Ancient china.

Ancient china.

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  Ms. Eunice AntoinetteM. FranciscoMs. Eunice Antoinette M. Francisco III-CommunionsIII-Communions World HistoryWorld History Ms. Eunice Antoinette M. FranciscoMs. Eunice Antoinette M. Francisco III-CommunionsIII-Communions World HistoryWorld History
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  ““Peking Man”Peking Man” (750,000– 500,000 BCE)(750,000 – 500,000 BCE) SinanthropusSinanthropus pekinesispekinesis
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  Yellow River CivilizationYellowRiver Civilization
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  Neolithic PotteryNeolithic Pottery 3000BCE to3000 BCE to 2000 BCE2000 BCE
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  The 4 Old-WorldThe4 Old-World River Valley CulturesRiver Valley Cultures
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  Pan-Gu:Pan-Gu: Mythical CreatorofMythical Creator of the Universethe Universe
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  ““Chung Kuo”Chung Kuo” (The(The“Middle Kingdom”“Middle Kingdom”))
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  Overview • Time spanof the dynasties – 21st century B.C. thru – 1911 A.D. – Almost 4000 years • Over 30 different dynasties • We will present 13 of the most important one.
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  Xia Dynasty (21st until 16th B.C.) •First prehistoric dynasty • Excavations made at Anyang, Henan in 1928 • Evolutionary stage between: – Late Neolithic culture • Hunter gatherers • Stone tools – Chinese civilization • Agricultural communities • Silk and pottery
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  Yu, the Great– FounderYu, the Great – Founder of the Hsiaof the Hsia
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  ““Huangdi”Huangdi” –– EmperorEmperor The“YellowThe “Yellow Emperor.”Emperor.”  Legend has it thatLegend has it that he ruled for overhe ruled for over 100 years.100 years.  Associated with theAssociated with the invention ofinvention of wheeled vehicles,wheeled vehicles, ships, armor,ships, armor, pottery, andpottery, and silk-making.silk-making.
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  Emperor FuxiEmperor Fuxi Mythical HsiaMythical Hsia ruler.ruler.  Taught theTaught the Chinese howChinese how to read andto read and write,write, according toaccording to legend.legend.
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  Hsia Plaque,Hsia Plaque,17001700 BCEBCE
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  Bronze Age EmpiresBronzeAge Empires
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  Shang:Shang: 1523-1028 BCE1523-1028BCE
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  Shang Dynasty (17st until11th B.C.) • Cradle of Chinese civilization – Based on agriculture – Developed a writing system – High level of civilization: bronze workmanship • Ruled by kings – Cities were centers of glittering court life – Court rituals honoring ancestors – Slaves buried alive in royal tombs
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  Oracle BonesOracle Bones
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  Oracle BonesOracle Bones CalendarCalendar
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  The Evolution ofTheEvolution of ChineseChinese Writing during theWriting during the ShangShang PictographsPictographs Semantic-PhoneticsSemantic-Phonetics
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  Axe Scepter –AxeScepter – 1100 BCE1100 BCE - jade- jade Ceremonial Dagger –Ceremonial Dagger – 1028 BCE1028 BCE
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  ShangShang UrnUrn
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  Shang BronzesShang Bronzes
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  Ritual Wine Vessel–Ritual Wine Vessel – bronze,bronze, 13c BCE13c BCE
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  Zhou Dynasty 10th until 2nd centuryB.C. • Capital at Hao (near Xi’an) in Wei Valley • Ruled much of China north of Yangtze river • Extended Shang culture • Early rule: Feudal – Decentralized; control based on family ties • Later: City States – Central control over local governments – Impersonal political and economic institutions – Culture: philosophy, poetry and prose
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  Western Zhou:Western Zhou:1027-7711027-771 BCEBCE
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  Eastern Zhou:Eastern Zhou:771-256 BCE771-256 BCE
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  Ritual Food Vessel,bronzeRitual Food Vessel, bronze 11c BCE11c BCE (Western Zhou)(Western Zhou)
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  Pendant of aDancer - jadePendant of a Dancer - jade 3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
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  Ritual Wine Vessel– 4cRitual Wine Vessel – 4c bronze, silver, gold,bronze, silver, gold, coppercopper
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  Zhou Coins -bronzeZhou Coins - bronze
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  ““T’ien Ming”T’ien Ming” TheMandate of HeavenThe Mandate of Heaven 1.1.The leader must lead by ability andThe leader must lead by ability and virtue.virtue. 2.2.The dynasty's leadership must beThe dynasty's leadership must be justified by succeeding generations.justified by succeeding generations. 3.3.The mandate could be revoked byThe mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse; the will ofnegligence and abuse; the will of the people was important.the people was important.
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  Qin (221 until 207B.C.) • Achievements: – Standardized language & Writing – Standardized currency – Standardized measurements – Public Works • Great Wall • Roads & Irrigation canals • Leader: Shi Huangdi
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  Western Han (206B.C.- 9 A.D.) Eastern Han (25-225 A.D.) • Achievements: – Silk Road • Better Tools—Iron – Agriculture » Crop Rotation – Education – Paper and Porcelain
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  Xin (9 - 24A.D.) • Brief Interlude • One Family Member had too much power • Introduced Imperial Seal
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  Three Kingdoms (220-280 A.D.) Western& Eastern Jin (265-315 A.D.) Southern & Northern (420-588 A.D.)
