The document discusses various topics related to motivation and behavior, including hunger, sex, and weight control. It provides information on the physiological and psychological factors that influence these behaviors. Physiologically, hormones and brain regions like the hypothalamus regulate hunger, sex drive, and metabolism. Psychologically, memory, culture, and social factors shape behaviors and preferences related to food, sex, and body image. Theories of motivation outline a hierarchy of needs and drives that motivate behavior ranging from basic instincts to higher psychological needs.
The document discusses various topics related to motivation and work, including:
1) It describes different perspectives on motivation such as instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
2) It covers the physiology and psychology of hunger and sexual motivation, including the role of hormones and brain centers.
3) It discusses adolescent sexuality and factors that influence sexual behavior and orientation.
The document summarizes key findings from a review of literature on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It finds that the most consistent predictors of PCOS are hyperandrogenemia (high levels of "male" hormones) in 60-80% of cases, hirsutism (excess hair growth) in 60% of cases, and polycystic ovaries in 75% of cases. It also discusses debates around definitions of PCOS and relationships with insulin resistance.
The document discusses biological explanations for eating behavior, focusing on the role of neural mechanisms and homeostasis. It describes how the hypothalamus, specifically the lateral hypothalamus (hunger center) and ventromedial hypothalamus (satiety center), regulate eating through feedback loops involving glucose levels and hormones like ghrelin and CCK. Evidence from studies on rats and humans supports the dual-center theory, though some findings have limitations and physiological drives can be overridden by other factors.
The document discusses various concepts related to motivation and eating behavior. It defines motivation and discusses biological and social motives that influence human motivation. It describes Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs and various theories about the motivation of hunger, including the roles of the brain, blood sugar, and hormones. It also discusses psychological factors that influence eating behavior and topics like obesity, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorders.
This study aims to determine the role of nature vs nurture in obesity through an experiment using 50 sets of identical twins aged 6-11. The twins will be given different calorie diets for 3 months - one twin receiving a high calorie diet and the other the daily recommended intake. Measurements of weight, BMI and body composition will be taken before and after to analyze the effects of the different diets while controlling for genetic factors. However, concerns are raised about the ethics of the varying diets and whether 3 months is sufficient time to see changes in such a complex issue.
Biological differences between the sexes - Βιολογικές διαφορές των φύλων Dafnitsa
Πρόγραμμα Comenius με θέμα "Gender Role Inequalities"
Ενότητα: "Βιολογικές διαφορές των φύλων"
Comenius project: " Gender Role Inequalities"
Topic: "The biological differences between the sexes"
Genetics of Obesity: The thrifty gene hypothesisStephen Magness
Early humans faced regular cycles of feast and famine that promoted the evolution and selection of "thrifty genes" that increased the body's ability to efficiently store and utilize fuels like fat and glucose. While these genes provided an evolutionary advantage in the past by helping humans survive periods of starvation, they predispose modern humans to obesity and related diseases due to our current environment of abundant food and low physical activity levels. The "thrifty genotype" hypothesis has been expanded to include the concept of a "thrifty epigenome," where environmental factors like famine experienced by pregnant mothers can epigenetically influence gene expression and metabolic function in offspring in ways that increase disease risk in a modern context of plentiful food.
Three key points about human motivation and emotion are discussed:
1. Motivation refers to biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that initiate and direct behavior. Emotion involves subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral expression.
2. Early theories proposed that behaviors are innate or motivated by drives to reduce internal tension, but more recent theories emphasize cognitive and social factors like expectations of goals and psychological needs.
3. Maslow's hierarchy proposes that basic physiological and safety needs must be fulfilled before higher needs like love, esteem, and self-actualization can motivate behavior, though the concept of self-actualization is difficult to define and achieve.
The document discusses various topics related to motivation and work, including:
1) It describes different perspectives on motivation such as instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
2) It covers the physiology and psychology of hunger and sexual motivation, including the role of hormones and brain centers.
3) It discusses adolescent sexuality and factors that influence sexual behavior and orientation.
The document summarizes key findings from a review of literature on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It finds that the most consistent predictors of PCOS are hyperandrogenemia (high levels of "male" hormones) in 60-80% of cases, hirsutism (excess hair growth) in 60% of cases, and polycystic ovaries in 75% of cases. It also discusses debates around definitions of PCOS and relationships with insulin resistance.
The document discusses biological explanations for eating behavior, focusing on the role of neural mechanisms and homeostasis. It describes how the hypothalamus, specifically the lateral hypothalamus (hunger center) and ventromedial hypothalamus (satiety center), regulate eating through feedback loops involving glucose levels and hormones like ghrelin and CCK. Evidence from studies on rats and humans supports the dual-center theory, though some findings have limitations and physiological drives can be overridden by other factors.
The document discusses various concepts related to motivation and eating behavior. It defines motivation and discusses biological and social motives that influence human motivation. It describes Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs and various theories about the motivation of hunger, including the roles of the brain, blood sugar, and hormones. It also discusses psychological factors that influence eating behavior and topics like obesity, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorders.
This study aims to determine the role of nature vs nurture in obesity through an experiment using 50 sets of identical twins aged 6-11. The twins will be given different calorie diets for 3 months - one twin receiving a high calorie diet and the other the daily recommended intake. Measurements of weight, BMI and body composition will be taken before and after to analyze the effects of the different diets while controlling for genetic factors. However, concerns are raised about the ethics of the varying diets and whether 3 months is sufficient time to see changes in such a complex issue.
Biological differences between the sexes - Βιολογικές διαφορές των φύλων Dafnitsa
Πρόγραμμα Comenius με θέμα "Gender Role Inequalities"
Ενότητα: "Βιολογικές διαφορές των φύλων"
Comenius project: " Gender Role Inequalities"
Topic: "The biological differences between the sexes"
Genetics of Obesity: The thrifty gene hypothesisStephen Magness
Early humans faced regular cycles of feast and famine that promoted the evolution and selection of "thrifty genes" that increased the body's ability to efficiently store and utilize fuels like fat and glucose. While these genes provided an evolutionary advantage in the past by helping humans survive periods of starvation, they predispose modern humans to obesity and related diseases due to our current environment of abundant food and low physical activity levels. The "thrifty genotype" hypothesis has been expanded to include the concept of a "thrifty epigenome," where environmental factors like famine experienced by pregnant mothers can epigenetically influence gene expression and metabolic function in offspring in ways that increase disease risk in a modern context of plentiful food.
Three key points about human motivation and emotion are discussed:
1. Motivation refers to biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that initiate and direct behavior. Emotion involves subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral expression.
2. Early theories proposed that behaviors are innate or motivated by drives to reduce internal tension, but more recent theories emphasize cognitive and social factors like expectations of goals and psychological needs.
