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Endocrine system PowerPoint presentation
- 1. Lecture Presentation by
Patty Bostwick-Taylor
Florence-Darlington Technical College
Chapter 9
The Endocrine
System
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 2. The Endocrine System
Second controlling system of the body
Nervous system is the fast-control system
Uses chemical messengers (hormones) that are
released into the blood
Hormones control several major processes:
Reproduction
Growth and development
Mobilization of body defenses
Maintenance of much of homeostasis
Regulation of metabolism
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 3. Hormone Overview
Hormones are produced by specialized cells
Cells secrete hormones into extracellular fluids
Blood transfers hormones to target sites
These hormones regulate the activity of other cells
Endocrinology is the scientific study of hormones
and endocrine organs
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 4. The Chemistry of Hormones
Hormones are classified chemically as
Amino acid–based, which includes:
Proteins
Peptides
Amines
Steroids—made from cholesterol
Prostaglandins—made from highly active lipids that
act as local hormones
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 5. Hormone Action
Hormones affect only certain tissues or organs
(target cells or target organs)
Target cells must have specific protein receptors
Hormone binding alters cellular activity
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 6. Hormone Action
Hormones arouse cells, or alter cellular activity.
Typically, one or more of the following occurs:
1. Changes in plasma membrane permeability or
electrical state
2. Synthesis of proteins, such as enzymes
3. Activation or inactivation of enzymes
4. Stimulation of mitosis
5. Promotion of secretory activity
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 7. The Chemistry of Hormones
Hormones act by two mechanisms:
1. Direct gene activation
2. Second-messenger system
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 8. Direct Gene Activation (Steroid Hormone
Action)
1. Steroid hormones diffuse through the plasma
membrane of target cells
2. Steroid hormones enter the nucleus
3. Steroid hormones bind to a specific protein within
the nucleus
4. Hormone-receptor complex binds to specific sites
on the cell’s DNA
5. Certain genes are activated that result in…
6. Synthesis of new proteins
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 9. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.1a Mechanisms of hormone action.
Steroid
hormone
Cytoplasm Nucleus
Receptor
protein
Hormone-receptor
complex
DNA
mRNA
New
protein
Plasma
membrane
of target
cell
1
(a) Steroid hormone action
2
3
4
5
6
Slide 1
- 10. Second-Messenger System (Nonsteroid
Hormone Action)
1. Hormone (first messenger) binds to a membrane
receptor
2. Activated receptor sets off a series of reactions
that activates an enzyme
3. Enzyme catalyzes a reaction that produces a
second-messenger molecule (such as cyclic AMP,
or cAMP)
4. Oversees additional intracellular changes to
promote a specific response in the target cell
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 11. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.1b Mechanisms of hormone action.
(b) Nonsteroid hormone action
Plasma
membrane
of target cell
Receptor
protein
Nonsteroid
hormone (first
messenger)
Cytoplasm
Enzyme
ATP
cAMP
Second
messenger
Effect on cellular function,
such as glycogen
breakdown
1
2
3
4
Slide 1
- 12. Control of Hormone Release
Hormone levels in the blood are maintained mostly
by negative feedback
A stimulus or low hormone levels in the blood
triggers the release of more hormone
Hormone release stops once an appropriate level in
the blood is reached
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 13. Endocrine Gland Stimuli
The stimuli that activate endocrine glands fall into
three major categories:
1. Hormonal
2. Humoral
3. Neural
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 14. Hormonal Stimuli of Endocrine Glands
Most common stimulus
Endocrine organs are activated by other hormones
Example:
Anterior pituitary hormones travel to target glands,
such as the thyroid gland, to prompt the release of a
particular hormone, such as thyroid hormone
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 15. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.2a Endocrine gland stimuli.
(a) Hormonal stimulus
The hypothalamus secretes
hormones that…
Hypothalamus
1
…stimulate
the anterior
pituitary
gland to
secrete
hormones
that…
Anterior
pituitary
gland
Thyroid
gland
Adrenal
cortex
Gonad
(testis)
…stimulate other endocrine
glands to secrete hormones
2
3
- 16. Humoral Stimuli of Endocrine Glands
Changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients
stimulate hormone release
Humoral indicates various body fluids, such as blood
and bile
Examples:
Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are produced in
response to changing levels of blood calcium levels
Insulin is produced in response to changing levels of
blood glucose levels
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 17. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.2b Endocrine gland stimuli.
