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Chapter 3
 Mostof the molecules from which living
 organisms are made are based on the
 element carbon

 Carbon’s  ability to form large and complex
 molecules has contributed to the great
 diversity of life
 Organic  compounds – compounds made
 primarily of carbon atoms

 Whyis there such a variety of carbon
 compounds?
  • Four valence electrons
  • Carbon readily bonds with other carbon atoms,
   forming straight chains, branched chains, or rings
 Single  bond – one pair of electrons shared
 Double bond – two pairs of electrons shared
 Triple bond – three pairs of electrons shared
 Functional  Groups – clusters of atoms in
 organic compounds that influence the
 characteristics of the molecules they
 compose and the chemical reactions the
 molecules undergo
 Monomers     – small, simple molecules
 Polymers – molecules that consist of
  repeated, linked units
 Large polymers are called
  macromolecules
 Monomers  link to form polymers through a
 chemical reaction called a condensation
 reaction
 • Each time a monomer is added to a polymer, a
  water molecule is released
 Living things also must break down
  polymers
 In a hydrolysis reaction, water is used to
  break down a polymer
 Life’s processes require a constant supply
  of energy
 Energy is available in certain compounds
  that store energy in their structure
  • Common compound is ATP (adenosine
    triphosphate)
 Covalent  bonds between phosphate
  groups are easy to break
 Every time a bond is broken, energy is
  released
 The cell uses this energy to drive chemical
  reactions that allow organisms to function

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Chapter 3 - Section 1 - Carbon Compounds

  • 2.  Mostof the molecules from which living organisms are made are based on the element carbon  Carbon’s ability to form large and complex molecules has contributed to the great diversity of life
  • 3.  Organic compounds – compounds made primarily of carbon atoms  Whyis there such a variety of carbon compounds? • Four valence electrons • Carbon readily bonds with other carbon atoms, forming straight chains, branched chains, or rings
  • 4.
  • 5.  Single bond – one pair of electrons shared  Double bond – two pairs of electrons shared  Triple bond – three pairs of electrons shared
  • 6.  Functional Groups – clusters of atoms in organic compounds that influence the characteristics of the molecules they compose and the chemical reactions the molecules undergo
  • 7.
  • 8.  Monomers – small, simple molecules  Polymers – molecules that consist of repeated, linked units  Large polymers are called macromolecules
  • 9.  Monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction called a condensation reaction • Each time a monomer is added to a polymer, a water molecule is released
  • 10.  Living things also must break down polymers  In a hydrolysis reaction, water is used to break down a polymer
  • 11.  Life’s processes require a constant supply of energy  Energy is available in certain compounds that store energy in their structure • Common compound is ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
  • 12.  Covalent bonds between phosphate groups are easy to break  Every time a bond is broken, energy is released  The cell uses this energy to drive chemical reactions that allow organisms to function