3. Maslow's hierarchy proposes that basic physiological and safety needs must be fulfilled before higher needs like love, esteem, and self-actualization can motivate behavior, though the concept of self-actualization is difficult to define and achieve.
Did you know that we are built to live to 120? Did you know we are built to be sexually active til the day we die? Learn the natural ways to fight erectile disfunction, bladder insufficiency and other embarassing conditions so many mature people have today.
https://docs.google.com/document/edit?id=1jnhQnFIQuMOgJdMGDoZFhVo1e5ByfOzkG6mjduTq5pY&hl=en#; Look for the text in another presentation by same author, same title
The document discusses several biological, psychological, and evolutionary explanations for anorexia nervosa, including neural mechanisms like hypothalamus dysfunction, genetic factors, behavioral theories involving conditioning and social learning, psychodynamic views of using food restriction as a way to gain control or avoid adulthood, and evolutionary perspectives like the adaptive famine hypothesis. Debates remain around determinism versus free will and nature versus nurture in understanding the complex causes of this eating disorder.
This directed study examines the effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on ingestive and sexual behaviors in Syrian hamsters. The hypothesis is that NPY regulates these behaviors by inhibiting reproduction and stimulating food intake via separate receptor pathways in the hypothalamus. The study will inject NPY into the brains of female hamsters and measure effects on scent marking, lordosis reflex, food intake, hoarding, and interaction with males. Results may provide insights into how peptides influence energetically expensive processes like reproduction and diseases of energy dysregulation like obesity.
Explanations for the success or failure of dieting lprsssfcpsychology
Dieting is aimed primarily at women due to social and cultural influences. The restraint theory explains why dieting often fails due to periods of restraint followed by disinhibition and overeating. Relapse prevention strategies like providing social support, identifying risk situations, and creating plans to prevent lapses can promote longer term dieting success compared to just focusing on initial weight loss.
This document discusses factors that influence the success and failure of dieting. It summarizes research showing that dieting often leads to overeating (the boundary model), and that attempting to restrict food intake can increase cravings (the theory of ironic processes). However, structure, variety in food choices, social support, lifestyle changes like exercise, and adopting healthy long-term eating habits rather than short-term dieting are associated with more successful weight control. Motivation, beliefs about the causes of obesity, and finding alternative rewards to food are also important predictors of dieting success.
The document discusses growth hormone disorders including their causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation and treatment. It provides details on conditions such as gigantism caused by excess growth hormone in children leading to abnormal growth. Dwarfism, caused by growth hormone deficiency, results in short stature. The case studies demonstrate examples of these disorders, with one case of acromegaly in an adult female and one of growth hormone deficiency in a child.
This document discusses folklore and preconceptions about influencing the sex of offspring through various behaviors and diets during conception and pregnancy. It outlines urban myths from different cultures about foods and sexual positions that are thought to impact the sex. The document also summarizes scientific studies investigating the relationship between maternal condition, dominance, and testosterone levels on fetal sex, providing some evidence that these factors may influence the chances of having a male versus female child. However, it concludes that while social implications are large, there is still controversial debate and little definitive scientific proof of behaviors guaranteeing a particular child's sex.
HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY IN POSTMENOPAUSAL FEMALESiddharth Naruka
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can effectively relieve menopausal symptoms by replacing lost estrogen and progesterone, but also increases cancer risks. It is prescribed for post-menopausal women experiencing hot flashes, night sweats, and other symptoms. While HRT prevents osteoporosis and heart disease, studies have shown links to breast, ovarian, and uterine cancers. The risks and benefits must be weighed carefully and HRT should only be used at the lowest effective dose for a limited time. Lifestyle changes and alternative therapies may also help manage menopause symptoms without HRT.
Conferència d'Adolf Tobeña, catedràtic de psiquiatria i psicologia mèdica de la UAB, dins el cicle de conferències 'Pensant l'amor' organitzat pel Centre cívic Casa Golferichs. Dimarts 6 e juny de 2017.
Factors affecting attitudes to food and eatingsssfcpsychology
1) Mood and food preferences are connected - sad or stressed people tend to consume more carbohydrates and sugars which may help improve their mood by raising serotonin levels.
2) Culture strongly influences food preferences and eating habits. Ethnic groups have distinct preferences based on traditional diets and availability of foods in their environments.
3) The relationship between stress and eating is complex. Stress can either increase or decrease food intake depending on the individual and situation. Stress seems to primarily trigger overeating in people who are already vulnerable, such as dieters.
This document provides an overview of obesity including its epidemiology, classification, medical complications, etiology, management, and pharmacotherapy. Some key points:
- Over 1.9 billion adults worldwide are overweight, with over 600 million being obese according to WHO 2014 data.
- Obesity is classified based on BMI and carries increased risks for conditions like cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
- Its causes are multifactorial including genetic, metabolic, behavioral and environmental factors. Leptin plays an important role in regulating appetite and weight.
- Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as well as pharmacotherapy. Approved obesity drugs include orlistat, lorcaserin, phentermine, and liraglutide
The document discusses definitions and classifications of obesity according to various medical references and the WHO. It provides the WHO classification of BMI ranges from underweight to super obese. It also discusses factors that contribute to obesity including genetics, lifestyle, environment and various hormones and brain regions involved in regulating appetite and energy balance. Surgical procedures for treating obesity such as gastric bypass are also mentioned.
1) Behavioural explanations suggest that anorexia nervosa is a learned behavior reinforced through conditioning processes and social learning. Dieting and weight loss are positively reinforced through praise and attention.
2) Psychodynamic explanations view anorexia as arising from difficulties with separation from parents during adolescence. Sufferers attempt to regain control and autonomy over their bodies by restricting food intake.
3) Cognitive explanations emphasize distorted body image and perfectionist thinking in anorexia. Sufferers make cognitive errors in judging their body size and ideal weight. Biological factors like genetic predisposition to perfectionism may also contribute.
Maternal high fat diet and obesity can negatively impact fetal development through several mechanisms. Studies in non-human primates found that offspring of mothers consuming a high fat diet exhibited fetal liver triglyceride accumulation and an elevated stress response in the liver as early as mid-gestation. A high fat diet was also found to impair placental function, increase inflammation in the maternal circulation, and elevate fetal cytokines. These findings suggest that excessive lipid exposure in utero, driven by maternal obesity and diet, can prime the fetus for later metabolic diseases like obesity and diabetes.
Testosterone plays a key role in human sexual development and behavior. It is responsible for directing male embryonic development and stimulating growth of male genitals. Changes in testosterone levels can influence traits like aggression, mood, and cognitive function. While testosterone levels generally differ between males and females, they also fluctuate within a person based on factors like winning, competition, and age. The hormone's effects are complex and not fully understood, but it clearly impacts both physical and behavioral traits in humans.
