This document summarizes Supreme Court decisions and other legal cases related to abortion in the United States. Some key points covered include:
- Roe v. Wade (1973) established a woman's right to abortion but allowed for state regulation later in pregnancy.
- Subsequent cases addressed issues like spousal consent, parental consent for minors, waiting periods, and restrictions on public funding of abortions.
- Partial birth abortion bans were struck down in some cases but upheld in others depending on how laws were written.
- Cases also involved involuntary sterilization, artificial insemination, and legal issues around wrongful birth, life, and conception claims.
The document reviews decades of legal
This short presentation was made at the Zambia Medical Association 2014 Annual General Meeting. It was given by one of the members of the project team, Dr Bellington Vwalika who is Head of the Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka. It's a short (10 minute) summary of the pregnancy termination law in Zambia and the headline findings from our study of the costs and consequences of unsafe abortion for women, their households and others and for the Zambian health system.
Leone, T., E. Coast, D. Parmar & B. Vwalika "The socio-economic burden of unsafe abortion for women and households in Zambia" Paper presentation at BSPS Annual Conference, University of Winchester, 8-10 September, 2014
Zambia has permitted terminations of pregnancy, under a range of conditions, since 1972. Despite this, levels of unsafe abortion are alarmingly high. Although it’s widely understood that unsafe abortion is both a cause and a consequence of poverty, there is a lack of economic evidence around the experiences of women and their households.
The aim of the study is to compare the socio-economic burden of those who seek safe abortion (SA) with those who seek post-abortion care (PAC) after an unsafe procedure. We use hospital based data collected in the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka over a period of 12 months in 2013. Information on women’s demographic and socio-economic characteristics, and direct and indirect costs incurred have been collected and triangulated using medical notes and qualitative information. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to look at the economic burden of abortion on women in Zambia.
Results show that a quarter of the women interviewed (n=114) had attempted to terminate the pregnancy unsafely, and were more likely to have a poorer socio-economic background. The burden is considerably higher for PAC than SA: the equivalent of 2 day’s wages. The policy implications of this study are relevant for the implementation and scaling up of safe abortion services in Zambia.
How, and in what ways, are rates of contraceptive use and induced abortion linked? What reasons do women give for contraceptive (non-)use for a terminated pregnancy?
A presentation given at a small, closed, high-level discussion workshop on unsafe abortion in Zambia organised by Marie Stopes Zambia and Ipas with support from the ESRC-DFID funded Pregnancy termination trajectories in Zambia: the socio-economic costs study. The presentation estimates and compares the costs to the Zambian health system of providing post abortion care following an unsafe abortion rather than safe abortion services. It finds that the Zambian healthcare system spends 2.5 times more treating complications arising from unsafe abortion than would be spent on providing safe abortion for these cases.
CREATING AWARENESS REGARDING RISKS OF INDUCED ABORTIONZURA AHMED
Abortion continues to be embraced by the youths in University despite the diverse effects associated with the practice.... How can Edutainment be used to facilitate awareness regarding risks of induced abortion? lets check it out
In this presentation we look at the role of induced abortion in country's transitions from having high rates of fertility to low rates of fertility. It draws on micro-level data from Zambia to explore macro-level trends.
Unintended Pregnancy and Induced Abortion in the PhilippinesHarvey Diaz
The landmark study that outlines the need for a comprehensive family planning policy in the Philippines to reduce unplanned pregnancies, and prevent induced abortions.
A termination of pregnancy via the intervetion of a physician through surgery or the use of RU 486 or some other medication.
To prevent injury to the physical or mental health of the woman.
This short presentation was made at the Zambia Medical Association 2014 Annual General Meeting. It was given by one of the members of the project team, Dr Bellington Vwalika who is Head of the Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka. It's a short (10 minute) summary of the pregnancy termination law in Zambia and the headline findings from our study of the costs and consequences of unsafe abortion for women, their households and others and for the Zambian health system.
Leone, T., E. Coast, D. Parmar & B. Vwalika "The socio-economic burden of unsafe abortion for women and households in Zambia" Paper presentation at BSPS Annual Conference, University of Winchester, 8-10 September, 2014
Zambia has permitted terminations of pregnancy, under a range of conditions, since 1972. Despite this, levels of unsafe abortion are alarmingly high. Although it’s widely understood that unsafe abortion is both a cause and a consequence of poverty, there is a lack of economic evidence around the experiences of women and their households.
The aim of the study is to compare the socio-economic burden of those who seek safe abortion (SA) with those who seek post-abortion care (PAC) after an unsafe procedure. We use hospital based data collected in the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka over a period of 12 months in 2013. Information on women’s demographic and socio-economic characteristics, and direct and indirect costs incurred have been collected and triangulated using medical notes and qualitative information. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to look at the economic burden of abortion on women in Zambia.
