This document contains sections that discuss various topics related to nutrition and digestion. It covers types of nutrition, a balanced diet, malnutrition, the digestion process, absorption and assimilation of nutrients. It also discusses formation of faeces, defecation, good eating habits, and the importance of a healthy digestive system. Sections are also included on the importance of macronutrients and micronutrients in plants, photosynthesis, and food production technology.

1. 6.1: Types of Nutrition
6.2: Balanced Diet
6.3: Malnutrition
6.4:Digestion Process
6.5:Process of Absorption & Assimilation
CHAPTER 6

2.  6.6: Formation of Faeces & Defecation
 6.7: Good Eating Habits
 6.8:Importance of a Healthy Digestive System
 6.9: Importance of Macronutrient & Micronutrient
in Plant
 6.10: Photosynthesis
 6.11:Mechanism of Photosynthesis
 6.12: The Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
 6.13:Technology used in Food Production
 6.14: Food Processing Technology

3. 6.1 Types Of Nutrition
AUTOTROPHS HETEROTROPHS

4.  Def: consist of classes of food – Carbohydrates, Lipids,
Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, Roughage and Water.
 6 factors affecting daily E requirement
AGE
SEX
OCCUPATION
CLIMATE
PREGNANCY
& LACTATION
SIZE OR BODY
WEIGHT
P L  Puan Lela
AG  Ambil Getah
O  Oren pakai
S  Sanggul
S  Silang yg
C  Comel
P L  Puan Lela
AG  Ambil Getah
O  Oren pakai
S  Sanggul
S  Silang yg
C  Comel
6.2

5. VITAMINS
 Fat-Soluble  A, D, E , K
 stored in body fat
 Water-soluble  B n C
 cannot stored in the body
 supplied in the daily diet

6. Sources, f(x) & effects
A
D
E
K
B1
B2
B6
Ascorbic
Acid
Folic
Acid

7. Lack of ???
Khagendra - Nepal

8. Symptoms of Deficiency
Vitamin / Mineral Causes
D / Calcium / Phosphorus -Rickets
-Osteomalacia
-Osteoporosis
B6 / Magnesium -Retarded growth
E / K / Iron -Anaemia
B5 / Sodium (Na)/chlorine
(Cl) ~NaCl
-Muscle cramps
-Fatigue
B1 / Potassium -Beri-beri
-Muscular weakness
Sulphur -Symptoms of protein
deficiency
Fluorine -Tooth decay
Iodine -Goitre

9. Roughage or dietary fibre

11. Unbalanced diet causes..6.3

12. -Insufficient proteins
-Flaky skin, thin muscles, thin hair
-Sweeling of the body ~ retention of fluid in
tissues ~ stomach
-Stunted/retarded growth
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus
-Occurs in children aged btw 9 & 12
-Drastic loss of body weight
-Effects : very thin + wrinkled skin

13. Excessive intake of..
CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS LIPIDS
- Cardiovascular
disease
- High blood
pressure
- Atherosclerosis
~ stroke & brain
haemorrhage
- D.M
- cancers
-Increase URIC
ACID content in
blood
-Cardiovascular
diseases
- Atherosclerosis
- heart attack
-Hypertension /
HBP

14. Excessive intake of…
MINERALS EFFECTS
- Na & Ca - Kidney stones
- Fe (iron) - Kidney damage
VITAMINS EFFECTS
A - Hair loss, vomiting, bone ache, joint
pain, liver & bone damage
B6 - Numb feet, poor coordination
B3 -Flushed face and hands
- Liver damage
C - Gastrointestinal upset
D -Calcification of soft tissues
E -Kidney damage
K - Liver damage & anaemia

15. Starch + water
6.4 FOOD DIGESTION
1. Digestion in the MOUTH
maltose
secrete
chewing
triggers
rolled into
enters
(by peristalsis)# epiglottis

16. Digestion in mouth

17. Digestion in Stomach
- pH 1.5 – 2.0
- Stops the xtvt of amylase
- Kill bact. In food
Protein + water Polypeptides
Caseinogen + water Casein

18. Digestion in duodenum
Starch + water maltose
Polypeptide + water peptides
Lipid droplets + water glycerol + FA
Pancreatic amylase
trypsin
lipase

19. Digestion in small intestine
• Intestinal juice – digestive enzymes
• F(x) – digest of peptides & dissaccharides
1) Protein digestion
• Peptides + water amino acids
2) Carbohydrates digestion ( Ma La S )
• Maltose + water glucose
• Sucrose + water glu + fructose
• Lactose + water glu + galactose
erepsin
maltase
sucrase
lactase