Dr. Sharanya Rajan's document defines obesity and discusses its epidemiology. Key points include:
- Obesity is defined as a BMI ≥ 30 and is caused by an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure.
- Over 1.6 billion adults are overweight globally, with 400 million obese. Obesity is more common in women and increasingly affects poorer populations.
- Hypothalamic and genetic factors contribute to obesity development. Conditions like Prader-Willi syndrome, leptin/leptin receptor deficiencies, and POMC/MC4R mutations can cause monogenic obesity.
- Adipokines like leptin and resistin, as well as gut and pancreatic hormones, help regulate
The document discusses employee motivation and satisfaction. It describes four approaches to understanding motivation: goal setting, reinforcement, job design, and equity. Managers can improve motivation by setting specific and difficult goals, providing rewards and feedback, designing meaningful jobs, and ensuring equitable treatment of employees. Understanding individual differences in needs is also important for motivation, as people seek to fulfill deficiencies in areas like belonging and self-esteem.
This document discusses work motivation and motivation theories including Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory. It explains that motivation is driven by physiological and psychological needs and deficiencies that activate behavior aimed at goals or incentives. Maslow's hierarchy categorizes needs into five levels from lower to higher order: physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization. It must satisfy lower level needs before progressing to higher levels, and once satisfied a need no longer motivates. The document provides examples of how businesses can apply Maslow's hierarchy to motivate employees at each level of needs.
This document summarizes several theories of motivation:
1) It describes Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y, and Herzberg's two-factor theory as examples of internal, process, and external motivational theories.
2) It also outlines expectancy theory, equity theory, and McClelland's need for achievement, power, and affiliation theories as frameworks for understanding motivation.
3) Key concepts discussed include intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, the relationship between effort, performance, and rewards, and strategies for resolving inequities in social exchanges.
Chapter 6 lc business management skills leadership and motivationDave Dempsey
The document discusses leadership, motivation, and management skills. It describes three leadership styles: autocratic, where the leader is in control and delegates little; democratic, where the leader shares power and seeks input; and laissez-faire, where the leader gives staff freedom and trust. It also discusses motivation theories by Maslow and McGregor, including Maslow's hierarchy of needs and McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y approaches to management.
The document discusses various theories of motivation put forth by thinkers such as Maslow, Drucker, Likert, Taylor, Argyris, Herzberg, McClelland, and McGregor. Herzberg proposed that hygiene factors like pay, status, security, and company policies do not motivate employees but their absence can cause dissatisfaction, while motivation factors such as achievement, recognition, growth, and interest in the job can positively motivate.
Did you know that we are built to live to 120? Did you know we are built to be sexually active til the day we die? Learn the natural ways to fight erectile disfunction, bladder insufficiency and other embarassing conditions so many mature people have today.
https://docs.google.com/document/edit?id=1jnhQnFIQuMOgJdMGDoZFhVo1e5ByfOzkG6mjduTq5pY&hl=en#; Look for the text in another presentation by same author, same title
The document discusses several biological, psychological, and evolutionary explanations for anorexia nervosa, including neural mechanisms like hypothalamus dysfunction, genetic factors, behavioral theories involving conditioning and social learning, psychodynamic views of using food restriction as a way to gain control or avoid adulthood, and evolutionary perspectives like the adaptive famine hypothesis. Debates remain around determinism versus free will and nature versus nurture in understanding the complex causes of this eating disorder.
This directed study examines the effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on ingestive and sexual behaviors in Syrian hamsters. The hypothesis is that NPY regulates these behaviors by inhibiting reproduction and stimulating food intake via separate receptor pathways in the hypothalamus. The study will inject NPY into the brains of female hamsters and measure effects on scent marking, lordosis reflex, food intake, hoarding, and interaction with males. Results may provide insights into how peptides influence energetically expensive processes like reproduction and diseases of energy dysregulation like obesity.
Explanations for the success or failure of dieting lprsssfcpsychology
Dieting is aimed primarily at women due to social and cultural influences. The restraint theory explains why dieting often fails due to periods of restraint followed by disinhibition and overeating. Relapse prevention strategies like providing social support, identifying risk situations, and creating plans to prevent lapses can promote longer term dieting success compared to just focusing on initial weight loss.
This document discusses factors that influence the success and failure of dieting. It summarizes research showing that dieting often leads to overeating (the boundary model), and that attempting to restrict food intake can increase cravings (the theory of ironic processes). However, structure, variety in food choices, social support, lifestyle changes like exercise, and adopting healthy long-term eating habits rather than short-term dieting are associated with more successful weight control. Motivation, beliefs about the causes of obesity, and finding alternative rewards to food are also important predictors of dieting success.
The document discusses growth hormone disorders including their causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation and treatment. It provides details on conditions such as gigantism caused by excess growth hormone in children leading to abnormal growth. Dwarfism, caused by growth hormone deficiency, results in short stature. The case studies demonstrate examples of these disorders, with one case of acromegaly in an adult female and one of growth hormone deficiency in a child.
This document discusses folklore and preconceptions about influencing the sex of offspring through various behaviors and diets during conception and pregnancy. It outlines urban myths from different cultures about foods and sexual positions that are thought to impact the sex. The document also summarizes scientific studies investigating the relationship between maternal condition, dominance, and testosterone levels on fetal sex, providing some evidence that these factors may influence the chances of having a male versus female child. However, it concludes that while social implications are large, there is still controversial debate and little definitive scientific proof of behaviors guaranteeing a particular child's sex.
HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY IN POSTMENOPAUSAL FEMALESiddharth Naruka
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can effectively relieve menopausal symptoms by replacing lost estrogen and progesterone, but also increases cancer risks. It is prescribed for post-menopausal women experiencing hot flashes, night sweats, and other symptoms. While HRT prevents osteoporosis and heart disease, studies have shown links to breast, ovarian, and uterine cancers. The risks and benefits must be weighed carefully and HRT should only be used at the lowest effective dose for a limited time. Lifestyle changes and alternative therapies may also help manage menopause symptoms without HRT.
Conferència d'Adolf Tobeña, catedràtic de psiquiatria i psicologia mèdica de la UAB, dins el cicle de conferències 'Pensant l'amor' organitzat pel Centre cívic Casa Golferichs. Dimarts 6 e juny de 2017.
Factors affecting attitudes to food and eatingsssfcpsychology
1) Mood and food preferences are connected - sad or stressed people tend to consume more carbohydrates and sugars which may help improve their mood by raising serotonin levels.
2) Culture strongly influences food preferences and eating habits. Ethnic groups have distinct preferences based on traditional diets and availability of foods in their environments.
3) The relationship between stress and eating is complex. Stress can either increase or decrease food intake depending on the individual and situation. Stress seems to primarily trigger overeating in people who are already vulnerable, such as dieters.
