The document discusses the key characteristics of living things and provides an overview of basic biochemistry concepts. It explains that living things are composed of cells, which are the basic units of structure and function. The document then covers the basic chemistry of atoms, molecules, and bonding. It describes the four essential macromolecules - carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids - and explains how they are formed from smaller units. Finally, it provides details on cellular structure and organization, describing the components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, and specialized structures in plant cells.

2. Characteristics of Living Things
 Reproduction
 Growth

3. Characteristics of Living Things
 Development
 Energy Capture

4. Characteristics of Living Things
 Energy Utilization
 Response to Stimuli

5. Characteristics of Living Things
 Composed of Cells
 Adaptation

6. Basic Chemistry
Textbook Chapter 2 (Sections 1 and 3)

7. Biochemistry
 Atom: single unit,
found on periodic table
 Molecule: combination
of multiple atoms via
bonds
 Element (atoms) vs.
Compound (molecules)

8. Bonding
 Ionic Bond – atoms
gain/lose electrons
and take on pos./neg.
charge
 Covalent Bond –
atoms share electrons
(stronger; larger
molecules)

9. Hydrogen Bonds
 Occur between
hydrogen (+) and
unbonded electrons (-)
 Weak interactions
among polar molecules
 Ex: cohesion and
adhesion

10. Biochemistry

11. Cell Environment
 Primarily water
 Molecules are
dissolved / suspended

12. Types of Solute
 (Solute = dissolved
particles)
 HYDROPHILIC
(usually have pos. or
neg. charge)
 HYDROPHOBIC
(usually uncharged)

13. 4 Essential Macromolecules
 All carbon-based, called
“organic”
 Smaller molecules
LINKED to form chains
 Important in nutrition

15. Formation of Macromolecules
 Small compounds
(monomers) combine to
make larger
“polymers”
 Combination is called a
“condensation
reaction”
 Opposite is called
“hydrolysis”

16. 1.) CARBOHYDRATES
 Structure: single sugars (carbon rings)
which can be joined
 Monosaccharides (1), Disaccharides (2),
Polysaccharides (many)
 “-ose”

17. 1.) CARBOHYDRATES
 Primary energy source
(utilized first)
 Examples in foods:
starches, sugars, bread,
and fruit
 Other examples?
Cellulose and chitin

18. 2.) PROTEINS
 Structure: small AMINO
ACIDS linked into long
chains
 20 different amino acids,
which differ only in “R”
group
 Function of a protein
related to order

19. 2.) PROTEINS
 Peptide bond
 Proteins are also
called “polypeptides”
 Enzymes: important
proteins that carry
out chemical
reactions in cells

20. 2.) PROTEINS
 Structural building blocks of cells (tissue, bones,
skin, muscles)
 Extremely
complicated
structures

21. 3.) LIPIDS
 Structure: long carbon/hydrogen chains
 C-H bonds store most energy
 Fats, waxes, oils
 Use: long-term energy storage

22. 3.) LIPIDS
 Often insoluble (barrier to water) due to
hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain
 Can be saturated/unsaturated
 Other type of lipids:
 Phospholipids
 Steroids

23. 4.) NUCLEIC ACIDS
 DNA carries genetic information
 Structure: small “nucleotides”
linked together
 Order of four nucleotides creates
the “code” found in DNA
 ATP: energy currency in cells

24. Cells

25. Levels of Organization
 “SMALLER” LEVELS
 Cells
 Tissues
 Organs
 Organ Systems
 Organisms
 “LARGER” LEVELS
 Organisms
 Populations
 Communities
 Ecosystems
 Biosphere

26. “Cell” Theory
1. All living things are made of cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and
function within organisms.
3. All cells are derived from other cells.

28. Cell Size/Shape
 Varies based on type of
cell
 Ex. Neurons are thin,
but can be nearly a
meter
 Size scale: micrometers
(μm)

29. Why are cells so small?
 A small volume (size)
requires fewer
nutrients
 A larger surface area
allows a cell to
transport more across
the cell membrane

30. Surface Area-To-Volume Ratio
 Most efficient cells
have small volumes
and large surface
areas
 A large surface
area-to-volume
ratio is best

31. PROKARYOTIC CELLS
 Bacteria
 First organisms on
Earth
 No nucleus. Few cell
structures.

32. EUKARYOTIC CELLS
 Part of multi-celled
organisms
 More specialized
 Nucleus and
membrane-bound
organelles

34. What Cells Do…
 All the functions that
allow an organism to
survive
 Including:
respiration, growth,
reproduction, energy
utilization, etc.

35. Cell Membrane
 Outer covering of all
cells
 Gives cell its shape
 Controls what enters
and exits the cell
 Made up of
phospholipids
(hydrophobic)

37. Nucleus
 “Brain” of the cell
 Controls all functions
 Contains DNA
(chromosomes)
 Surrounded by a
NUCLEAR
MEMBRANE that is
similar to the cell
membrane

39. Cytoplasm (or Cytosol)
 Jelly-like material that fills cell
 Located in-between cell
membrane and nucleus
 Mostly water
 Surrounds most other cell
parts

41. Ribosomes
 Made of protein and RNA
 Structures in which
proteins are made
 Some proteins kept, others
exported
 *Endoplasmic Reticulum
 *Golgi Apparatus

43. Mitochondria
 Small, rod-like
structures
 “Powerhouse” of the
cell
 Extract energy from
food / makes ATP
 What kind of cells
have the most?

44. Vacuoles
 Storage sacs
within cells
 Can store: food,
water, minerals,
waste, or toxins
 MUCH larger
within plant cells
(keeps plant rigid)

46. Lysosomes
 Sacs containing digestive enzymes

47. Specialized Organelles

48. Only In Plant Cells:
 Chloroplasts (and chlorophyll)
 Cell Wall

49. Cell Wall
 Surrounds and
supports plant cells
(and some fungi,
bacteria, and algae)
 Made of cellulose
(most abundant
biological molecule in
nature)

51. Chloroplast
 Structure in which plant
cells create sugars
 Contain chlorophyll (green)
which captures sunlight
 Sugars made in chloroplasts
are used in mitochondria as
energy