.Weinberger,M.D.,NIH-NIMH/NSC
70. 70
Viral Infection
Schizophrenia has also been observed in
individuals who contracted a viral infection
(flu) during the middle of their fetal
development.
71. 71
Genetic Factors
The likelihood of an individual suffering from
schizophrenia is 50% if their identical twin has
the disease (Gottesman, 1991).
0 10 20 30 40 50
Identical
Both parents
Fraternal
One parent
Sibling
Nephew or niece
Unrelated
73. 73
Psychological Factors
Psychological and environmental factors can
trigger schizophrenia if the individual is
genetically predisposed (Nicols & Gottesman,
1983).
Genain Sisters
The genetically identical
Genain
sisters suffer from
schizophrenia. Two more than
others, thus there are
contributing environmental
factors.
CourtesyofGenainFamily
74. 74
Warning Signs
Early warning signs of schizophrenia include:
Birth complications, oxygen deprivation and
low-birth weight.
2.
Short attention span and poor muscle
coordination.
3.
Poor peer relations and solo play.6.
Emotional unpredictability.5.
Disruptive and withdrawn behavior.4.
A mother’s long lasting schizophrenia.1.
75. 75
Personality Disorders
Personality disorders
are characterized by
inflexible and
enduring behavior
patterns that impair
social functioning.
They are usually
without anxiety,
depression, or
delusions.
76. 76
Antisocial Personality Disorder
A disorder in which the person (usually men)
exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even
toward friends and family members. Formerly,
this person was called a sociopath or psychopath.
77. 77
Understanding Antisocial
Personality Disorder
Like mood disorders
and schizophrenia,
antisocial personality
disorder has biological
and psychological
reasons. Youngsters,
before committing a
crime, respond with
lower levels of stress
hormones than others
do at their age.
78. 78
Understanding Antisocial
Personality Disorder
PET scans of 41 murderers revealed reduced
activity in the frontal lobes. In a follow-up study
repeat offenders had 11% less frontal lobe activity
compared to normals (Raine et al., 1999; 2000).
Normal Murderer
CourtesyofAdrianRaine,
UniversityofSouthernCalifornia
OBJECTIVE 1| Identify criteria for judging whether behavior is psychologically disordered.
OBJECTIVE 2| Contrast the medical model of psychological disorders with the biopsychosocial perspective on disordered behavior.
OBJECTIVE 3| Describe the goals and content of the DSM-IV.
OBJECTIVE 4| Discuss the potential dangers and benefits of using diagnostic labels.
OBJECTIVE 5| Define anxiety disorder, and explain how this condition differs from normal feelings of stress, tension, or uneasiness.
OBJECTIVE 6| Contrast the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder.
OBJECTIVE 7| Explain how a phobia differs from fears we all experience.
OBJECTIVE 8| Describe the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
OBJECTIVE 9| Describe the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, and discuss survivor resiliency.
OBJECTIVE 10| Discuss the contributions of the learning and biological perspectives to our understanding of the development of anxiety disorders.
OBJECTIVE 11| Describe the symptoms of dissociative disorders, and explain why some critics are skeptical about dissociative identity disorder.
OBJECTIVE 12| Define mood disorders, and contrast major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.
OBJECTIVE 13| Discuss the facts that an acceptable theory of depression must explain.
OBJECTIVE 14| Summarize the contribution of the biological perspective to the study of depression, and discuss the link between suicide and depression.
OBJECTIVE 15| Summarize the contribution of the social-cognitive perspective to the study of depression, and describe the events in the cycle of depression.
OBJECTIVE 16| Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia, and differentiate delusion and hallucinations.
OBJECTIVE 17| Distinguish the five subtypes of schizophrenia, and contrast chronic and reactive schizophrenia.
OBJECTIVE 18| Outline some abnormal brain functions and structures associated with schizophrenia, and discuss the possible link between prenatal viral infections and schizophrenia.
OBJECTIVE 19| Discuss the evidence for a genetic contribution to the development of schizophrenia.
OBJECTIVE 20| Describe some psychological factors that may be early signs of schizophrenia in children.
OBJECTIVE 21| Contrast the three clusters of personality disorders, and describe the behaviors and brain activity associated with antisocial personality disorders.
OBJECTIVE 22| Discuss the prevalence of psychological disorders, and summarize the findings on the link between poverty and serious psychological disorders.