This document provides an overview of obesity including its epidemiology, classification, medical complications, etiology, management, and pharmacotherapy. Some key points:
- Over 1.9 billion adults worldwide are overweight, with over 600 million being obese according to WHO 2014 data.
- Obesity is classified based on BMI and carries increased risks for conditions like cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
- Its causes are multifactorial including genetic, metabolic, behavioral and environmental factors. Leptin plays an important role in regulating appetite and weight.
- Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as well as pharmacotherapy. Approved obesity drugs include orlistat, lorcaserin, phentermine, and liraglutide
The document discusses definitions and classifications of obesity according to various medical references and the WHO. It provides the WHO classification of BMI ranges from underweight to super obese. It also discusses factors that contribute to obesity including genetics, lifestyle, environment and various hormones and brain regions involved in regulating appetite and energy balance. Surgical procedures for treating obesity such as gastric bypass are also mentioned.
1) Behavioural explanations suggest that anorexia nervosa is a learned behavior reinforced through conditioning processes and social learning. Dieting and weight loss are positively reinforced through praise and attention.
2) Psychodynamic explanations view anorexia as arising from difficulties with separation from parents during adolescence. Sufferers attempt to regain control and autonomy over their bodies by restricting food intake.
3) Cognitive explanations emphasize distorted body image and perfectionist thinking in anorexia. Sufferers make cognitive errors in judging their body size and ideal weight. Biological factors like genetic predisposition to perfectionism may also contribute.
Maternal high fat diet and obesity can negatively impact fetal development through several mechanisms. Studies in non-human primates found that offspring of mothers consuming a high fat diet exhibited fetal liver triglyceride accumulation and an elevated stress response in the liver as early as mid-gestation. A high fat diet was also found to impair placental function, increase inflammation in the maternal circulation, and elevate fetal cytokines. These findings suggest that excessive lipid exposure in utero, driven by maternal obesity and diet, can prime the fetus for later metabolic diseases like obesity and diabetes.
Testosterone plays a key role in human sexual development and behavior. It is responsible for directing male embryonic development and stimulating growth of male genitals. Changes in testosterone levels can influence traits like aggression, mood, and cognitive function. While testosterone levels generally differ between males and females, they also fluctuate within a person based on factors like winning, competition, and age. The hormone's effects are complex and not fully understood, but it clearly impacts both physical and behavioral traits in humans.
Dr. Sharanya Rajan's document defines obesity and discusses its epidemiology. Key points include:
- Obesity is defined as a BMI ≥ 30 and is caused by an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure.
- Over 1.6 billion adults are overweight globally, with 400 million obese. Obesity is more common in women and increasingly affects poorer populations.
- Hypothalamic and genetic factors contribute to obesity development. Conditions like Prader-Willi syndrome, leptin/leptin receptor deficiencies, and POMC/MC4R mutations can cause monogenic obesity.
- Adipokines like leptin and resistin, as well as gut and pancreatic hormones, help regulate
The document discusses employee motivation and satisfaction. It describes four approaches to understanding motivation: goal setting, reinforcement, job design, and equity. Managers can improve motivation by setting specific and difficult goals, providing rewards and feedback, designing meaningful jobs, and ensuring equitable treatment of employees. Understanding individual differences in needs is also important for motivation, as people seek to fulfill deficiencies in areas like belonging and self-esteem.
This document discusses work motivation and motivation theories including Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory. It explains that motivation is driven by physiological and psychological needs and deficiencies that activate behavior aimed at goals or incentives. Maslow's hierarchy categorizes needs into five levels from lower to higher order: physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization. It must satisfy lower level needs before progressing to higher levels, and once satisfied a need no longer motivates. The document provides examples of how businesses can apply Maslow's hierarchy to motivate employees at each level of needs.
This document summarizes several theories of motivation:
1) It describes Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y, and Herzberg's two-factor theory as examples of internal, process, and external motivational theories.
2) It also outlines expectancy theory, equity theory, and McClelland's need for achievement, power, and affiliation theories as frameworks for understanding motivation.
3) Key concepts discussed include intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, the relationship between effort, performance, and rewards, and strategies for resolving inequities in social exchanges.
Chapter 6 lc business management skills leadership and motivationDave Dempsey
The document discusses leadership, motivation, and management skills. It describes three leadership styles: autocratic, where the leader is in control and delegates little; democratic, where the leader shares power and seeks input; and laissez-faire, where the leader gives staff freedom and trust. It also discusses motivation theories by Maslow and McGregor, including Maslow's hierarchy of needs and McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y approaches to management.
The document discusses various theories of motivation put forth by thinkers such as Maslow, Drucker, Likert, Taylor, Argyris, Herzberg, McClelland, and McGregor. Herzberg proposed that hygiene factors like pay, status, security, and company policies do not motivate employees but their absence can cause dissatisfaction, while motivation factors such as achievement, recognition, growth, and interest in the job can positively motivate.
Here are the key similarities and differences between Maslow's and McGregor's approaches to motivation:
- Both recognize that people have a variety of motivational needs beyond just financial compensation. Money is not the only motivator.
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs focuses on the progression of satisfying different types of needs from basic to more advanced. McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y focus more on managers' underlying assumptions about workers' motivations.
- A key difference is that Maslow's model is more psychological and focuses on individuals, while McGregor's looks at motivation from an organizational behavior and management perspective.
- Maslow's approach is more simplistic in viewing needs as satisfied sequentially, while
The document provides an overview of leadership behavior and motivation. It discusses various leadership styles including directing, coaching, supporting, and delegating based on the Blanchard situational leadership model. It also covers different motivation theories including Maslow's hierarchy of needs, ERG theory, equity theory, expectancy theory, reinforcement theory, and goal-setting theory. The key points are that there is no single best leadership style and that leaders should understand different motivation theories to determine the most effective ways to motivate employees in different situations.
What is leadership?
Can you be a better leader?
What should you do to motivate people?
How to motivate yourself?
#WikiCourses
http://wikicourses.wikispaces.com/Topic11+Leadership+and+Motivation
Leadership plays a central part in understanding group behavior, for it is the leader who usually provides the direction toward goal attainment. Therefore, a more accurate predictive capability should be valuable in improving group performance.
Based on Latin word “movere”, motive(need) has been defined as follows: “A motive is an inner state that energizes ,activates, or moves (hence motivation),and that direct behavior towards goals.”
The document discusses different theories of motivation including:
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs which arranges human needs in a pyramid from lowest to highest.
- ERG theory which categorizes needs into existence, relatedness, and growth.
- McClelland's need theory which identifies needs for achievement, power, and affiliation.
- McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y assumptions about employee motivation.
- Herzberg's two-factor theory which separates motivators like achievement from hygiene factors like salary.