22. Digestive System of
Ruminants

23. 1.1.
22
44
33

24. How its work??
1.RUMEN
- Largest compartment
- Cellulose broken down by
cellulase (bact & protozoa)
2.RETICULUM
- Further hydrolysis
- CUD – its content
- Regurgitated bit by bit
- Soften & break down
cellulose
mouth3.OMASUM
-Reswallowed cud
-Large  small
particles by peristalsis
-Water is removed
4. ABOMASUM
-True stomach
- gastric juices – protein & other F
Small intestine
Lembu Makan
R – Rumput
R – Redah
O – Onak dan
A – Air Busuk
Lembu Makan
R – Rumput
R – Redah
O – Onak dan
A – Air Busuk

25. Rodents
Cellulose digested by
cellulase-producing
bact
Cellulose digested by
cellulase-producing
bact

26. Digestive System
-Faeces 1st
batch
- soft & watery
-2nd
batch faeces –
drier & harder
-Caecum & appendix =
enlarged to store cellulase-
producing bact
- products pass thru
alimentary canal = TWICE

27. Comparison of cellulose
digestion process in human,
ruminant & rodentSimilarities
1)
2)
Differences
Aspect Human Ruminant Rodent
Stomach chambers
Cellulase producing bact
Food passes thru alimen.
canal
Gastric juice is produced
at
Size of caecum
Undigested cellulose

28. Problems related to food
digestion
Incomplete
digestion
Lack of digestive
enzymes
Gallstones

29. 6.5 Absorption & Assimilation
• Illeum – major site of nutrient absorption

30. Villus
epithelium
lacteal
Capillary network
epithelial cells
Villi – plural of villusVilli – plural of villus

31. The Villi
1. Numerous in number
2. Thin-walled ( one-cell thick)
3. Network of blood capillaries
4. Lacteal – special structures

32. Absorption of digested food
1) Glucose & Amino acids
- from lumen into the epithelial cells by facilitated
diffusion
- remaining nutrients – by active transport
- from epithelial cells – absorbed into the
bloodstream thru the blood capillaries in the villi
- converge into the hepartic portal vein
- Then transported to all parts of the body
Lumen
(glu & a.a)
facilitated
diffusion
Epithelial
cells
bloodstream
Hepartic portal vein
blood
capillaries
all parts of the body

33. 2) Water
Lumen epithelial cells blood capillaries
3) Water-soluble vitamins
Epithelial cells blood capillaries
3) Fatty acids & glycerol
Epithelial cells (tiny droplets) lacteals lympatic system
Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct
Bloodstream
Subclavian
veins

34. ASSIMILATION
• Definition
- the conversion of nutrient into the fluid or solid
substance of the body, by the processes of
digestion and absorption
- occurs in the LIVER and the CELLS

35. Assimilation in the LIVER
• 7 Functions of the LIVER
1) Regulation of blood glucose concentration
2) Production of bile
3) Protein synthesis
4) Iron storage
5) Deamination of amino acids
6) Detoxification
7) Heat production

36. Assimilation in the LIVER
synthesisconverts
glucose
excess
DEAMINATION
urea
kidney

37. Assimilation in the CELLS
AMINO ACIDS GLUCOSE
AMINO ACIDSLIPIDS
• new protoplasm
• repair of damaged
tissues
• Synthesis of hormones
& enzymes
• Synthesis of ptns of
PM
• Phospholipids &
cholesterol
• fats – stored in
adipose tissue –
reserve E
• release E during
cellular respiration
• E for chem. process i.e
muscle contraction &
synthesis of ptns.
•Excess = Glycogen in
muscles

39. Formation of Faeces
• Contents of intestinal:
1) Mixture of water
2) Undigested food substances
3) Dead cells
4) Dead bacteria
5) Indigestible fibre (cellulose)
• Colon
- large intestinal
- Reabsorbs almost 90% of water & minerals into the
bloodstream

40. • Contents of Faeces:
1) indigestible residue of food
2) dead cells shed from the intestinal lining & bile
pigments & toxic subtances – eliminated from the
body
3) binds to the mucus that secreted by the colon’s
wall and lubricates the movement of faeces along
the colon

41. Defaecation
• How it’s work??
- the elimination of faeces
- controlled by muscles around the anus, the opening
of the rectum
- When rectum is full, the muscles of the rectal wall
contract to eject the faeces via the anus

42. Rectum
The process of defecation (thru anus)
Colon

43. 6.7 Evaluating Eating Habits
Bad Eating
Habits
Gastritis
Anorexia nervosa Bulimia
Obesity

44. 6.8 The Importance Of A
Healthy Digestive System
6.9 The Importance Of
Macronutrient & Micronutrient
in Plant

45. 6.10 Photosynthesis
Leaf Structure and function
Cross section

48. 1) CUTICLE