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  Sui Dynasty (581-617) ReunifiedChina in 589Reunified China in 589 High Taxes and Compulsory LaborHigh Taxes and Compulsory Labor Completion of the Grand Canal (connect YellowCompletion of the Grand Canal (connect Yellow and Yangtze/ Beijing to Hangzhou)and Yangtze/ Beijing to Hangzhou) Campaign against Korea in the early 7Campaign against Korea in the early 7thth centurycentury A lot of revolts and assassinationsA lot of revolts and assassinations
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  Tang Dynasty (618-907) Highpoint of ChineseHigh point of Chinese civilization (comparable tocivilization (comparable to Han Dynasty)Han Dynasty) Golden age of literature and artGolden age of literature and art • India and Middle-EastIndia and Middle-East relations stimulatedrelations stimulated creativitycreativity • Buddhism (from India) wasBuddhism (from India) was widely promoted (Confuciuswidely promoted (Confucius era)era) • Block printing was inventedBlock printing was invented
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  Tang Dynasty (618-907)Cont’d Better government systemBetter government system • Civil service examination andCivil service examination and other competitive entranceother competitive entrance procedures (why?)procedures (why?) • Independent from aristocracyIndependent from aristocracy and warlords (why? How?)and warlords (why? How?) • ““Scholar-officials” (who? dutyScholar-officials” (who? duty and privileges?)and privileges?) Fragmentation of China (5 northFragmentation of China (5 north dynasties, 10 south kingdoms)dynasties, 10 south kingdoms) • Economic, politic, societalEconomic, politic, societal reasons + Arab warsreasons + Arab wars • North invadersNorth invaders
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  Song Dynasty (960-1279) 2Phases: Northern (960-1127) and2 Phases: Northern (960-1127) and Southern Song (1127-1279)Southern Song (1127-1279) Centralized bureaucracy (more power on emperor)Centralized bureaucracy (more power on emperor) (regional governors(regional governors  centrally appointedcentrally appointed officials)officials) City developments (admin., trade, industry,City developments (admin., trade, industry, maritime commerce)maritime commerce) Mercantile classMercantile class • Printing and education spreadPrinting and education spread • Private trade grewPrivate trade grew • Market network grewMarket network grew The Neo Confucius Philosophy (by Zhu Xi)The Neo Confucius Philosophy (by Zhu Xi)  inhibited pre modern societal developmentinhibited pre modern societal development
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  Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) MongolianRule • Kublai KhanKublai Khan • Established the YuanEstablished the Yuan dynasty (1279-1368dynasty (1279-1368 • Moves Capital to BejingMoves Capital to Bejing • Marco Polo visitsMarco Polo visits BejingBejing • Drama and novels are developed
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  Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) Construction of the Forbidden City Completion of the Great WallCompletion of the Great Wall Ocean voyages as far as Africa by Zheng HeOcean voyages as far as Africa by Zheng He
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  Ch’ing Dynasty (1644– 1911) Expansion andExpansion and unificationunification Opium WarsOpium Wars Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion
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  The Dynastic Cycle The Dynastic Cycle A new dynasty comes topower. A new dynasty comes to power. Lives of common people improved; taxes reduced; farming encouraged. Lives of common people improved; taxes reduced; farming encouraged. Problems begin (extensive wars, invasions, etc.) Problems begin (extensive wars, invasions, etc.) Taxes increase; men forced to work for army. Farming neglected. Taxes increase; men forced to work for army. Farming neglected. Govt. increases spending; corruption. Govt. increases spending; corruption. Droughts, floods, famines occur. Droughts, floods, famines occur. Poor lose respect for govt. They join rebels & attack landlords. Poor lose respect for govt. They join rebels & attack landlords. Rebel bands find strong leader who unites them. Attack the emperor. Rebel bands find strong leader who unites them. Attack the emperor. Emperor is defeated !! Emperor is defeated !! The emperor reforms the govt. & makes it more efficient. The emperor reforms the govt. & makes it more efficient. Start here
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  Geographical Influences • Mountains,sea, and desert provide some protection and isolation • Vulnerable to northwest • River valleys 1. Yellow(Huang Ho) earliest civilization - damaging floods 2. Yangtze- very important in unification- transportation- irrigation
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  Earliest Civilizations- most isolated •Earliest- Neolithic- Ban Po- similar to other parts of the world/ one of the oldest • Shang Dynasty 1500-11 BCE in No China along the Huang Ho- raised silk worms- silk part of lure and fascination of China, famous for bronze sculpture, daggers, jade jewelry paid homage to ancestors- family important • Chou (Zhou) 1027-256-longest-developed foundations for Chinese society
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  Ancient China Way ofLife- Confucianism p58- 59• Moral and ethical code highly developed treat everyone with consideration • Advocated paternalistic government • Value on family head- ancestor respect • Values- loyalty, righteousness, wisdom, sincerity • very practical and humanistic Gentility
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  Daoism (Taoism) LaoTzu (LaoZi) p 60 • contemporary of Confucius • Tao= the road way • Absolute=sum of existence • Goal to bring people into harmony • very introspective • not as influential as Confucius
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  ANCIENT CHINA • GreatWall • Began 2000 B.C. • Mandate of Heaven • Dynasties • Silk • astronomy
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  As in Egypt,Mesopotamia, and along the Indus River, Chinese civilization began within a major river valley. Modern China itself is a huge geographical expanse. Around 4000 BC, this huge area contained an almost infinite number of ethnic groups and languages. This history, in which a vast area populated by diverse ethnic groups became, over time, a more or less single culture, began in the Yellow River Valley.