The document also provides tips for motivating employees such as understanding their needs, offering fair compensation, setting goals, and linking results to rewards.
Motivation at Work discusses various theories of motivation including:
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs which categorizes needs from physiological to self-actualization.
- McGregor's Theory X and Y which view employee motivation differently.
- Herzberg's two-factor theory distinguishing between hygiene and motivation factors.
- Expectancy theory which predicts that effort, performance and rewards influence motivation.
- Equity theory which proposes that people compare their inputs/outcomes to others.
This document discusses leadership styles and situational leadership theory. It defines leadership and different leadership styles including autocratic, democratic, and free rein. It explains that situational leadership theory states that the most effective leadership style depends on followers' willingness and ability. Specific styles are recommended based on different combinations of followers' willingness and ability, such as directive style for unwilling and unable followers. The document emphasizes that leaders should choose styles based on the situation and be willing to change styles as situations change.
Motivation refers to factors that induce people to act or move in a desired way to achieve organizational goals. It is a complex process that begins with a need and results in goal-directed behavior. Managers use various motivators like pay, bonuses, recognition to influence employee behavior. Motivation theories like Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Herzberg's two-factor theory, expectancy theory, and equity theory provide frameworks to understand factors that motivate individuals and affect performance. Goal setting, leadership, and other techniques can also influence employee motivation levels.
There are several leadership styles that can be adopted in different situations: autocratic, bureaucratic, democratic, and laissez-faire. The autocratic style involves a leader retaining power and authority without staff input, while bureaucratic leadership manages through procedures and rules. Democratic leadership encourages staff participation in decision-making. Laissez-faire provides little direction from the leader and gives staff freedom. The most effective style depends on factors like the manager's background, the staff being managed, and the organization.
Leadership refers to the ability of an individual to influence others towards achieving a common goal. Effective leadership involves both managing tasks and developing relationships. There are various leadership styles such as authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire that differ in how decisions are made and involvement of group members. A leader's effectiveness also depends on contingencies like the situation and maturity of followers.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. The document recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to gain these benefits.
This document provides an overview of motivation and work. It discusses various motivational perspectives including instincts, drives, arousal, and hierarchy of motives. Specific motivations like hunger, sex, and the need to belong are examined. The importance of achievement motivation and job satisfaction are covered. Finally, there is an introduction to industrial-organizational psychology and how it applies psychological principles to the workplace.
1) Chapter 12 discusses motivation and work, covering perspectives on motivation such as instincts, drives, arousal, and hierarchies of needs. It examines the physiology and psychology of hunger and sexual motivation.
2) Motivation is explained from four perspectives: instinct theory, drive-reduction theory which proposes that physiological needs create drives, arousal theory which says people seek optimal arousal, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs from basic to complex.
3) The chapter also addresses motivation at work, including the fields of personnel and organizational psychology which study worker selection, evaluation, and workplace influences on motivation.
The document discusses motivation and work. It provides an overview of four perspectives on motivation: instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, and hierarchy of motives. It then discusses specific topics related to motivation including hunger, sexual motivation, and motivation in the workplace.
The document discusses several topics related to motivation and work including:
1) Interviewers' judgements can be affected by preconceptions and a tendency to focus on successful employees. Structured interviews can help address these issues.
2) Employee performance appraisals serve to retain employees, determine rewards, and encourage better performance.
3) Engaged employees are more productive and feel fulfilled in their work. Effective leaders develop employees' strengths to increase motivation and performance.
4) Motivation comes from needs, drives, incentives, and seeking an optimal level of arousal. A hierarchy of needs prioritizes physiological needs over psychological ones.
This document discusses various theories of motivation. It begins by defining motivation as a need or desire that energizes behavior toward a goal. It then outlines several perspectives on motivation, including instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and Bandura's self-efficacy theory. Specific motivations discussed include social motivation, control motivation, hunger, and sexual motivation. The document examines the biological and psychological factors that influence these motivations.
This document discusses various theories of motivation. It begins by defining motivation as a need or desire that directs behavior toward a goal. It then covers drive-reduction theory, proposing that physiological needs create arousal states motivating behavior. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is discussed, suggesting certain needs take priority over others. The document also examines arousal theory, social motivation, control motivation, hunger motivation, and sexual motivation from physiological and psychological perspectives.
This document discusses various theories and perspectives on motivation. It covers physiological, cognitive, and social factors that motivate behaviors. Physiological motivations discussed include hunger, driven by glucose levels and hypothalamic centers, and sex, driven by hormones and physiological arousal. Cognitive motivations discussed include Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Bandura's self-efficacy theory. Social motivations discussed include the need for control, social affiliation, and achievement/recognition from others. The document also examines specific motivations like eating disorders, sexual orientation, and contraception use in teens.
This document discusses various theories and perspectives on motivation. It covers physiological, cognitive, and social factors that motivate behaviors. Physiological motivations discussed include hunger, driven by glucose levels and hypothalamic centers, and sex, driven by hormones and physiological arousal. Cognitive motivations discussed include Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Bandura's self-efficacy theory. Social motivations discussed include the need for control, social approval, and belongingness. The document also examines specific motivations like eating disorders, sexual orientation, and contraception use in teens.
This document discusses various theories and perspectives on motivation. It covers physiological, cognitive, and social factors that motivate behaviors. Physiological motivations discussed include hunger, driven by glucose levels and hypothalamic centers, and sex, driven by hormones and physiological arousal. Cognitive motivations discussed include Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Bandura's self-efficacy theory. Social motivations discussed include the need for control, social motivation, and belongingness. The document also examines specific motivations like eating disorders, sexual orientation, and contraception use in teens.
This document discusses various theories and perspectives on motivation. It covers physiological, cognitive, and social factors that motivate behaviors. Physiological motivations discussed include hunger, driven by glucose levels and hypothalamic centers, and sex, driven by hormones and physiological arousal. Cognitive motivations discussed include Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Bandura's self-efficacy theory. Social motivations discussed include the need for control, social approval, and belongingness. The document also examines specific motivations like eating disorders, sexual orientation, and contraception use in teens.
This document discusses various theories and perspectives on motivation. It covers physiological, cognitive, and social factors that motivate behaviors. Physiological motivations discussed include hunger, which is driven by glucose levels and hypothalamic centers, and sex, which is driven by hormones and physiological arousal. Cognitive motivations discussed include Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Bandura's self-efficacy theory. Social motivations discussed include the need for control, social approval, and belongingness. The document also examines specific motivations like eating disorders, sexual orientation, and motivations related to learning and achievement.
This document discusses various theories of motivation. It begins by defining motivation as a need or desire that directs behavior toward a goal. It then covers drive-reduction theory, proposing that physiological needs create arousal states motivating behavior. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is discussed, suggesting certain needs take priority over others. The document also discusses social motivation, control motivation, hunger motivation, and sexual motivation from psychological perspectives.
