1) The document discusses various sources of energy, classifying them as renewable (e.g. solar, wind, hydro, biomass) and non-renewable (fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, natural gas). 2) It provides details on different energy sources, how they work, their advantages and disadvantages. This includes descriptions of thermal power plants, hydropower plants, biogas plants, solar cells and more. 3) The concluding section compares renewable and non-renewable sources, noting that while renewable sources are pollution-free and sustainable, non-renewable sources are limited and cause more environmental harm through carbon emissions.

1. CHAPTER - 14
SOURCES OF ENERGY
BY SHIVAM PARMAR
(ENTREPRENEUR & TEACHER)

2. A GOOD SOURCE OF ENERGY
• Sources can be classified as renewable and non-renewable
sources of energy.
• Any source of energy that does not get depleted or gets
exhausted is considered a good source of energy and are usually
called as renewable.

3. FEATURES OF
GOOD FUEL
• It should have high calorific value.
• It should not produce smoke while
burning.
• Cheap and easily available.
• Easy to handle and safe to transport.
• Convenient in storage.

4. FOSSIL FUELS
• These are the fuels formed from remains of dead plants and
animals under the earth crust due to excessive pressure and
temperature for millions of years.
• Examples: Coal, Petroleum (Petrol, Diesel, Kerosene, LPG), Natural
gas.

5. DISADVANTAGES OF
FOSSIL FUELS
•Non-renewable.
•Greenhouse effect.
•A Lot of smoke

6. THERMAL
POWER
PLANT
• First the coal is burnt into the furnace of steam boiler. High Pressure steam
is produced in the boiler. In turbine, this steam force rotates the turbine
blades. As the turbine turns, it causes the generator to do its work and
create electricity.
• The transmission of electricity is more efficient than transporting coal or
petroleum over the same distance. Therefore, many thermal power plants
are set up near coal or oil fields.

7. A model to demonstrate the process of Thermal Power Plant

8. HYDROPOWER PLANT
• Hydropower is electricity generated using the energy of falling and
running water. It is a conventional source of energy.
Working of Hydropower Plant:
• Dam / reservoir is made over a river to collect water in large amount.
Water coming of high speed rotates the turbine which in turn
activates a generator to produce electricity. Some hydroelectric
power plants just use a small canal to channel the river water through
a turbine.

10. ADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT
• It is a renewable source of energy.
• Water is free of cost.
• These plants are pollution free.
• Construction of dams helps to control floods.

11. DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT
• Hydropowercan be established in some certain locations,
it depends on location of river, ocean. Also large area is
required to build a dam.
• Vegetation submerged below dam produces methane
which leads to greenhouse effect.

12. BIO-MASS
Biomass is a source of energy that is directly obtained from plants and
animals such as wood, agricultural waste, cow-dunk (Gobar).
Wood:
• It produces biomass and can be used as fuel for a long time.
• It produces smoke during burning.
• It does not produce much heat.

13. CHARCOAL
• When wood is burnt in limited supply of oxygen, it produces
charcoal.
• Charcoal is a better fuel than wood as it has high calorific
value.
• It does not produce smoke while burning.

14. COW DUNG
• It produces lots of
smoke.
• It does not
completely burn.
• It has low calorific
value.
• It also produces
ash.

15. BIOGAS PLANT
• A biogas plant is a dome-like
structure built with bricks where
cow dung and other biowaste are
mixed with water to form a slurry
and put into a digester.
• The digester is a sealed chamber
with anaerobic bacteria which
breaks down the slurry.
• This decomposition process releases
gases like methane, CO2, hydrogen
sulphide and hydrogen.

16. WIND ENERGY
• Eco-friendly efficient source of energy.
• Wind is the natural phenomenoncaused by pressure
differentials due to unequal heating on the surface of the
earth. It is harnessed in the form of kinetic energy.

17. WIND ENERGY
• Wind Energy is harnessed by rotatory structures known as
windmills.
• They have huge blades or fans attached very high on a rigid
support that is attached to turbines that rotate due to high speeds
of wind and generate electricity.
• A single windmill has a low output and therefore, the wind farms
are built that comprises of several windmills.

18. ADVANTAGES OF WIND ENERGY
• Eco-friendly
• Efficient
• Renewable source with no recurring cost

19. LIMITATIONS OF WIND ENERGY
• Wind speeds should be constant (> 15 km/h).
• Must have back up storage facilities like cells.
• Requires large land area.
• High initial cost
• Regular maintenance.

