This document discusses electronic security in computer networks. It covers securing network information through confidentiality, availability, and integrity. It describes authentication of users, acceptable use policies, and information integrity. It also discusses threats to security like hackers, viruses, and malicious insiders. Finally, it outlines security tools like firewalls, proxy servers, and intrusion detection systems that can help secure networks.
Greek Mythology
The Great Hero before the Trojan War!
P.S. Guys kindly click like if the article is helpful and IF you're going to download the slides/presentation.Thank you.
Greek Mythology
The Great Hero before the Trojan War!
P.S. Guys kindly click like if the article is helpful and IF you're going to download the slides/presentation.Thank you.
Cyberattacks are malicious actions taken by individuals, groups, or organizations against computer systems, networks, and digital devices with the intent to damage, steal or manipulate data, or disrupt normal operations. These attacks can target anyone, from individuals to governments and large corporations, and can cause severe damage to both personal and professional lives.
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Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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2. Objectives
• Explore electronic security issues.
• Describe processes for securing information in a
computer network.
• Identify various methods of user authentication
and relate authentication to security of a
network.
• Explain methods to anticipate and prevent typical
threats to network security.
3. Securing Network Information
• The linking of computers together and to
the outside creates the possibility of a
breach of network security, and exposes
the information to unauthorized use.
• The three main areas of secure network
information are confidentiality, availability,
and integrity.
4. Confidentiality
• Safeguarding all personal information by
ensuring that access is limited to only those
who are authorized.
• “Shoulder surfing” or watching over
someone’s back as they are working, is still
a major way that confidentiality is
compromised.
5. Acceptable Use
• Organizations protect the availability of
their networks with an acceptable use
policy.
• Defines the types of activities that are
acceptable and not acceptable on the
corporate computer network
• Defines the consequences for violations.
6. Information Integrity
• Quality and accuracy of networked
information
• Organizations need clear policies to clarify:
– how data is actually inputted,
– who has the authorization to change such data
and
– to track how and when data are changed and
by whom.
7. Authentication of Users
• Authentication of employees is also used
by organizations in their security policies.
• Organizations authenticate by:
– something the user knows (password),
– something the user has (ID badge), or
– something the user is (biometrics)
8. More About Authentication
• Policies typically include the enforcement
of changing passwords every thirty or sixty
days.
• Biometric devices include recognizing
thumb prints, retina patterns or facial
patterns.
• Organizations may use a combination of
these types of authentication.
9. Threats to Security
• A 2003 nationwide survey by the Computing
Technology Industry Association (CompTIA) found
that human error was the most likely cause of
problems with security breaches.
• The first line of defense is strictly physical.
• The power of a locked door, an operating system
that locks down after five minutes of inactivity,
and regular security training programs are
extremely effective.
10. Threats to Security
• One way to address this physical security
risk is to limit the authorization to ‘write’
files to a device.
• Organizations are also ‘turning’ off the
CD/DVD burners and USB ports on
company desktops.
11. Threats to Security
• The most common threats a corporate
network faces from the outside world are
hackers, malicious code (spyware, viruses,
worms, Trojan horses) and the malicious
insider.
• Spyware is normally controlled by limiting
functions of the browser used to surf the
Internet.
12. Cookies
• A “cookie” is a very small file written to the
hard drive of a user surfing the Internet.
• On the negative side, cookies can also
follow the user’s travels on the Internet.
• Spying cookies related to marketing
typically do not track keystrokes to steal
user ids and passwords.
13. Threats to Security
• Spyware that does steal user ids and
passwords contains malicious code that is
normally hidden in a seemingly innocent
file download.
• Another huge threat to corporate security
is social engineering, or the manipulation of
a relationship based on one’s position in an
organization.
14. Malicious Insider
• The number one security threat to a
corporate network is the malicious insider.
• There is also software available to track
and thus monitor employee activity.
• Depending on the number of employees,
organizations may also employ a full time
electronic auditor who does nothing but
monitor activity logs.
15. Security Tools
• There are a wide range of tools available to
an organization to protect the
organizational network and information.
• These tools can be either a software
solution such as antivirus software or a
hardware tool such as a proxy server.
16. Security Tools
• E-mail scanning software and antivirus
software should never be turned off and
updates should be run weekly, and ideally,
daily.
• Software is also available to scan instant
messages and to automatically delete spam
e-mail.
17. Firewalls
• A firewall can be either hardware or
software or a combination of both.
• A firewall can be set up to examines traffic
to and from the network
• Firewalls are basically electronic security
guards at the gate of the corporate
network.
18. Proxy Servers
• Hardware security tool to help protect the
organization against security breaches by:
– preventing users from directly accessing the
Internet from corporate computers.
– Issuing masks to protect the identity of a
corporation’s employees accessing the World
Wide Web.
– tracking which employees are using which
masks and directing the traffic appropriately.
19. Intrusion detection systems
• Hardware and software to monitor who is
using the organizational network and what
files that user has accessed.
• Corporations must diligently monitor for
unauthorized access of their networks.
• Remember: Any use of a secured network
leaves a digital footprint that can be easily
tracked by electronic auditing software.
20. Offsite Use of Portable Devices
• Off site uses of portable devices such as laptops,
PDA’s, home computing systems, smart phones,
and portable data storage devices can help to
streamline the delivery of health care.
• Some agencies have developed a virtual private
network (VPN) that the user must log in to in
order to reach the network.
• The VPN ensures that all data transmitted via this
gateway is encrypted.
21. Offsite Use of Portable Devices
• Only essential data for the job should be
contained on the mobile device, and other non-
clinical information such as a social security
numbers should never be carried outside the
secure network.
• The agency is ultimately responsible for the
integrity of the data contained on these devices
as required by HITECH and HIPAA regulations.
22. Offsite Use of Portable Devices
• If a device is lost or stolen, the agency must have clear
procedures in place to help insure that sensitive data
does not get released or used inappropriately.
• The Department of Health and Human Services (2006)
identifies potential risks and proposes risk
management strategies for accessing, storing, and
transmitting EPHI. Visit this website for detailed
tabular information (p 4-6) on potential risks and risk
management strategies:
http://www.cms.hhs.gov/SecurityStandard/Download
s/SecurityGuidanceforRemoteUseFinal122806.pdf
23. Thought Provoking Questions
1. Jean, a diabetes nurse educator recently
read an article in an online journal that she
accessed through her health agency’s
database subscription. The article provided
a comprehensive checklist for managing
diabetes in older adults that she prints and
distributes to her patients in a diabetes
education class. Does this constitute fair
use or is this a copyright violation?
24. Thought Provoking Questions
2. Sue is a COPD clinic nurse enrolled in a Master’s
education program. She is interested in writing a
paper on the factors that are associated with poor
compliance with medical regimens and associated
re-hospitalization of COPD patients. She downloads
patient information from the clinic database to a
thumb drive that she later accesses on her home
computer. Sue understands rules about privacy of
information and believes that since she is a nurse
and needs this information for a graduate school
assignment that she is entitled to the information.
Is Sue correct in her thinking?