This document discusses various theories of motivation. It begins by defining motivation as a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal. It then discusses the differences between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Several theories of motivation are outlined, including drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and Bandura's self-efficacy theory. Specific motivations like social motivation, control motivation, hunger, sex, and belonging are also examined in brief.
This document discusses various theories and perspectives on motivation. It covers physiological, cognitive, and social factors that motivate behaviors. Physiological motivations discussed include hunger, driven by glucose levels and hypothalamic centers, and sex, driven by hormones and physiological arousal. Cognitive motivations discussed include Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Bandura's self-efficacy theory. Social motivations discussed include the need for control, social affiliation, and achievement/recognition from others. The document also examines specific motivations like eating disorders, sexual orientation, and contraception use in adolescents.
This document discusses various theories of motivation. It begins by defining motivation and distinguishing between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. It then outlines several perspectives on motivation, including instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, hierarchy of motives, and cognitive theories like self-efficacy. Specific motivations like hunger, sex, social motivation, and control motivation are then explored in more detail.
This document discusses various theories and perspectives on motivation. It covers physiological, cognitive, and social factors that motivate behaviors. Physiological motivations discussed include hunger, driven by glucose levels and hypothalamic centers, and sex, driven by hormones and physiological arousal. Cognitive motivations discussed include Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Bandura's self-efficacy theory. Social motivations discussed include the need for control, social approval, and belongingness. The document also examines specific motivations like eating disorders, sexual orientation, and contraception use in teens.
This document discusses various theories of motivation. It begins by defining motivation as a need or desire that directs behavior toward a goal. It then covers drive-reduction theory, proposing that physiological needs create arousal states motivating behavior. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is discussed, suggesting certain needs take priority over others. The document also discusses social motivation, control motivation, hunger motivation, and sexual motivation from psychological perspectives.
This document discusses various theories and perspectives on motivation. It covers physiological, cognitive, and social factors that motivate behaviors. Physiological motivations discussed include hunger, driven by glucose levels and hypothalamic centers, and sex, driven by hormones and physiological arousal. Cognitive motivations discussed include Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Bandura's self-efficacy theory. Social motivations discussed include the need for control, social affiliation, and achievement/recognition from others. The document also examines specific motivations like eating disorders, sexual orientation, and contraception use in teens.
This document discusses various theories and perspectives on motivation. It covers theories such as drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and Bandura's self-efficacy theory. Specific motivations like hunger, sex, social motivation, and control motivation are examined. Factors that influence hunger, sexual behavior, sexual orientation, and eating disorders are explored from biological, psychological, and social perspectives.
This document discusses various theories and perspectives on motivation. It covers instincts and evolutionary psychology, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and Bandura's self-efficacy theory. Specific motivations like social motivation, control motivation, hunger, sex, and belonging are examined. Factors influencing eating behaviors, sexual behaviors, and orientations are also summarized.
Adolf Hitler was born in Austria in 1889 and showed an early interest in art, though he failed to gain acceptance to the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts. After the death of his mother, Hitler moved to Vienna where he was exposed to intense anti-Semitism. He joined the German Army during WWI and was decorated for his service. After the war, Hitler joined the German Workers' Party and became a powerful speaker, rebranding the party as the Nazi Party. In 1923, Hitler staged an unsuccessful coup known as the Beer Hall Putsch, for which he was imprisoned for nine months.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology, including social thinking, social influence, and social relations. It discusses how people attribute behaviors to internal or external factors, the fundamental attribution error, conformity and obedience studies, prejudice, and more. The document uses examples, studies, and theories to explain these various social psychology topics over 23 paragraphs.
The document discusses several perspectives on personality psychology: psychoanalytic, humanistic, trait, social-cognitive, and perspectives focusing on the self. It provides an overview of key theorists and concepts within each perspective, such as Freud's model of the id, ego and superego; Maslow's hierarchy of needs; the Big Five model of traits; Bandura's social learning theory; and research on self-esteem and culture. It also evaluates each perspective by discussing modern research and criticisms of each theory.
Chapter 13 and 14 emotions, stress, and healthswenson_n111
This document discusses emotions, stress, and health. It covers theories of emotion, embodied emotion, expressed emotion through facial expressions and body language, experienced emotions like anger and happiness, and the relationship between stress and health issues. Stress can be either adaptive or maladaptive, depending on whether it is short-term or chronic. Chronic stress is associated with increased risk of health problems like heart disease, susceptibility to illness, and cancer progression. The document also discusses ways to cope with stress through problem-focused coping, social support, exercise, relaxation, and meditation.
This document discusses theories of intelligence and how it is assessed. It describes the idea of general intelligence (g) proposed by Spearman and alternative theories by Gardner and Sternberg that propose multiple types of intelligence. Emotional intelligence and creativity are also discussed. Intelligence tests developed by Binet, Terman, and Wechsler are described. The document examines genetic and environmental influences on intelligence as well as group differences in test scores and possible reasons for those differences. Gender similarities and differences in various abilities are also summarized.
The document discusses various aspects of thinking and cognition. It defines concepts as mental groupings of similar objects or ideas. It explains that problem solving strategies include trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, and insight. When solving problems, people can be influenced by confirmation bias and fixation. Making decisions and judgments involves intuition, which can lead to overconfidence or exaggerated fear. Framing and belief perseverance also influence cognition.
Third grade students were assigned a project to research and learn about other countries. Each classroom voted on a country to study, such as Australia, China, France, and Germany. The students then researched topics like food, transportation, housing, and education about their selected country using books, the internet, and Google Drive. They collaborated in groups to creatively present what they learned about the country through role playing, posters, or slideshows. In December, each third grade classroom shared a 20 minute presentation on the country they had been studying.
The document discusses ways to enhance the use of YouTube in the classroom. It describes problems with standard YouTube like ads and buffering. It recommends the YousableTubeFix browser extension to remove ads and annotations and allow offline playback. It also suggests using the VLC media player to play downloaded videos. The document then discusses using gamification tools to motivate students, providing examples like badges and ranks, and recommends affordable gamification solutions like BigDoor and Classbadges.
This document discusses technology integration in a 4th grade classroom. It describes using a projector daily for the math and reading curriculum through websites like ThinkCentral and storytown resources. It also discusses starting to use iPads in the classroom and lists useful apps like Reflector to project the iPad onto the whiteboard, Explain Everything for screencasting and demonstrating concepts, and iMovie, Puppet Pals 2, Accelerated Reader, Spelling City, and Storia for educational content and activities.
This document discusses the use of technology in elementary special education settings. It lists various technologies used including iPads, interactive whiteboards, and software applications. It provides examples of how technology can be used to pre-teach/re-teach core subjects, provide drills and practice, and help with friendship building skills. The document also includes long lists of specific software applications and websites for special educators across subjects like math, reading, science, and more. It provides links to resources on using these technologies.