20. NON- CONVENTIONAL/ ALTERNATIVE
SOURCES OF ENERGY
SOLARENERGY
• The sun is the main
source of energy for
all living beings on
this earth. The sun
has an endless
reservoir of energy
which would be
available for all.
• Examples of solar
energy are solar
cooker, solar panel.

21. SOLAR COOKER
• Solar cookers and water heaters use solar
energy to operate.
• Black surfaces absorb more energy than
other surfaces and solar cookers use this
property by coating their insides black.
• They use reflecting surfaces like mirrors
to focus the sun’s rays.
• The device is covered with a glass plate
thereby establishing the greenhouse
effect by trapping heat inside the cooker.

22. SOLAR CELL
• A device that converts solar energy into
electricity is known as a solar cell.
• A typical cell develops a voltage of 0.5
to 1 V and 0.7 W of electricity. A large
number of such cells can combine to
form a solar panel which can generate
power large enough for practical uses.
Advantages:
• No moving parts
• Require little maintenance
• Can be set up in remote areas

23. SOLAR CELL
Disadvantages:
• Requires a special grade silicon which
is not easily available
• Usage of silver for interconnections
makes it expensive.
• Uses: traffic signals, calculators,
artificial satellites, space probes and
many toys are fitted with solar cells.

24. ENERGY FROM THE SEA
The seas and oceans and other water
bodies are a source of kinetic and
potential energy due to the immense
volume of water and the motion of
waves.

25. TIDAL ENERGY
• Tides are variations in the level of water due to the
gravitational pull of the moon.
• The phenomenon of rise and fall of water level or high and
low tides and the difference in sea levels gives tidal energy.
• Tidal energy is obtained by constructing a dam near the
narrow openings of the sea. When the tide sets in, it moves
the turbine which directly produces electricity.
• It is limited to places near the sea.

26. WAVE ENERGY
• Waves possess a lot of kinetic energy that can
be harnessed to produce electricity.
• Waves are generated by strong winds blowing
across the sea.

27. OCEANTHERMAL ENERGY
• The difference in temperatures of water at a certain depth in oceans
is exploited to obtain energy.
• Temperature difference must be 20°C between the surface and water
up to depths of 2 km.
• Warm water is used to boil volatile ammonia to form vapours that
move the turbine. Cold water is used to condense the vapour back to
liquid.

28. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
• There is a huge amount of heat trapped inside the earth.
Molten rocks from Earth’s core sometimes come up due to
geological changes and get trapped in hotspots. When
underground water comes in contact with the hotspots,
steam is generated.
• This steam is used to rotate turbines and generate
electricity.

29. NUCLEAR ENERGY
• Nuclear energy can be used to generate electricity by means of
nuclear fission.
• In a nuclear reactor, the nuclear fuel is used to carry out sustained
fission chain reaction to produce electricity at a controlled rate.

30. NUCLEAR FISSION
Nuclear fission is the
process where a heavy
atom (uranium or
plutonium) is
bombarded with
neutrons that split the
atom to give lighter
nuclei. This process
releases tremendous
amounts of energy.

31. DISADVANTAGES OF USING NUCLEAR ENERGY
• Nuclear waste
• High setup and maintenance cost
• Limited availability of uranium
• Can be used for destructive purposes

32. NUCLEAR FUSION
• Fusion means combining
lighter nuclei to produce
a heavier nucleus,
usually hydrogen or
hydrogen isotopes to
create helium.
• It releases a huge
amount of energy.
y

33. DIFFERENCEBETWEENRENEWABLEAND
NONRENEWABLESOURCESOF ENERGY
Renewable Sources Non Renewable Sources
These resources are Pollution free. Resources are not pollution free.
It is inexhaustible(sustainable) It is exhaustible
These resources are present in unlimited
quantity.
These resources are present in a limited
quantity only.
It is environment-friendly as the amount
of carbon emission is low.
It is not environment-friendly as the amount of
carbon emission is high.
Rate of renewal is greater than the rate
of consumption.
Rate of renewal is lower than the rate of
consumption.

34. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
• No source of energy is pollution free.
• Burning fossil fuels causes air pollution.
• Vegetation submerged below hydropowerdam leads to
greenhouse effect.
• CNG creates much lesser pollution than petrol and diesel.
• LPG is the best choice for cooking purpose
• Sun is the ultimate source of energy.

35. THANK YOU