(b) Humoral stimulus
Capillary blood contains low
concentration of Ca2+, which
stimulates…
Capillary
(low Ca2+
in blood)
Thyroid gland
(posterior view)
Parathyroid
glands
Parathyroid
glands
PTH
…secretion of parathyroid
hormone (PTH) by parathyroid
glands)
1
2
- 18. Neural Stimuli of Endocrine Glands
Nerve impulses stimulate hormone release
Most are under the control of the sympathetic
nervous system
Examples:
The release of norepinephrine and epinephrine by
the adrenal medulla
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 19. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.2c Endocrine gland stimuli.
(c) Neural stimulus
Preganglionic sympathetic
fiber stimulates adrenal medulla
cells…
CNS (spinal cord)
Preganglionic
sympathetic fibers
Medulla of
adrenal
gland
Capillary
…to secrete catecholamines
(epinephrine and norepinephrine)
1
2
- 20. Major Endocrine Organs
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal glands
Pineal gland
Thymus gland
Pancreas
Gonads (ovaries and testes)
Hypothalamus
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 21. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.3 Location of the major endocrine organs of the body.
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Thymus
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovary (female)
Testis (male)
- 22. Major Endocrine Organs
Some glands are purely endocrine
Anterior pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, parathyroids
Endocrine glands are ductless glands
Hormones are released directly into blood or lymph
Other glands are mixed glands, with both endocrine
and exocrine functions (pancreas, gonads)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 23. Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland is the size of a pea
Hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus in the brain
Protected by the sphenoid bone
Has two functional lobes
Anterior pituitary—glandular tissue
Posterior pituitary—nervous tissue
Often called the “master endocrine gland”
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 24. Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting
hormones
These hormones are released into portal circulation,
which connects hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
Hypothalamus also makes two hormones: oxytocin
and antidiuretic hormone
Carried to posterior pituitary via neurosecretory cells
for storage
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 25. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.4 Hormones released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary and their target organs.
Optic
chiasma
Axon
terminals
Anterior lobe
of the pituitary
Venous drainage
Capillary bed
Posterior lobe
Arterial blood supply
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamic
neurosecretory
cells
ADH Oxytocin
Kidney tubules Mammary glands
Uterine muscles
- 26. Posterior Pituitary and Hypothalamic
Hormones
Oxytocin
Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor,
sexual relations, and breastfeeding
Causes milk ejection (let-down reflex) in a
breastfeeding woman
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 27. Posterior Pituitary and Hypothalamic
Hormones
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Inhibits urine production (diuresis) by promoting
water reabsorption by the kidneys
In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction of
arterioles, leading to increased blood pressure (the
reason why ADH is known as vasopressin)
Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion
Diabetes insipidus results from ADH hyposecretion
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 28. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
Six anterior pituitary hormones
Two affect nonendocrine targets:
1. Growth hormone
2. Prolactin
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 29. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
Four stimulate other endocrine glands to release
hormones (tropic hormones):
1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropic hormone)
2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
3. Follicle-stimulating hormone
4. Luteinizing hormone
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 30. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
Characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones
Protein (or peptides) structure
Act through second-messenger systems
Regulated by hormonal stimuli
Regulated mostly by negative feedback
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 31. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.5 Hormones of the anterior pituitary and their major target organs.
Posterior pituitary
Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
Adrenal cortex
Thyrotropic
hormone (TH)
Thyroid
Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
and luteinizing
hormone (LH)
Testes or ovaries
Mammary
glands
Prolactin (PRL)
Bones and muscles
Growth hormone (GH)
Hypophyseal
portal system
Anterior pituitary
Releasing hormones
secreted into portal
circulation
Hypothalamus
- 32. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
Growth hormone (GH)
General metabolic hormone
Major effects are directed to growth of skeletal
muscles and long bones
Plays a role in determining final body size
Causes amino acids to be built into proteins
Causes fats to be broken down for a source of
energy
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 33. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
Growth hormone (GH) disorders
Pituitary dwarfism results from hyposecretion of GH
during childhood
Gigantism results from hypersecretion of GH during
childhood
Acromegaly results from hypersecretion of GH
during adulthood
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 34. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.6 Disorders of pituitary growth hormone.
This individual exhibiting gigantism (right)
stands 8 feet, 1 inch tall. The pituitary dwarf
(left) is 2 feet, 5.37 inches tall.