The document lists various apps categorized by therapy area and age group including: articulation apps for younger populations like Articulation Station Pro and Webber Photo Artic; language apps like Ilanguage and Vocab-a-splat; problem solving apps like Buddy Bear and What's Different for early childhood; social skills apps like Social Express and The Grouchies; idiom apps like Happy Idioms for secondary level; and recreational apps like Angry Birds, Uno, and Mouse Maze. It also lists several networking and research options for speech therapists including websites, blogs, and social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest.
The document discusses using PLCs to improve resources for test preparation, credit recovery, life skills training, and occupational skills tests. It includes data from four classrooms comparing student PLATO usage and test scores from fall to winter to spring. It describes features of PLATO for assigning work, tracking time on task and mastery, creating test prescriptions, and accessing subject areas. Contact information is provided for people who can demonstrate or provide access to the PLATO program.
The document discusses technology integration in a 4th grade classroom. It summarizes how projectors are used daily with math and reading curriculum resources. iPads are just starting to be used and useful apps are mentioned like Reflector to project the iPad onto a whiteboard, Explain Everything for screencasting and demonstrating concepts, and educational apps like iMovie, spelling apps, and ebooks.
4. 4
Motivation
Sexual Motivation
The Physiology of Sex
The Psychology of Sex
Adolescent Sexuality
Sexual Orientation
Sex and Human Values
5. 5
Motivation
The Need to Belong
Achievement Motivation
Identifying Achievement Motivation
Sources of Achievement Motivation
6. 6
Motivation
Motivation is a need
or desire that energizes
behavior and directs it
towards a goal.
Aron Ralston was
motivated to cut his
arm in order to free
himself from a rock
that pinned him down.
Aron Ralston
APPhoto/RockyMountainNews,JudyWalgren
7. 7
Perspectives on Motivation
Four perspectives used to explain motivation
include the following:
1. Instinct Theory (replaced
by the evolutionary
perspective)
2. Drive-Reduction Theory
3. Arousal Theory
4. Hierarchy of Motives
9. 9
Drives and Incentives
When the instinct theory of motivation failed, it
was replaced by the drive-reduction theory. A
physiological need creates an aroused tension
state (a drive) that motivates an organism to
satisfy the need.
10. 10
Incentive
Where our needs push, incentives (positive or
negative stimuli) pull us in reducing our drives.
A food-deprived person who smells baking bread
(incentive) feels a strong hunger drive.
11. 11
Optimum Arousal
Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels
of arousal, not to eliminate it. Young monkeys
and children are known to explore the
environment in the absence of a need-based
drive.
HarlowPrimateLaboratory,UniversityofWisconsin
RandyFaris/Corbis
12. 12
A Hierarchy of Motives
Abraham Maslow (1970)
suggested that certain
needs have priority over
others. Physiological
needs like breathing,
thirst, and hunger come
before psychological
needs such as
achievement, self-
esteem, and the need for
recognition.
(1908-1970)
13. 13
Hierarchy of Needs
Hurricane Survivors
MenahemKahana/AFP/GettyImagesMarioTama/GettyImages
DavidPortnoy/GettyImagesforSternJoeSkipper/Reuters/Corbis
14. 14
Hunger
When are we hungry?
When do we eat?
When there is no food in our stomach.
When we are hungry.
How do we know when our stomach is empty?
Our stomach growls. These are also called
hunger pangs.
15. 15
The Physiology of Hunger
Stomach contractions (pangs) send signals to
the brain making us aware of our hunger.
16. 16
Stomachs Removed
Tsang (1938) removed rat stomachs, connected the
esophagus to the small intestines, and the rats still
felt hungry (and ate food).
17. 17
Body Chemistry & the Brain
Levels of glucose in
the blood are
monitored by
receptors (neurons) in
the stomach, liver, and
intestines. They send
signals to the
hypothalamus in the
brain.
Rat Hypothalamus
18. 18
Hypothalamic Centers
The lateral hypothalamus (LH) brings on hunger
(stimulation). Destroy the LH, and the animal has
no interest in eating. The reduction of blood
glucose stimulates orexin in the LH, which leads
rats to eat ravenously.
20. 20
Hypothalamus & Hormones
The hypothalamus monitors a number of hormones that
are related to hunger.
Hormone Tissue Response
Orexin increase Hypothalamus Increases hunger
Ghrelin increase Stomach Increases hunger
Insulin increase Pancreas Increases hunger
Leptin increase Fat cells Decreases hunger
PPY increase Digestive tract Decreases hunger
21. 21
Set Point
Manipulating the lateral and the ventromedial
hypothalamus alters the body’s “weight
thermostat.” Heredity influences set point and
body type.
If weight is lost, food intake increases and energy
expenditure decreases. If weight is gained, the opposite
takes place.
22. 22
The Psychology of Hunger
Memory plays an important role in hunger. Due
to difficulties with retention, amnesia patients
eat frequently if given food (Rozin et al., 1998).
23. 23
Taste Preference: Biology or Culture?
Body chemistry and environmental factors
influence not only when we feel hunger but what
we feel hungry for!
RichardOlsenius/BlackStar
VictorEnglebert
24. 24
Hot Cultures like Hot Spices
Countries with hot climates use more bacteria-
inhibiting spices in meat dishes.
25. 25
Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa: A condition in which a
normal-weight person (usually an adolescent
woman) continuously loses weight but still feels
overweight.
ReprintedbypermissionofTheNewEngland
JournalofMedicine,207,(Oct5,1932),613-617.
LisaO’Connor/Zuma/Corbis
26. 26
Eating Disorders
Bulimia Nervosa: A disorder characterized by
episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie
foods, followed by vomiting, using laxatives,
fasting, or excessive exercise.
27. 27
Theorized Reasons for Eating
Disorders
1. Sexual Abuse: Childhood sexual abuse does
not cause eating disorders.
2. Family: Younger generations develop eating
disorders when raised in families in which
weight is an excessive concern.
3. Genetics: Twin studies show that eating
disorders are more likely to occur in
identical twins rather than fraternal twins.
28. 28
Obesity and Weight Control
Fat is an ideal form of
stored energy and is
readily available. In
times of famine, an
overweight body was
a sign of affluence.
30. 30
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Obesity in children
increases their risk of
diabetes, high blood
pressure, heart
disease, gallstones,
arthritis, and certain
types of cancer, thus
shortening their life-
expectancy.
32. 32
Social Effects of Obesity
When women applicants were made to look
overweight, subjects were less willing to hire
them.
33. 33
Physiology of Obesity
Fat Cells: There are 30-40 billion fat cells in the
body. These cells can increase in size (2-3 times
their normal size) and number (75 billion) in an
obese individual (Sjöstrum, 1980).