Results show that a quarter of the women interviewed (n=114) had attempted to terminate the pregnancy unsafely, and were more likely to have a poorer socio-economic background. The burden is considerably higher for PAC than SA: the equivalent of 2 day’s wages. The policy implications of this study are relevant for the implementation and scaling up of safe abortion services in Zambia.
How, and in what ways, are rates of contraceptive use and induced abortion linked? What reasons do women give for contraceptive (non-)use for a terminated pregnancy?
A presentation given at a small, closed, high-level discussion workshop on unsafe abortion in Zambia organised by Marie Stopes Zambia and Ipas with support from the ESRC-DFID funded Pregnancy termination trajectories in Zambia: the socio-economic costs study. The presentation estimates and compares the costs to the Zambian health system of providing post abortion care following an unsafe abortion rather than safe abortion services. It finds that the Zambian healthcare system spends 2.5 times more treating complications arising from unsafe abortion than would be spent on providing safe abortion for these cases.
CREATING AWARENESS REGARDING RISKS OF INDUCED ABORTIONZURA AHMED
Abortion continues to be embraced by the youths in University despite the diverse effects associated with the practice.... How can Edutainment be used to facilitate awareness regarding risks of induced abortion? lets check it out
In this presentation we look at the role of induced abortion in country's transitions from having high rates of fertility to low rates of fertility. It draws on micro-level data from Zambia to explore macro-level trends.
Unintended Pregnancy and Induced Abortion in the PhilippinesHarvey Diaz
The landmark study that outlines the need for a comprehensive family planning policy in the Philippines to reduce unplanned pregnancies, and prevent induced abortions.
A termination of pregnancy via the intervetion of a physician through surgery or the use of RU 486 or some other medication.
To prevent injury to the physical or mental health of the woman.
Learn about LGBTQ couples and parenting / family law in New Jersey. Find out about adoption for LGBT couples, assisted reproduction and what to guard against, about child custody and parenting time.
The American Civil Liberties Union filed a federal lawsuit seeking to reunite an asylum-seeking mother and her 7-year-old daughter fleeing violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo, only to be forcibly torn from each other in the U.S. and detained separately 2,000 miles apart.
On June 26, 2018, the court issued 2 orders (1) granting preliminary injunction and (2) certifying class action status.
This order was uploaded by me, Josh Goldstein. I'm an immigration lawyer in Los Angeles, California. You can reach me at:
http://www.immigrationlawyerslosangeles.com/
Law Offices of Joshua L Goldstein, PC
811 W. 7th Street, 12th Floor
Los Angeles, CA 90017
I am licensed to practice law in Massachusetts, New York. I practice immigration and nationality law in all 50 states and around the world. Not licensed to practice law in California.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
3. Abortion
Premature termination of pregnancy. It can be
classified as spontaneous or induced. It may
occur as an incidental result of a medical
procedure or it may be an elective decision on
the part of the patient.
3
4. U.S. Supreme Court Decisions
Right to Abortion
• 1973: Roe v. Wade
– First Trimester
–abortion decision between woman & physician.
– Second Trimester
–state may reasonably regulate abortion
procedure.
– Third Trimester
–state may prohibit all abortions except those
deemed necessary to protect maternal life or
health.
4
5. Abortion Review:
Committee to Restrictive
• 1973: Doe v. Bolton
• Requirements struck down
– residency
– performance of abortion by Joint Commission
approved hospital
– approval of abortion by a medical staff committee
– consultations
5
6. Funding - I
• Not Required for Elective Abortions
– 1977: In Beal v. Doe
– The Court ruled that it is not inconsistent with the
Medicaid portion of the Social Security Act to
refuse to fund unnecessary (although perhaps
desirable) medical services.
– Maher v. Roe
6
7. Funding - II
• Not Required for Therapeutic Abortions
– 1980: Harris v. McRae
– Different states not compelled to fund
Medicaid recipients' medically necessary
abortions for which federal reimbursement
is unavailable, but may choose to do so.
– Supreme Court voted 6 to 3 states may
refuse to spend public funds to provide non-
therapeutic abortions for women.
8. Funding Bans:
Unconstitutional in California
1981: Committee to Defend Reproductive Rights v.
Meyers
• If the state cannot directly prohibit a woman's right to
obtain an abortion, may the state by discriminatory
financing indirectly nullify that constitutional right?