- 35. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
Prolactin (PRL)
Stimulates and maintains milk production following
childbirth
Function in males is unknown
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 36. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
Thyrotropic hormone (TH), also called thyroid-
stimulating hormone (TSH)
Influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 37. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
Gonadotropic hormones
Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Stimulates follicle development in ovaries
Stimulates sperm development in testes
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Triggers ovulation of an egg in females
Stimulates testosterone production in males
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 38. Thyroid Gland
Found at the base of the throat
Consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus
Produces two hormones:
1. Thyroid hormone
2. Calcitonin
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- 39. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.7a The thyroid gland.
Isthmus of
thyroid gland
Thyroid
cartilage
Common
carotid artery
Trachea
Brachiocephalic
artery
Aorta
(a) Gross anatomy of the thyroid gland, anterior view
Epiglottis
Left subclavian
artery
Left lobe of
thyroid gland
- 40. Thyroid Gland
Thyroid hormone
Major metabolic hormone
Controls rate of oxidation of glucose to supply body
heat and chemical energy
Needed for tissue growth and development
Composed of two active iodine-containing hormones
Thyroxine (T4)—secreted by thyroid follicles
Triiodothyronine (T3)—conversion of T4 at target
tissues
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 41. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.7b The thyroid gland.
(b) Photomicrograph of thyroid gland
follicles (380×)
Parafollicular cells
Colloid-filled
follicles Follicle cells
- 42. Thyroid Gland
Thyroid hormone disorders
Goiters
Thyroid gland enlarges because of lack of iodine
Salt is iodized to prevent goiters
Cretinism
Caused by hyposecretion of thyroxine
Results in dwarfism during childhood
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 43. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.8 Woman with an enlarged thyroid (goiter).
- 44. Thyroid Gland
Thyroid hormone disorders (continued)
Myxedema
Caused by hypothyroidism in adults
Results in physical and mental sluggishness
Graves’ disease
Caused by hyperthyroidism
Results in increased metabolism, heat intolerance,
rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and exophthalmos
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 45. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.9 The exophthalmos of Graves’ disease.
- 46. Thyroid Gland
Calcitonin
Decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium
deposition on bone
Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone
Produced by parafollicular cells found between the
follicles
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 47. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.7b The thyroid gland.
(b) Photomicrograph of thyroid gland
follicles (380×)
Parafollicular cells
Colloid-filled
follicles Follicle cells
- 48. Parathyroid Glands
Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid
Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Stimulates osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone
Hypercalcemic hormone (increases blood calcium
levels)
Stimulates the kidneys and intestine to absorb more
calcium
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 49. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.10 Hormonal controls of ionic calcium levels in the blood.
Parathyroid
glands
Thyroid
gland
Parathyroid
glands release
parathyroid
hormone (PTH).
PTH
Stimulus
Falling blood
Ca2+ levels
BALANCE
Calcitonin
stimulates
calcium salt
deposit in bone.
Thyroid gland
releases calcitonin.
Calcitonin
BALANCE
Stimulus
Rising blood
Ca2+ levels
Osteoclasts
degrade bone
matrix and release
Ca2+ into blood.
Calcium homeostasis of blood:
9–11 mg/100 ml
- 50. Adrenal Glands
Sit on top of the kidneys
Two regions:
1. Adrenal cortex—outer glandular region has three
layers that produce corticosteroids
Mineralocorticoids are secreted by outermost layer
Glucocorticoids are secreted by middle layer
Sex hormones are secreted by innermost layer
2. Adrenal medulla—inner neural tissue region
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 51. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.11 Microscopic structure of the adrenal gland.
Kidney
Adrenal
gland
Adrenal gland
• Medulla
• Cortex
Kidney
Cortex
Medulla
Adrenal
cortex
Adrenal
medulla
Sex hormone–
secreting area
Glucocorticoid-
secreting area
Mineralocorticoid-
secreting area
Capsule
- 52. Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)
Produced in outer adrenal cortex
Regulate mineral content in blood, particularly
sodium and potassium ions
Regulate water and electrolyte balance
Target organ is the kidney
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 53. Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
Release of aldosterone is stimulated by:
Humoral factors (fewer sodium ions or too many
potassium ions in the blood)
Hormonal stimulation (ACTH)
Renin and angiotensin II in response to a drop in
blood pressure
Aldosterone production is inhibited by atrial
natriuretic peptide (ANP), a hormone produced by
the heart when blood pressure is too high
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 54. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.12 Major mechanisms controlling aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex.