34. 34
Set Point and Metabolism
When reduced from 3,500 calories to 450 calories,
weight loss was a minimal 6% and the metabolic
rate a mere 15%.
The obese defend their weight by conserving energy.
35. 35
The Genetic Factor
Identical twin studies reveal that body weight has
a genetic basis.
The obese mouse on the left has a defective gene for the hormone
leptin. The mouse on the right sheds 40% of its weight when
injected with leptin. CourtesyofJohnSoltis,TheRockefellerUniversity,NewYork,NY
36. 36
Activity
Lack of exercise is a major contributor to obesity.
Just watching TV for two hours resulted in a 23%
increase of weight when other factors were
controlled (Hu & others, 2003).
37. 37
Food Consumption
Over the past 40 years, average weight gain has
increased. Health professionals are pleading with
US citizens to limit their food intake.
38. 38
Losing Weight
In the US, two-thirds of the women and half of
the men say they want to lose weight. The
majority of them lose money on diet programs.
39. 39
Plan to Lose Weight
When you are motivated to lose weight, begin a
weight-loss program, minimize your exposure to
tempting foods, exercise, and forgive yourself for
lapses.
JoeR.Liuzzo
42. 42
Hormones and Sexual Behavior
Sex hormones effect the development of sexual
characteristics and (especially in animals)
activate sexual behavior.
Male Testes
Testosterone
(Small amounts of
estrogen)
Female
Ovaries
Adrenals
Estrogen
(Small amounts of
testosterone)
43. 43
Estrogen
Female animals “in heat” express peak levels of
estrogen. Female receptivity may be heightened
with estrogen injections.
Sex hormones may have milder affects on humans than
on animals. Women are more likely to have sex when
close to ovulation (increased testosterone), and men
show increased testosterone levels when socializing
with women.
44. 44
Testosterone
Levels of testosterone remain relatively constant
in males, so it is difficult to manipulate and
activate sexual behavior. Castration, which
reduces testosterone levels, lowers sexual
interest.
45. 45
The Psychology of Sex
Hunger responds to a need. If we do not eat, we
die. In that sense, sex is not a need because if we
do not have sex, we do not die.
46. 46
Adolescent Sexuality
When individuals reach adolescence, their
sexual behavior develops. However, there are
cultural differences.
Sexual promiscuity in modern Western culture is much
greater than in Arab countries and other Asian
countries.
47. 47
Sexually Transmitted Infections
1. High Intelligence: Teens with higher intelligence
are likely to delay sex.
2. Religiosity: Religious teens and adults often reserve
sex for a marital commitment.
3. Father Presence: A father’s absence from home can
contribute to higher teen sexual activity.
4. Learning Programs: Teens who volunteer and tutor
in programs dedicated to reducing teen pregnancy
are less likely to engage in unsafe sex.
Factors that reduce sexual activity in teens.
48. 48
Sexual Orientation
Sexual orientation refers to a person’s preference
for emotional and sexual relationships with
individuals of the same sex, the other sex,
and/or either sex.
Homosexual Heterosexual Bisexual
49. 49
Sexual Orientation Statistics
In Europe and America, based on many national
surveys, homosexuality in men is 3-4% and in
women is 1-2%.
As members of a minority, homosexuals often struggle
with their sexual orientation.
50. 50
Origins of Sexual Orientation
Homosexuality is more likely based on
biological factors like differing brain centers,
genetics, and parental hormone exposure rather
than environmental factors.
Homosexual parents
CynthiaJohnson/Timemagazine
51. 51
Animal Homosexuality
A number of animal
species are devoted to
same-sex partners,
suggesting that
homosexuality exists
in the animal world.
Wendell and Cass
DavidHecker/AFP/GettyImages
52. 52
Genes & Sexual Orientation
A number of reasons suggest that
homosexuality may be due to genetic factors.
1. Family: Homosexuality seems to run in families.
2. Twin studies: Homosexuality is more common in
identical twins than fraternal twins. However, there
are mixed results.
3. Fruit flies: Genetic engineers can genetically
manipulate females to act like males during
courtship and males to act like females.
54. 54
The Need to Belong
“[Man] is a social animal,” (Aristotle).
Separation from others increases our need to
belong.
“Cast Away,” Tom Hanks, suffers
from social starvation.
20th
CenturyFox/Dreamworks/TheKobalCollection
55. 55
Aiding Survival
Social bonds boosted our ancestors’ survival
rates. These bonds led to the following:
1. Protecting against predators, especially for the young.
2. Procuring food.
3. Reproducing the next offspring.
56. 56
Belongingness
1. Wanting to Belong: The need to belong colors our
thinking and emotions.
2. Social Acceptance: A sense of belonging with
others increases our self-esteem. Social segregation
decreases it.
3. Maintaining Relationships: We resist breaking
social bonds, even bad ones.
4. Ostracism: Social exclusion leads to demoralization,
depression, and at times nasty behavior.
57. 57
Achievement Motivation
Achievement motivation is defined as a desire for
significant accomplishment.
Skinner devised a daily discipline schedule
that led him to become the 20th
century’s most
influential psychologist.
KenHeyman/WoodfinCamp&Associates
58. 58
Achievement Motivation
People with a high need to achieve tend to:
choose tasks that allow for success, yet
still require skill and effort, and
keep persisting until success is achieved.
59. 59
Sources of Achievement Motivation
Why does one person become more motivated
to achieve than another? Parents and teachers
have an influence on the roots of motivation.
Emotional roots: learning to associate
achievement with positive emotions.
Cognitive roots: learning to attribute
achievements to one’s own competence, thus
raising expectations of oneself.
Editor's Notes
Preview Question 1: What underlying assumption is shared by instinct theory and evolutionary psychology?
Preview Question 2: How does drive-reduction theory help us understand the forces that energize and direct some of our behavior?
Preview Question 3: What type of motivated behavior does arousal theory attempt to explain?
Preview Question 4: What is the basic idea behind Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Preview Question 5: What physiological factors cause us to feel hungry?
Preview Question 6: What psychological influences affect our eating behavior and feelings of hunger?
Preview Question 7: What factors predispose some people to become and remain obese?
Preview Question 9: How do sex hormones influence human sexual development and arousal?
Preview Question 10: How do internal and external stimuli contribute to sexual arousal?
Preview Question 11: What factors influence teenagers’ sexual attitudes and behaviors?
Preview Question 12: What does current research tell us about why some people are attracted to members of their own sex and others are attracted to members of the other sex?
Preview Question 14: Why do some psychologists believe we have a need to belong-to affiliate with others?
Preview Question 15: What characteristics are shared by people with a high need to achieve?
Preview Question 16: Why are some of us more than others driven to excel?