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  Yellow River Civilization •G:Ancient China was formed around the Yellow River. • The color yellow symbolized “centrality”, as in China is the center of the world.
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  Chinese accomplishments • Duringthe Zhou and Shang periods, the Chinese made remarkable achievements in astronomy and bronzework, learned to make silk and create books, and developed a complex system of writing
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  E:Chinese invented silk •Silk was exotic and expensive, so it was good for trading with the rest of the world. • It is made from silk worms. • Silk also makes “paper”
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  Silk worm
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  S:Chinese astronomy •2137 BC- Chinese book 书经 records the earliest known solar eclipse on October 22. •ca. 2000 BC - Chinese determine that Jupiter needs 12 years to complete one revolution of its orbit. •ca. 1400 BC - Chinese record the regularity of solar and lunar eclipses and the earliest known solar variation 日珥 . •ca. 1200 BC - Chinese divide the sky into twenty eight regions 二十八宿 for recognitions of the stars. •ca. 1100 BC - Chinese first determine the spring equinox 黄赤交角 . •776 BC - Chinese make the earliest reliably record of solar eclipse.
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  In the MiddleAges the Arabs made known throughout Muslim Spain a material which was to replace all its predecessors. This was paper, whose manufacture they imported from far distant and mysterious realm of China. The first paper appeared in China about 200 BC. Its name is derived from papyrus. Silk was transformed into paper by a process of pasting, but because silk was expensive, wool and cotton came to be used instead. This invention was attributed to Ts'ai Lun. In the picture above, the manufacturing process used by the Chinese. They steeped mulberry or bamboo bark in water, then kneaded it to produce a paste from which they obtained smooth thin sheets of paper.
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  According to Chinesepolitical theory, every dynasty goes through the so-called dynastic cycle: 1.A new ruler unites China and founds a new dynasty. 2.China, under the new dynasty, achieves prosperity and a new golden age. 3.The royal family of the dynasty begins to decay, corruption becomes rampant in the imperial court, and the empire begins to enter decline and instability. 4.The dynasty loses the Mandate of Heaven, their legitimacy to rule, and is overthrown by a
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  Ancient China
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  Chinese pyramids!!!!
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  The Great Wallof China was built to keep the Mongols out.
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  Many died buildingit, and their bodies were used as filler for it.
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  Contributions.Contributions. The ancient Chineseprovided the world with its first paper,ink andThe ancient Chinese provided the world with its first paper,ink and gunpowder . It offered various philosophies like Confucianism and Taoism togunpowder . It offered various philosophies like Confucianism and Taoism to answer life’s big questions.answer life’s big questions. It introduced different items for practicas and enjoyable use, like theIt introduced different items for practicas and enjoyable use, like the chopstick, kite, and umbrella. It also presented the world with its own brand ofchopstick, kite, and umbrella. It also presented the world with its own brand of grand architecture, as shown by the Great Wall of China, which has an imposinggrand architecture, as shown by the Great Wall of China, which has an imposing presence even in modern times.presence even in modern times.
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  Governments China -is divided amongthree bodies: the Communist Party of China, the state, and the People's Liberation Army (PLA). This article is concerned with the formal structure of the state, its departments and their responsibilities. Most, but not all, positions of significant power in the state structure and in the army are occupied by members of the Communist Party of China which is controlled by the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China, a group of 4 to 9 people, usually all older men, who make all decisions of national significance. As the role of the Army is to enforce these decisions in times of crisis, support of the PLA is important. The legal power of the Communist Party is guaranteed by the PRC constitution and its position as the supreme political authority in the PRC is realised through its comprehensive control of the state, military, and media. According to a prominent government spokesman: We will never simply copy the system of Western countries or introduce a system of multiple parties holding office in rotation, although China’s state organs have different responsibilities, they all adhere to the line, principles and policies of the party.
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  MAO ZEDONG-Mao Zedong(also Mao Tse- Tung) was the world's most prominent Chinese communist during the 20th century. Mao's Red Army overthrew Chiang Kai-Shek in 1949, and the communists seized power of mainland China.
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  FOUR OLDS: *old thoughts *oldculture *old customs *old habits
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  DENG XIAOPING-a Chinese politician,statesman, theorist, and diplomat. As leader of the Communist Party of China, Deng was a reformer who led China towards a market economy. Deng Xiaoping in 1979