Kidney
Decreased Na+ or
increased K+ in
blood
Decreased
blood volume
and/or blood
pressure
Stress
Hypothalamus
Corticotropin-
releasing
hormone
Anterior pituitary
ACTH
Increased
blood pressure
or blood volume
Heart
Renin
Indirect
stimulating
effect via
angiotensin
Angiotensin II
Atrial natriuretic
peptide (ANP)
Inhibitory
effect
Direct
stimulating
effect
Mineralocorticoid-
producing part of
adrenal cortex
Enhanced secretion
of aldosterone targets
kidney tubules
Increased absorption
of Na+ and water;
increased K+ excretion
Increased blood
volume and
blood pressure
- 55. Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)
Produced by middle layer of adrenal cortex
Promote normal cell metabolism
Help resist long-term stressors by increasing blood
glucose levels (hyperglycemic hormone)
Anti-inflammatory properties
Released in response to increased blood levels of
ACTH
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 56. Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
Sex hormones
Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex
Small amounts are made throughout life
Mostly androgens (male sex hormones) are made,
but some estrogens (female sex hormones) are also
formed
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 57. Adrenal Glands
Adrenal cortex disorders
Addison’s disease
Results from hyposecretion of all adrenal cortex
hormones
Bronze skin tone, muscle weakness, burnout,
susceptibility to infection
Hyperaldosteronism
May result from an ACTH-releasing tumor
Excess water and sodium are retained, leading to
high blood pressure and edema
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 58. Adrenal Glands
Adrenal cortex disorders (continued)
Cushing’s syndrome
Results from a tumor in the middle cortical area of the
adrenal cortex
“Moon face,” “buffalo hump” on the upper back, high
blood pressure, hyperglycemia, weakening of bones,
depression
Masculinization
Results from hypersecretion of sex hormones
Beard and male distribution of hair growth
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 59. Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
Produces two similar hormones: (catecholamines)
1. Epinephrine (adrenaline)
2. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
These hormones prepare the body to deal with
short-term stress (“fight or flight”) by:
Increasing heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose
levels
Dilating small passageways of lungs
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 60. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.11 Microscopic structure of the adrenal gland.
Kidney
Adrenal
gland
Adrenal gland
• Medulla
• Cortex
Kidney
Cortex
Medulla
Adrenal
cortex
Adrenal
medulla
Sex hormone–
secreting area
Glucocorticoid-
secreting area
Mineralocorticoid-
secreting area
Capsule
- 61. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.13 Roles of the hypothalamus, adrenal medulla, and adrenal cortex in the stress response.
Hypothalamus
Short term More prolonged
Spinal cord
Nerve impulses
Preganglionic
sympathetic
fibers
Adrenal
medulla
Short-term stress response
Catecholamines
(epinephrine and
norepinephrine)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Increased heart rate
Increased blood pressure
Liver converts glycogen
to glucose and releases
glucose to blood
Dilation of bronchioles
Changes in blood flow
patterns, leading to
increased alertness and
decreased digestive and
kidney activity
Increased metabolic rate
Stress
Releasing hormones
Corticotropic cells of
anterior pituitary
ACTH
Adrenal
cortex
Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids
Long-term stress response
1.
2.
Retention of sodium
and water by kidneys
Increased blood
volume and blood
pressure
1.
2.
3.
Proteins and fats
converted to
glucose or broken
down for energy
Increased blood
sugar
Suppression of
immune system
- 62. Pancreatic Islets
Pancreas
Located in the abdomen, close to stomach
Mixed gland, with both endocrine and exocrine
functions
The pancreatic islets produce hormones
Insulin—produced by beta cells
Glucagon—produced by alpha cells
These hormones are antagonists that maintain blood
sugar homeostasis
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 63. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.14a Pancreatic tissue.
Stomach
Pancreas
(a)
- 64. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.14b Pancreatic tissue.
(b)
Pancreatic
islets
Exocrine
cells of
pancreas
- 65. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.14c Pancreatic tissue.