Can the state tell an indigent person that the state will
provide him with welfare benefits only upon the
condition that he join a designated political party or
subscribe to a particular newspaper that is favored by
the government? Can the state tell a poor woman that
it will pay for her needed medical care b but only if
she gives up her constitutional right to choose
whether or not to have a child? 8
9. Funding Discrimination: Prohibited
in Arizona
The Arizona Supreme Court in Simat Corp. v. Arizona
Health Care Cost Containment Sys., found that the
state's constitution does not permit the state & the
Arizona HealthCare Cost Containment System to
refuse to fund medically necessary abortion
procedures for pregnant women suffering from
serious illness while, at the same time, funding such
procedures for victims of rape or incest or when the
abortion was necessary to save the woman's life.
9
10. States May Protect Viable Fetus
• 1979: Colauti v. Franklin
• The Supreme Court in Colautti v. Franklin
voted 6 to 3 that states may seek to protect a
fetus that a physician has determined could
survive outside the womb. Determination of
whether a particular fetus is viable & must
be, a matter for judgment of the physician.
10
11. Parental Consent
Statute Unconstitutional: Missouri
• 1976: Danford v. Planned Parenthood
• Unconstitutional to require parental consent
under age 18
• Statute failed to provide any definitive
guidelines
11
12. Parental Consent Statute Ruled
Unconstitutional: Massachusetts
• 1979: Bellotti v. Baird
• Parental consent requirement struck down.
• MA statute too restrictive.
– statute as written & construed, no minor, no matter
how mature & capable of informed decision
making, could receive an abortion without the
consent of either both parents or a superior court
judge.
– making minor's abortion subject in every instance
to an absolute third-party veto.
12
13. Notifying Parent for Immature Minor
Constitutional: Utah
• 1981: H.L. Matheson
• Statute requiring physician to notify parents of
minor, when possible, upheld.
• Parental notice does not violate constitutional
rights of immature, dependent minor.
• State may not, however, legislate a blanket un-
reviewable power of parents to veto their
daughter’s abortion.
13
14. Consent Not Required for Emancipated
Minors
• 1987: In re Anonymous
• Consent Not Required for Emancipated Minor.
14
15. Parental Notification Not Required
• 2000: Planned Parenthood v. Owen
• Colorado Parental Notification Act, Colo. Rev. Stat. §
§ 12-37.5-101, et seq. (1998), which required
physician to notify parents of a minor prior to
performing an abortion upon her, violates minor's
rights protected by the U.S. Constitution.
• The act generally prohibited physicians from
performing abortions on an unemancipated minor
until at least 48 hours after written notice has been
delivered to minor's parent, guardian, or foster parent.
15
16. Minor’s Decision to
Abort Found Sufficient
• 2006: In re Doe
• Minor sufficiently mature
– Precluded notification of parents
16
17. Justices Send Abortion Case Back to
Lower Court
• 2006: Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of New England
• the Supreme Court referred this case back to the
appeals court
– court was requested to find a way to include an
exception to the law for a medical emergency
17
18. Minor’s Decision to Abort
Not Sufficient
• 2008: In re petition of Doe
• Juvenile sought judicial waiver of statutory
requirement that physician notify her parents
or guardian prior to terminating her pregnancy
• Juvenile failed to prove evidence of sufficient
majority
18
19. State Interest Not Compelling
• 1975: Poe v. Gerstein
• Husbands interest in the baby was held to be
insufficient to force his wife to face the mental
and physical risk of pregnancy and childbirth.
19
20. Spousal Consent Unconstitutional
• 1975: Doe v. Zimmerman
• Pennsylvania Abortion Control Act requiring written
consent of the husband unconstitutional.
• Provisions impermissibly permitted husband to
withhold his consent either because of his interest in
potential life of the fetus or for capricious reasons.
• Although father's interest in the fetus was
legitimate, it did not outweigh the mother's
constitutionally protected right to an abortion.
20
21. Father of Unborn Fetus
Could Not Stop Abortion
• 1988: Doe v. Smith
• Natural father not entitled to prevent abortion
• Father demonstrated substantial instability
21
22. Spousal Consent Undue Burden
• 1992: Planned Parenthood v. Casey
• Spousal consent undo burden on the woman
22
23. Restricting Right to
Abortion Affirmed
• 1992: Planned Parenthood v. Casey
• Court reaffirmed
– right of women to have an abortion.
– state’s power to restrict abortions after fetal
viability.
– principle that state has legitimate interests in
protecting woman & life of fetus.
23
24. Restricting Right to
Abortion Affirmed
Undue burden to require spousal notification
Not undue burden to require:
– a woman be informed of nature of abortion procedure
& risks involved.
–a woman be offered information on the fetus & on
alternatives to abortion.
–a woman to give her informed consent before abortion
procedure
–parental consent be given for a minor seeking an
abortion, providing for a judicial bypass option if the
minor does not wish or cannot obtain parental consent.
–there be a 24-hour waiting period before any abortion
can be performed.
