The passage describes the respiratory and excretory systems. The respiratory system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide through a process called respiration. Oxygen is used in cellular respiration to produce energy, with carbon dioxide as a waste product. The lungs have alveoli with a large surface area for gas exchange between air and blood. The kidneys filter waste like urea from the blood and remove it from the body through urine. Problems of these systems include diseases like pneumonia and emphysema in the lungs, and a buildup of toxins if the excretory system fails.

1. Chapter 13 Respiration and Excretion Page 262

2. 13:1 The Role of Respiration Gases of Respiration Oxygen is brought into your body, and CO2 is carried out of your body by your respiratory system. Respiratory systems role is to exchange these gases. Oxygen is used by cells in cellular respiration. Cellular respiration: Oxygen and sugar combine , this creates energy for the body, carbon dioxide and water are formed.

3. Cellular Respiration Formula C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy C6H12O6= Simple Sugar 6O2= Oxygen 6CO2= Carbon Dioxide 6H2O= Water

4. Role of Respiratory System

5. Respiration in Animals Earthworms exchange gases through their skin. Insects have large network of small tubes that carry air to all body parts. Frogs exchange gases through lungs and skin. Humans have lungs. Respiratory systems have large surface area in order to provide a surface for gases to diffuse into or out of the animals bodies. The higher an organisms metabolism, the more efficient their respiratory system needs to be.

6. Need to Know Questions Which gases are exchanged by the respiratory system? Why is oxygen needed by our cells? Why do respiratory systems have large surface areas? Explain why a bird would need a more efficient respiratory system than human?

7. 13:2 Human Respiratory System Respiratory Organs Nose Air enters nose Nose Hairs trap dust particles to prevent from entering lungs. Nasal Chamber Large space above roof of your mouth. Warms or cools the entering air. Mucus is formed inside nose. i. Mucus keeps air moist as it passes through the nose.

8. Epiglottis Small flap that closes over the windpipe when you swallow. Prevents food or liquid from entering windpipe when you are eating. (Video segment 1) Trachea (windpipe) Tube about 15cm long that carries air to two shorter tubes that lead into your longs.

9. Bronchi Are two short tubes that carry air from the trachea to the left and right lung. Lungs Major organs of respiratory system. Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.

10. As bronchi enter lungs, they branch into thousands of smaller tubes. Each of these tubes lead into tiny air sacs. Alveoli (Video Segment two) Tiny air sacs of the lungs. Provide the large surface area for gases to pass into and out of your blood. If all air sacs in a person’ s lungs were opened and spread out they would cover an area equal to about 1/5 the area of a basketball court. (See pg 268)

11. Large Area provides a surface for gases to diffuse into or out of the blood or cells. Frog= B; Earthworm= A, Fish D, Insect= E, Human (not Jamie)=C

12. Gas Exchange

13. Blood Capillaries around alveoli low in oxygen. As you breath oxygen it fills each alveolus. Oxygen passes out of the air sacs into the blood by diffusion. a. Less moves out then brought in b/c some goes to body cells. Your lungs give off more CO2 then they receive. a. b/c carbon dioxide is formed as waste product by all body cells during cellular respiration.

14. Blood arrives at the lungs, Carbon Dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli. The carbon dioxide is then released into the air as your lungs exhale.

15. Breathing Most breathe in 12 to 16 times a minute. Steps of the Breathing Process. Diaphragm is relaxed. It is domelike and pushes upward. (see page 270 for all diagrams) Space between lungs and inside of chest wall. As diaphragm pushes up against the lungs space gets smaller. b/c lungs are soft they are squeezed as space gets smaller.

16. Air pushes out of the alveoli as the lungs are squeezed. Diaphragm begins to contract. As it tightens up, it flattens and moves downward. The space between the lungs and the inside of the chest becomes larger. Lungs expand because space surrounding has increased. Air is pulled into the alveoli as the lungs expand. This causes you to breath in.

17. 13:3 Problems of the Respiratory System A Breathing Problem Carbon Monoxide is an odorless, colorless, poison gas sometimes found in the air. CO is more easily picked up by your red blood cells than oxygen. CO comes from the burning of certain fuels. CO does not cause problems in open or well ventilated areas, but in a closed area is deadly for humans.

18. Respiratory Diseases Pneumonia is a lung disease caused by bacteria, virus or both. Microbes invade the alveoli and multiply. Causes lung tissue forms extra mucus. Mucus and pus fill the alveoli and cause difficulty in breathing. Prevents oxygen from entering the lungs. Can be passed from one person to another.

19. Emphysema Lung disease that results in the breakdown of alveoli. Person seems to be always out of breath b/c there are not enough alveoli to get oxygen into the blood. Common cause is the breathing in of chemicals while smoking or from air pollution.

20. Answers to Study Guide page 75 Arrows should be shown leaving the alveoli and entering the capillary. Drawing B should have the squares (Carbon Monoxide) leaving the alveoli and entering the capillary. CO is picked up more easily by the RBC’s. If too much CO is inhaled, too little oxygen will be delivered to the person’s cells.

21. Drawing C shows alveoli filled with pus, liquid, and mucus. What Disease may cause this to occur? PNEUMONIA Can oxygen (black dots) reach the capillaries surrounding these alveoli? The alveoli are blocked with pus, liquid, and mucus. This prevents the Oxygen from getting into the blood.

22. Drawing D shows the alveoli of a person with emphysema. How do these alveoli compare with those of a normal person? Alveoli of a normal person have more surface area (see drawing A) How is emphysema harmful? b. A person with emphysema is out of breath b/c there are not enough alveoli surface area to get oxygen into the blood.

23. 13:4 The Role of Excretion Waste Removal Blood contains chemical wastes not needed by body that could be harmful. Wastes could destroy cells and tissues. Cause fever, poisoning, or even death. Wastes made by blood cells or undigested food. Excretion is the process of removing waste from the body. Solid wastes removed by digestive system. Liquid wastes removed by excretory system.

24. Urea is a waste that results from the breakdown of body protein. Poisonous and must be removed from the body. Picked up from cells by blood and carried to kidneys. The KIDNEYS are the most important organ in the excretory system. Animals without kidneys (sponges, jellyfish) Waste passes out of cells directly into the water they live. Earthworms use a pair of tubes in each body segment that connect the inside of the animal to the outside.

25. Human Kidneys Each human body starts with two kidneys, each about as big as a fist. Filters waste from blood. During one day your kidneys filter up to 200 liters of blood. Kidneys are hooked up to blood vessels.

26. Steps of Blood through kidneys. Blood carrying wastes move through bodies arteries. Small arteries bring blood to be filtered into each kidney. Kidneys filter urea from blood. Filtered blood leaves kidneys through veins. a. Blood is now free of waste.

27. Blood in veins is taken to the heart and other parts of the body. Wastes from blood leave each kidney through a URETER. URETER is a tube that carries waste from kidney to urinary bladder. Urinary Bladder is a storage for liquid wastes from the kidney. The URETHA is a tube that carries liquid waste from bladder to outside the body.