(c)
Cord of beta (𝛃) cells
secreting insulin into
capillaries
Capillaries
Exocrine
cells of
pancreas
Alpha (𝛂)
cells
- 66. Pancreatic Islets
Insulin
Released when blood glucose levels are high
Increases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism
by body cells
Glucagon
Released when blood glucose levels are low
Stimulates the liver to release glucose to blood, thus
increasing blood glucose levels
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 67. Homeostatic Imbalance
Diabetes mellitus
Occurs in the absence of insulin
Blood sugar levels increase dramatically
Blood glucose is lost in the urine; water follows
Three cardinal signs:
1. Polyuria
2. Polydipsia
3. Polyphagia
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 68. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.15 Regulation of blood glucose levels by a negative feedback mechanism involving pancreatic hormones.
Stimulus
Blood
glucose level
(e.g., after
eating four
jelly doughnuts) Stimulus
Blood glucose
level (e.g., after
skipping a meal)
Insulin
Pancreas
Tissue cells
Glucose Glycogen
Uptake of glucose from
blood is enhanced in
most body cells
Blood glucose
falls to homeostatic
set point; stimulus
for insulin release
diminishes
Liver takes up
glucose and stores
as glycogen
Insulin-secreting cells
of the pancreas activated;
release insulin into the
blood
Elevated blood
sugar level
Blood glucose rises
to homeostatic
set point; stimulus
for glucagon
release diminishes
Liver breaks
down glycogen
stores and
releases glucose
to the blood
Glucose Glycogen
Liver
Glucagon
Low blood sugar level
Glucagon-releasing
cells of pancreas
activated; release
glucagon into blood
- 69. Pineal Gland
Located posterior to the third ventricle of the brain
Secretes melatonin
Helps establish the body’s sleep/wake cycles as well
as biological rhythms
Believed to coordinate the hormones of fertility in
humans
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- 70. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.3 Location of the major endocrine organs of the body.
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Thymus
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovary (female)
Testis (male)
- 71. Thymus Gland
Located posterior to the sternum
Largest in infants and children
Produces thymosin
Matures some types of white blood cells
Important in developing the immune system
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 72. Gonads
Ovaries
Produce eggs
Produce two groups of steroid hormones:
1. Estrogens
2. Progesterone
Testes
Produce sperm
Produce androgens, such as testosterone
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 73. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.3 Location of the major endocrine organs of the body.
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Thymus
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovary (female)
Testis (male)
- 74. Hormones of the Ovaries
Estrogens
Stimulate the development of secondary female
characteristics
Mature female reproductive organs
With progesterone, estrogens also
Promote breast development
Regulate menstrual cycle
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 75. Hormones of the Ovaries
Progesterone
Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle
Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus
Helps prepare breasts for lactation
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 76. Hormones of the Testes
Produce several androgens
Testosterone is the most important androgen
Responsible for adult male secondary sex
characteristics
Promotes growth and maturation of male
reproductive system
Required for sperm cell production
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 77. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 9.1 Major Endocrine Glands and Some of Their Hormones (1 of 5).
- 78. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 9.1 Major Endocrine Glands and Some of Their Hormones (2 of 5).
- 79. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 9.1 Major Endocrine Glands and Some of Their Hormones (3 of 5).
- 80. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 9.1 Major Endocrine Glands and Some of Their Hormones (4 of 5).
- 81. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 9.1 Major Endocrine Glands and Some of Their Hormones (5 of 5).
- 82. Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and
Organs
Parts of the small intestine
Parts of the stomach
Kidneys
Heart
Many other areas have scattered endocrine cells
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 83. Placenta
Produces hormones that maintain pregnancy
Some hormones play a part in the delivery of the
baby
Produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in
addition to estrogen, progesterone, and other
hormones
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 84. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 9.2 Hormones Produced by Organs Other Than the Major Endocrine Organs (1 of 3).
- 85. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 9.2 Hormones Produced by Organs Other Than the Major Endocrine Organs (2 of 3).
- 86. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 9.2 Hormones Produced by Organs Other Than the Major Endocrine Organs (3 of 3).
- 87. Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine
System
In the absence of disease, efficiency of the
endocrine system remains high until old age
Decreasing function of female ovaries at
menopause leads to such symptoms as
osteoporosis, increased chance of heart disease,
and possible mood changes
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 88. Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine
System
Efficiency of all endocrine glands gradually
decreases with aging, which leads to a generalized
increase in incidence of:
Diabetes mellitus
Immune system depression
Lower metabolic rate
Cancer rates in some areas
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.