24
25. Abortion Counseling - I
• Physician Counseling of Patient Upheld
– 1983: City of Akron v. Akron Center
– States cannot mandate what information
physicians provide abortion patients
– states cannot require abortions for women more
than three months pregnant be performed in a
hospital
25
26. Abortion Counseling - II
• Prohibition of Abortion Counseling Not
unconstitutional
– 1991: Rust Sullivan
• Federal regulations that prohibit abortion
counseling & referral by family planning
clinics that receive funds under Title X held
constitutional.
26
27. 24-Hour Waiting Period Not
Burdensome
• 1992: Planned Parenthood of Southwestern
Pennsylvania v. Casey
– Law allows for exceptions to this requirement in
the event of a medical emergency.
• 1993: Utah’s Women’s Clinic, Inc. v. Leavitt
– law allows an exception for a medical emergency
27
28. Incompetent Persons
• 1987: In re Doe
• Profoundly retarded woman became pregnant during
her residence in a group home as a result of a sexual
attack by an unknown person. The record supported a
finding that if the woman had been able to do so, she
would have requested the abortion. The court
properly chose welfare agencies & the woman's
guardian ad litem as the surrogate decision
makers, rather than the woman's mother.
• The mother apparently had little contact with her
daughter over the years.
28
29. Viability Test Required
• 1989: Webster v. Reproductive
• Statute upheld providing that no public
facilities or employees should be used to
perform abortions.
• Physicians should conduct viability tests
before performing abortion.
29
30. Partial-Birth Abortion - I
• Plan Constitutionally Vague
• 1998: Women's Medical Professional Corp. v.
Voinovich
• Statute banning any use of the D&X procedure was
unconstitutionally vague.
• Likely a properly drafted statute will eventually be
judged constitutionally sound.
30
31. Partial-Birth Abortion - II
• Partial-Birth Abortion:
Ban Act Unconstitutional
• Little Rock Family Planning Services v.
Jegley, 1999
• Arkansas act unconstitutional because it was
unconstitutionally vague, imposed an undue burden
on women seeking abortions, and it did not
adequately protect the health and lives of pregnant
women.
31
32. Partial Birth Abortion - III
• Partial-Birth Abortion Statute Vague
– 2000: Planned Parenthood of Cent. N.J. v. Farmer
• partial-birth abortion statute was void for
vagueness.
• created undue burden on woman's right to
abortion.
• Partial-Birth Abortion: Ban Unconstitutional
– Stenberg v. Carhart
32
33. Partial Birth Abortion - IV
• 2003: Partial Birth Abortion Act: 1st federal
restrictions
– President Bush signs federal restrictions banning
late term abortions.
• 2005: Bush administration asked the Supreme Court
– to review an appellate court's decision holding the
Partial Birth Abortion Act of 2003
unconstitutional.
33
34. Partial Birth Abortion - V
• 2006: National Abortion Fed’n v. Gonzages
– found to be unconstitutional
– it imposed and undo burden on a woman’s right to
choose previability abortion
34
35. Physicians Feeling the Heat
• Picketing Physicians: Privacy Issue
• Antiabortion Demonstration
• Obstructing Access to Abortion Clinics
35
36. Continuing Controversy - I
• Employee Refusal to Participate in Abortions
– Pharmacists
• Physicians feeling the heat
• Use of force against demonstrators
– picketing physicians’ residencies
– trespass, obstructing access to abortion clinics
• State abortion statutes
• Abortion and Conflicting Beliefs
– morality of abortion
36
38. Artificial Insemination
• Artificial insemination is the injection of
seminal fluid into a woman to induce
pregnancy
• Consent
• Confidentiality
38
39. Surrogacy
• A method of reproduction whereby woman agrees to
give birth to a child she will not raise the handover to
a contract party
– who was often unable to give birth herself
• Surrogacy raises many ethical and legal issues
39
40. Wrongful Birth, Life, & Conception
• Wrongful Birth
• Wrongful Life
• Wrongful Conception
• Prevention of such Lawsuits
40
41. REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Discuss the legal and ethical issues involved in Roe v.
Wade.
2. Do you agree that individual states should be able to
place reasonable restrictions or waiting periods?
Who should determine what is reasonable?
3. Should a married woman be allowed to abort without
her husband's consent?
41
42. REVIEW QUESTIONS, cont.
4. Give two arguments for and two arguments against
partial-birth abortions.
5. Explain why you think Roe v. Wade is an example of
legislating morality.
6. Do you agree that eugenic sterilization should be
allowed? Why or why not?
42
43. REVIEW QUESTIONS, cont.
7. Describe surrogacy and the legal and ethical issues
that can arise.
8. Describe the distinctions among wrongful
birth, wrongful life, and wrongful conception. Why is
there such a diversity and opinions from the different
states?
43